Юста Грата Гонория: Сестра императора Валентиниана III и роль в истории Рима

Sister of emperor Valentinian III

Justa Grata Honoria (born c. 418 – died c. 455) was the daughter of Constantius III and Galla Placidia, as well as the sister of Valentinian III. In her life she had seen her family grasp and keep power, however she herself was given little power despite having the title of Augusta. This title meant that she could rule as regent in the case that Galla Placidia was not able to, however it also meant that she must take a vow of virginity and inability to marry. She found herself in many scandals, in which the punishments led her to send a letter to Attila the Hun asking for him to invade on her behalf, which is often interpreted as a proposal.

Honoria was the only daughter of later Emperor Constantius III and Galla Placidia. Her first two names were after her maternal great aunts, Justa and Grata, the daughters of Valentinian I and Justina, and the third for the emperor who reigned at the time of her birth, her half uncle Honorius. Her maternal half brother Theodosius, born in 414 from the first marriage of Placidia to king Ataulf of the Visigoths, died in infancy, before Honoria was born. Her younger brother, Valentinian III, was her full brother.

The historical record of most of her life is little more than brief mentions of or allusions to her presence. Oost notes that she accompanied her mother and younger brother as they set sail for Constantinople in spring of 423, and that Honoria was with them when they joined the expeditionary force at Thessalonica in the summer of 424 that would restore Galla Placidia and Valentinian to power in the West. She was included in mosaics of the Imperial family, now lost, at the church attached to the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia and in a church dedicated to Saint John the Evangelist in Ravenna. Last is Carmen I of Merobaudes written circa 443, although a fragmentary poem it clearly includes her in a description of the family of Valentinian III. These details have led Stewart Oost to observe that Honoria came to feel "that life had condemned her to a dull and impotent backwater."

Because many historians attribute Honoria’s actions to causing the fall of the Roman Empire, it is worthy to examine. First: did the fall of the Roman empire occur? If it did, does Honoria take some blame for its date of 474, even though she died in the 450’s? Historians such as Guy Halsall categorize the arguments for the reasons behind the demise of the empire as Movers and Shakers. Movers believe that the fall of Rome is attributed to movement of barbarians into the empire. On the other hand, shakers believed that tensions and changes within the empire were shaking its core, barbarian invasions were just a symptom of these changes. Ultimately, a middle ground approach is necessary to understand the domino effect that led to the alleged “Fall of Rome”. Halsall continues to argue that weak Roman policy contributed to barbarian invasions, not the other way around. Most important to Honoria, the Huns specifically. This helps to contextualize the affair, as the fall of the Roman empire occurred in 476 with the invasion of the Ostrogoths, who overthrew the young emperor. While the Huns certainly weakened the empire earlier on, ultimately there were continuous issues with Roman policy that continued to invite both ‘barbarian’ immigrants and attacks. A more likely reason for the downfall of the Roman empire, rather than Attila’s invasion or Honoria’s actions, is the emperors were weak rulers used as puppets for much more powerful people behind the scenes. Historians such as Peter Heather blames this on barbarian invasions, stating that the Hunnic civil war allowed Valentinian III the chance to kill general Aetius. What Heather ignores is the presence of Petronius Maximus pulling the strings in the background, setting the stage for his own rise to power. This power struggle itself, with the death of a powerful general and the emperor, led to more divisions between Roman elites, setting the stage for the fall of the Roman empire.

