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Введение
Британское учёное общество, благотворительная организация и компания в Манчестере, Великобритания.
British learned society, charity and company in Manchester, United Kingdom
Манчестерское литературное и философское общество, широко известное как Lit. & Phil., является одним из старейших учёных обществ в Соединённом Королевстве и вторым по старшинству провинциальным учёным обществом (после Общества джентльменов Сполдинга). Среди известных членов – Роберт Оуэн, Джон Дальтон, Джеймс Прескотт Джоуль, сэр Уильям Фэрберн, Том Килберн, Питер Марк Роже, сэр Эрнест Резерфорд, Алан Тьюринг, сэр Джозеф Уитворт и Дороти Ходжкин.
The Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, popularly known as the Lit. & Phil., is one of the oldest learned societies in the United Kingdom and second oldest provincial learned society (after the Spalding Gentlemen's Society). Prominent members have included Robert Owen, John Dalton, James Prescott Joule, Sir William Fairbairn, Tom Kilburn, Peter Mark Roget, Sir Ernest Rutherford, Alan Turing, Sir Joseph Whitworth and Dorothy Hodgkin.
История
Он был основан в феврале 1781 года как Литературное и философское общество Манчестера Томасом Персивалем, Томасом Барнсом, Томасом Генри, Томасом Баттервортом Бейли и другими. Первое официальное собрание общества состоялось 14 марта 1781 года. Заседания проходили в задней комнате часовни Крос-стрит до декабря 1799 года, после чего общество переехало в собственные помещения на улице Джордж-стрит. Джон Далтон проводил свои эксперименты в этих помещениях. Первоначальное здание Общества на улице Джордж-стрит было разрушено во время Манчестерского блица (около января 1941 года), и в то время его библиотека насчитывала более 50 000 томов, а также исторические артефакты, портреты и архивные материалы. Здание, построенное на его месте в 1960-х годах, возводилось с использованием высокоалюминатного цемента (известного как "бетонный рак") и было снесено в 1980-х годах. Общество было зарегистрировано как благотворительная организация (No. 235313) в 1964 году. В настоящее время Общество работает из офиса, расположенного в здании Колони Джактин Хаус, Анкоатс, Манчестер, и имеет трех штатных сотрудников.
It was established in February 1781, as the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, by Thomas Percival, Thomas Barnes, Thomas Henry, Thomas Butterworth Bayley and others. The first formal meeting of the society took place on 14 March 1781. Meetings were held in a back room of Cross Street Chapel until December 1799, after which the society moved into its own premises in George Street. John Dalton conducted his experiments at these premises. The Society's original premises on George Street were destroyed during the Manchester Blitz (around January 1941), at which time its library comprised more than 50,000 volumes as well as historic artefacts, portraits, and archives. Its replacement (built in the 1960s) was constructed using high alumina cement (referred to as having "concrete cancer") and was demolished in the 1980s. It became a registered charity (No. 235313) in 1964. The Society operates from an office situated in Colony Jactin House, Ancoats, Manchester, and has three permanent staff.
Деятельность
Общество организует ряд лекций, включая лекции Уайльда, Джоуля и Дальтона, а также три лекции в год специально для молодежи. Наиболее престижными лекциями являются лекция Персиваля и Манчестерская лекция, и в некоторые годы наиболее выдающимся докладчикам вручается медаль Дальтона. После того, как местные университеты прекратили предлагать внеучебные курсы, в Лит. & Фил. наблюдается рост как числа членов, так и посещаемости лекций людьми, не являющимися членами Общества.
The Society organises a range of lectures, including the Wilde, Joule and Dalton Lectures and three lectures annually specifically for Young People. The most prestigious lectures are the Percival Lecture and the Manchester Lecture, and in some years the most distinguished speakers are presented with the Dalton Medal. Since the local universities ceased offering extra curricular courses the Lit. & Phil. has seen an increase in both membership and in the attendance of non members at lectures.
Члены
В число выдающихся членов, помимо вышеперечисленных, входили лауреаты Нобелевской премии сэр Роберт Робинсон, сэр Норман Хоуорт и Нильс Бор, а также Хаим Вейцман, Ханс Гейгер, сэр Уильям Робертс, Лион, лорд Плейфэр, Уильям Гаскелл, сэр Уильям де Вивельсли Абни, Чарльз Уильям Саттон, сэр Джеймс Кей Шаттлуорт, Джозеф Джордан, Генри Мозли, сэр Адольфус Уильям Уорд, Стэнли Джевонс, Джеймс Принц Ли, сэр Эдвард Лидер Уильямс, Уильям Аксон, сэр Генри Хойл Хауорт, Сэмюэл Грег, сэр Эдвард Франкланд, Сэмюэл Хибберт Уэр и Моисей Тайсон. Почётными членами были Стивен Хокинг, Уильям Томсон, лорд Кельвин, Роберт Бунзен, Сергей Капица, Дмитрий Менделеев, сэр Сирил Хиншелвуд, Кэтлин Оллереншоу, Йёнс Якоб Берцелиус и Джон Мерсер.
Notable Members, in addition to those above, have included the Nobel Laureates, Sir Robert Robinson, Sir Norman Haworth, and Niels Bohr, as well as Chaim Weizmann, Hans Geiger, Sir William Roberts, Lyon, Lord Playfair, William Gaskell, Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney, Charles William Sutton, Sir James Kay Shuttleworth, Joseph Jordan, Henry Moseley, Sir Adolphus William Ward, Stanley Jevons, James Prince Lee, Sir Edward Leader Williams, William Axon, Sir Henry Hoyle Howorth, Samuel Greg, Sir Edward Frankland, Samuel Hibbert Ware and Moses Tyson. Honorary Members have included Stephen Hawking, William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, Robert Bunsen, Sergey Kapitsa, Dmitri Mendeleev, Sir Cyril Hinshelwood, Dame Kathleen Ollerenshaw, Jöns Jacob Berzelius and John Mercer.
Мемуары
"Memoirs and Proceedings" (первое издание 1783 года) в момент своего основания был единственным регулярно издаваемым научным журналом в Великобритании, за исключением "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society". "Манчестерские воспоминания" публикуются непрерывно с момента первого выпуска. Журнал содержит материалы заседаний общества (в особенности тексты многих недавних лекций) и распространяется по подписке среди членов общества, а также аналогичных учреждений и библиотек по всему миру. Отдельные экземпляры доступны для приобретения и для нечленов.
The society's Memoirs and Proceedings (first published in 1783) was, at the time of its launch, the only regular scientific journal in the United Kingdom except for the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. The Manchester Memoirs has been published continuously since the first edition. It contains the transactions of the society (most notably the text of many recent lectures) and is distributed to members and to similar institutions and libraries throughout the world by subscription. Copies are also available for purchase by non members.
Медаль Далтона
Названа в честь самого долго служившего президента Общества, ученого Джона Далтона, медаль Далтона – это редкое отличие и высшая награда Общества. Она присуждается тем, кто внес выдающийся вклад в науку. С 1898 года медаль была вручена лишь пятнадцать раз: все лауреаты были членами Королевского общества, а многие – нобелевскими лауреатами. У нескольких медалистов были связи с Манчестерским университетом и Оуэнс-колледжем, в частности, с факультетами физики и астрономии, химии и инженерии. На сегодняшний день эту медаль получила только одна женщина.