Honoria got herself in many scandals in imperial life. The first was her having relations and impregnated by a man that was working within her household, which was discussed by John of Antioch in the 7th century. Prior to this, Honoria had power as a royal Augusta, however this power was taken away following the affair. Being impregnated presents a problem to the line of succession, if Honoria had a son while her brother had daughters, there was a chance that rule could pass to Honoria’s son, not including a possible struggle with Honoria and her lover. For this reason, her Augusta title was taken away, the man she had relations with was put to death, and she was sent to marry a rich senator who had no further political ambitions. This attempt to curb her power had ramifications that would impact the empire. Growing up around powerful women, such as her mother and aunts, gave Honoria the presumption that imperial women like herself should have some power. Rome has had a history of strong imperial women that operate within the gender roles to increase their power, and this history influenced Honoria to attempt to exercise her power. This led her to ask Attila the Hun for assistance when what power she had was taken away, as an attempt to regain her power and more. The emperor was distracted with a multitude of different issues, such as the attack of Britain, North Africa, and Spain, as well as the continuous advance of Attila the Hun. The Western empire is continuously weakened, and Honoria hastened the Huns invasion with her message to Attila the Hun. She sent her eunuch with her signet ring and a message asking for assistance in 450 A. D. Whether she intended this message as a proposal is widely debated, however it was interpreted that way by Attila, and he chose to invade seemingly on Honoria’s behalf. Honoria was the main influencer in Attila’s invasion, however she was not the only reason. Attila’s army had been advancing for decades, their fight was reinvigorated by Honoria’s letter, as well as power struggles and changes with diplomacy in the Roman empire. Under Theodosius II, embassies sent to Attila continually denied his requests to send higher ranking officials. The Eastern empire continuously changed their diplomatic strategies, with their highest priority being to make the Eastern emperor look powerful. On the other hand, the Western empire continued the same diplomatic strategies, with little success. Following the death of Emperor Theodosius II, his sister Pulcheria married the military general Marcian while keeping her vow of virginity as an Augusta. This was to keep the eastern empire’s power separate from the weakening western empire. While ruler, Marcian stopped tribute payments to the Huns. Imperial women had power, as we see with Galla Placidia, but technically the Roman empire was based in primogeniture, where the male inherited the throne. Despite this, women still used their skills and worked within the gender norms to uplift their son to the throne for their own power and respect. The Hunnic embassies took note of the stronger military in the east, and they decided to invade the west instead, following the death of Galla Placidia. Attila began his attack in Gaul, which was to fight the Goths to win favor with Geiseric. Some historians blame Honoria for the fall of the Western empire; however, the fall was already in motion given the continual weakening of the empire. Honoria saw issues within the empire, as well as her lack of power in comparison to her brother and mother, which led her to seek power for herself through Attila. the Huns would have invaded otherwise given their reliance on Roman goods to upkeep their economy. Pointing at the last 3 words of this sentence, Bury asks, "Does this imply that she incurred some punishment afterwards, worse even than a dull marriage?" Lastly, because her name doesn't appear in the list of important persons carried off to Carthage by the Vandals following their sack of the city, the capture of her sister in law and her nieces and the murder of her brother in 455, Oost suggests she was dead by then; whether of natural causes or by order of her brother the Emperor, Oost admits "we do not have evidence adequate" to decide. Due to Honoria’s nature as a woman in the imperial family, it is difficult to learn about her life outside of the scandals. Writers did not often write about women with whom nothing was happening, and outside of the scandals Honoria seems to have kept to herself taking care of her household. This makes it difficult to understand her lifestyle before and after her scandals, as little is written about her. For this reason, we must infer based on what the primary sources say, but this does not present the entire picture as there was more to focus on at the time. This does not make Honoria unimportant, but instead inhibits the ability for historians to infer the real motivations behind her actions. Despite this, any woman would be angry to have their power taken away, so it is not out of the ordinary to infer that in the time of powerful women, much like her mother, Honoria attempted to gain power for herself through a barbarian leader. While many say that this contributed to the end of the empire, there were plenty of other factors that influenced the fall, such as short tempered monarchs, ambitious barbarians, and constant affairs. She would also pass her own ambition to her daughter, Agrippina the Younger, who would raise Nero to the throne using her political moves. While these events happened much better, it is worth noting that even in the male dominated politics of the Roman empire, women were able to gain power for themselves through ascending their sons to the throne. This required political ambition and thought within the construction of gender to achieve the rise in social class. Honoria was attempting to increase her own power, and although her plans to have a child were thwarted, she was still able to seek power for herself through the Huns.

She was portrayed by Sophia Loren in the 1954 film Attila. She was portrayed by Kirsty Mitchell in the 2001 miniseries Attila. She was portrayed by Ivelina Ivanova in the 2016 docudrama Barbarians Rising. She was portrayed by Kate Nesbit in a 2015 performance of the 1896 verse drama by Michael Field, Attila, my Attila.