Named in honour of the Society's longest serving President, the scientist John Dalton, the Dalton Medal is a distinction rarely bestowed and is the Society’s highest award. It is given to those who have made a distinguished contribution to science. Since 1898 the medal has been awarded on only fifteen occasions: all recipients have been Fellows of the Royal Society and many have been Nobel Laureates. Several medallists have had Manchester and University of Manchester/Owens College connections with the Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Chemistry and Engineering. So far, only one woman has been a recipient of this medal. +Recipients of the Dalton MedalNo. YearNameNotes11898Henry Edward SchunckEnglish chemist and expert on natural dyestuffs. He was born in Manchester and lived in Kersal, Salford. He started his studies with William Henry. He bequeathed his laboratory to Owens College, Manchester and it was moved to Burlington Street (1906) where it is still known as the Schunck Building. The Schunck Library is in the Chemistry Department.21900Sir Henry RoscoeEnglish chemist noted for his work on the element vanadium and for photochemical studies. He was the grandson of William Roscoe of Liverpool (cousin of Stanley Jevons and uncle to Beatrix Potter). Educated at the Liverpool Institute for Boys and with Robert Bunsen in Heidelberg. Appointed 2nd Professor of Chemistry at Owens College, Manchester (1857–86), and MP for Manchester South (1885–95).31903Osborne ReynoldsBritish engineer, physicist and educator. He was Professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at Owens College, Manchester (1868–1904).41919Sir Ernest RutherfordNew Zealand physicist and is considered to be the father of nuclear physics. He was Langworthy Professor of Physics at the University of Manchester (1907–19) where he split the atom in a building on Coupland Street. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1908).51931Sir Joseph 'J. J.' ThomsonEnglish experimental physicist born in Cheetham Hill, Manchester who enrolled at Owens College, Manchester (1870). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1906). His son, Professor Sir George Paget Thomson, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics (1937).61942Sir Lawrence BraggAustralian born British physicist and X ray crystallographer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1915), with his father, and became its youngest ever recipient. He was Langworthy Professor of Physics at the University of Manchester (1919–37).71948Patrick BlackettEnglish experimental physicist and cosmologist. He was Langworthy Professor of Physics at the University of Manchester (1937–53). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1948).81966Sir Cyril HinshelwoodEnglish physical chemist awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1956).91981Dorothy HodgkinBritish biochemist who developed protein crystallography and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1964).101997Sir Harold KrotoEnglish chemist famous for his discovery of fullerenes and is most famously associated with buckminsterfullerene C60 (buckyballs). Educated at the University of Sheffield, he was a great promoter of science education (particularly for young people) and an ambassador for the public's engagement with science. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1996).112002Sir Walter BodmerGerman born British human geneticist who was educated at Manchester Grammar School.122005Sir Roger PenroseEnglish mathematical physicist, mathematician and philosopher of science, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (2020).132009Sir Bernard LovellEnglish physicist and radio astronomer who established (and was the first Director of) the Jodrell Bank Observatory at the University of Manchester.142012Martin, Lord Rees of LudlowBritish cosmologist and astrophysicist. Born in Shropshire, he has been Astronomer Royal since 1995.152016Sir Konstantin NovoselovRussian British physicist, and Langworthy Professor in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (2010).
Получатели медали Далтона
Named in honour of the Society's longest serving President, the scientist John Dalton, the Dalton Medal is a distinction rarely bestowed and is the Society’s highest award. It is given to those who have made a distinguished contribution to science. Since 1898 the medal has been awarded on only fifteen occasions: all recipients have been Fellows of the Royal Society and many have been Nobel Laureates. Several medallists have had Manchester and University of Manchester/Owens College connections with the Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Chemistry and Engineering. So far, only one woman has been a recipient of this medal. +Recipients of the Dalton MedalNo. YearNameNotes11898Henry Edward SchunckEnglish chemist and expert on natural dyestuffs. He was born in Manchester and lived in Kersal, Salford. He started his studies with William Henry. He bequeathed his laboratory to Owens College, Manchester and it was moved to Burlington Street (1906) where it is still known as the Schunck Building. The Schunck Library is in the Chemistry Department.21900Sir Henry RoscoeEnglish chemist noted for his work on the element vanadium and for photochemical studies. He was the grandson of William Roscoe of Liverpool (cousin of Stanley Jevons and uncle to Beatrix Potter). Educated at the Liverpool Institute for Boys and with Robert Bunsen in Heidelberg. Appointed 2nd Professor of Chemistry at Owens College, Manchester (1857–86), and MP for Manchester South (1885–95).31903Osborne ReynoldsBritish engineer, physicist and educator. He was Professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at Owens College, Manchester (1868–1904).41919Sir Ernest RutherfordNew Zealand physicist and is considered to be the father of nuclear physics. He was Langworthy Professor of Physics at the University of Manchester (1907–19) where he split the atom in a building on Coupland Street. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1908).51931Sir Joseph 'J. J.' ThomsonEnglish experimental physicist born in Cheetham Hill, Manchester who enrolled at Owens College, Manchester (1870). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1906). His son, Professor Sir George Paget Thomson, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics (1937).61942Sir Lawrence BraggAustralian born British physicist and X ray crystallographer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1915), with his father, and became its youngest ever recipient. He was Langworthy Professor of Physics at the University of Manchester (1919–37).71948Patrick BlackettEnglish experimental physicist and cosmologist. He was Langworthy Professor of Physics at the University of Manchester (1937–53). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1948).81966Sir Cyril HinshelwoodEnglish physical chemist awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1956).91981Dorothy HodgkinBritish biochemist who developed protein crystallography and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1964).101997Sir Harold KrotoEnglish chemist famous for his discovery of fullerenes and is most famously associated with buckminsterfullerene C60 (buckyballs). Educated at the University of Sheffield, he was a great promoter of science education (particularly for young people) and an ambassador for the public's engagement with science. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1996).112002Sir Walter BodmerGerman born British human geneticist who was educated at Manchester Grammar School.122005Sir Roger PenroseEnglish mathematical physicist, mathematician and philosopher of science, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (2020).132009Sir Bernard LovellEnglish physicist and radio astronomer who established (and was the first Director of) the Jodrell Bank Observatory at the University of Manchester.142012Martin, Lord Rees of LudlowBritish cosmologist and astrophysicist. Born in Shropshire, he has been Astronomer Royal since 1995.152016Sir Konstantin NovoselovRussian British physicist, and Langworthy Professor in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (2010).
No. Год Имя Примечания
1 1898 Henry Edward Schunck Английский химик и эксперт по натуральным красителям. Родился в Манчестере и жил в Керсале, Солфорде. Начал обучение у Уильяма Генри. Завещал свою лабораторию Оуэнс-колледжу в Манчестере, которая была перенесена на Бурлингтон-стрит (1906), где до сих пор известна как здание Шунка. Библиотека Шунка находится в химическом отделе.
2 1900 Sir Henry Roscoe Английский химик, известный своими работами над элементом ванадием и фотохимическими исследованиями. Был внуком Уильяма Роско из Ливерпуля (двоюродным братом Стэнли Джевонса и дядей Беатрикс Поттер). Образование получил в Ливерпульском институте для мальчиков и у Роберта Бунзена в Гейдельберге. Назначен вторым профессором химии в Оуэнс-колледже, Манчестер (1857–86), и членом парламента от Манчестера Юг (1885–95).
3 1903 Osborne Reynolds Британский инженер, физик и педагог. Был профессором гражданского и машиностроения в Оуэнс-колледже, Манчестер (1868–1904).
4 1919 Sir Ernest Rutherford Новозеландский физик, считается отцом ядерной физики. Был профессором физики Лэнгворти в Манчестерском университете (1907–1919), где расщепил атом в здании на Купленд-стрит. Был удостоен Нобелевской премии по химии (1908).
5 1931 Sir Joseph 'J. J.' Thomson Английский экспериментальный физик, родившийся в Читэм-Хилле, Манчестере, и поступивший в Оуэнс-колледж, Манчестер (1870). Был удостоен Нобелевской премии по физике (1906). Его сын, профессор сэр Джордж Пейджет Томсон, был удостоен Нобелевской премии по физике (1937).
6 1942 Sir Lawrence Bragg Британский физик австралийского происхождения и рентгеноструктурный кристалограф. Был удостоен Нобелевской премии по физике (1915) вместе со своим отцом и стал самым молодым лауреатом. Был профессором физики Лэнгворти в Манчестерском университете (1919–37).
7 1948 Patrick Blackett Английский экспериментальный физик и космолог. Был профессором физики Лэнгворти в Манчестерском университете (1937–53). Был удостоен Нобелевской премии по физике (1948).
8 1966 Sir Cyril Hinshelwood Английский физикохимик, удостоен Нобелевской премии по химии (1956).
9 1981 Dorothy Hodgkin Британский биохимик, разработавший кристаллографию белков и удостоенный Нобелевской премии по химии (1964).
10 1997 Sir Harold Kroto Английский химик, известный своим открытием фуллеренов и наиболее известен в связи с бакминстерфуллереном C60 (бакиболами). Получил образование в Университете Шеффилда, был активным популяризатором научного образования (особенно для молодежи) и сторонником вовлечения общественности в науку. Был удостоен Нобелевской премии по химии (1996).
11 2002 Sir Walter Bodmer Британский генетик немецкого происхождения, получивший образование в Манчестерской гимназии.
12 2005 Sir Roger Penrose Английский математический физик, математик и философ науки, удостоен Нобелевской премии по физике (2020).
13 2009 Sir Bernard Lovell Английский физик и радиоастроном, основавший (и первый директор) обсерватории Джодрелл-Бэнк при Манчестерском университете. С 1995 года – королевский астроном.
14 2012 Martin, Lord Rees of Ludlow Британский космолог и астрофизик. Родился в Шропшире, является королевским астрономом с 1995 года.
15 2016 Sir Konstantin Novoselov Русский британский физик, профессор Лэнгворти в Школе физики и астрономии Манчестерского университета. Был удостоен Нобелевской премии по физике (2010).
Named in honour of the Society's longest serving President, the scientist John Dalton, the Dalton Medal is a distinction rarely bestowed and is the Society’s highest award. It is given to those who have made a distinguished contribution to science. Since 1898 the medal has been awarded on only fifteen occasions: all recipients have been Fellows of the Royal Society and many have been Nobel Laureates. Several medallists have had Manchester and University of Manchester/Owens College connections with the Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Chemistry and Engineering. So far, only one woman has been a recipient of this medal. +Recipients of the Dalton MedalNo. YearNameNotes11898Henry Edward SchunckEnglish chemist and expert on natural dyestuffs. He was born in Manchester and lived in Kersal, Salford. He started his studies with William Henry. He bequeathed his laboratory to Owens College, Manchester and it was moved to Burlington Street (1906) where it is still known as the Schunck Building. The Schunck Library is in the Chemistry Department.21900Sir Henry RoscoeEnglish chemist noted for his work on the element vanadium and for photochemical studies. He was the grandson of William Roscoe of Liverpool (cousin of Stanley Jevons and uncle to Beatrix Potter). Educated at the Liverpool Institute for Boys and with Robert Bunsen in Heidelberg. Appointed 2nd Professor of Chemistry at Owens College, Manchester (1857–86), and MP for Manchester South (1885–95).31903Osborne ReynoldsBritish engineer, physicist and educator. He was Professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at Owens College, Manchester (1868–1904).41919Sir Ernest RutherfordNew Zealand physicist and is considered to be the father of nuclear physics. He was Langworthy Professor of Physics at the University of Manchester (1907–19) where he split the atom in a building on Coupland Street. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1908).51931Sir Joseph 'J. J.' ThomsonEnglish experimental physicist born in Cheetham Hill, Manchester who enrolled at Owens College, Manchester (1870). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1906). His son, Professor Sir George Paget Thomson, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics (1937).61942Sir Lawrence BraggAustralian born British physicist and X ray crystallographer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1915), with his father, and became its youngest ever recipient. He was Langworthy Professor of Physics at the University of Manchester (1919–37).71948Patrick BlackettEnglish experimental physicist and cosmologist. He was Langworthy Professor of Physics at the University of Manchester (1937–53). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1948).81966Sir Cyril HinshelwoodEnglish physical chemist awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1956).91981Dorothy HodgkinBritish biochemist who developed protein crystallography and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1964).101997Sir Harold KrotoEnglish chemist famous for his discovery of fullerenes and is most famously associated with buckminsterfullerene C60 (buckyballs). Educated at the University of Sheffield, he was a great promoter of science education (particularly for young people) and an ambassador for the public's engagement with science. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1996).112002Sir Walter BodmerGerman born British human geneticist who was educated at Manchester Grammar School.122005Sir Roger PenroseEnglish mathematical physicist, mathematician and philosopher of science, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (2020).132009Sir Bernard LovellEnglish physicist and radio astronomer who established (and was the first Director of) the Jodrell Bank Observatory at the University of Manchester.142012Martin, Lord Rees of LudlowBritish cosmologist and astrophysicist. Born in Shropshire, he has been Astronomer Royal since 1995.152016Sir Konstantin NovoselovRussian British physicist, and Langworthy Professor in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (2010).