Введение
Офицер, проклятый солдат, польский партизан. Отличившийся солдат Ежи Домбровский (лейтенант-полковник). Зыгмунт Сендзиларж (12 марта 1910 – 8 февраля 1951, псевдоним "Лупашка") был командиром 5-й Вильнюсской бригады Армии Крайовой и после Второй мировой войны воевал против Красной Армии. После послевоенного советского захвата Польши он был арестован, обвинен в многочисленных преступлениях и казнен в Варшавской тюрьме Мокотов как стойкий антикоммунистический солдат. В 1993 году, после падения коммунизма, он был реабилитирован и признан невиновным по всем обвинениям. В 2007 году президент Польши Лех Качиньский посмертно наградил его орденом Polonia Restituta.
Distinguish|Jerzy Dąbrowski (lieutenant colonel)|text=[[Jerzy Dąbrowski (lieutenant colonel)|Jerzy Dąbrowski "Łupaszka"]]Zygmunt Szendzielarz' (12 March 1910 – 8 February 1951, nom de guerre "Łupaszka".) was the commander of the Polish 5th Wilno Brigade of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) and after the Second World War fought against the Red Army. Following the postwar Soviet takeover of Poland he was arrested, accused of numerous crimes, and executed in Warsaw's Mokotów Prison as an anti communist diehard soldier. In 1993, after the fall of communism, he was rehabilitated and declared innocent of all charges. In 2007 Polish president Lech Kaczyński posthumously awarded him the order of Polonia Restituta. Early life
Szendzielarz was born in Stryj (Austrian Partition, now Lviv Oblast, Ukraine), then part of Austria Hungary and from 1919 to 1939 in Poland, into the family of a railway worker. After graduating from primary school in Lwów, he attended a biological mathematical gymnasium in Lwów and then Stryj. After graduating, he volunteered for the Polish Army and completed Infantry Non commissioned officer School in Ostrów Mazowiecka (1932), then Cavalry NCO School in Grudziądz. He was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to Vilnius, where he assumed command of a squadron in the 4th Niemen Uhlan Regiment. World War II
Invasion of Poland (1939)
With his unit, he took part in the 1939 September Campaign. His unit was attached to the Wilno Cavalry Brigade under General Władysław Anders, part of the Prussian Army. After retreating from northern Poland, Gen. Anders' forces fought their way towards the city of Lwów and the Romanian Bridgehead. However, in the area of Lublin Szendzielarz's unit was surrounded and suffered heavy losses. Soon afterwards Szendzielarz was taken prisoner of war by the Soviets, but he managed to escape to Lwów, where he lived for a short period under a false name. He tried to cross the Hungarian border to escape from Poland and reach the Polish Army in France, but failed and finally moved with his family to Vilnius. Home Army in the Vilnius Region (1943–1944)
In Vilnius, Szendzielarz started working on various posts under false names. In mid 1943 he joined the Home Army under the nom de guerre Łupaszka, after Jerzy Dąbrowski, and in August he started organizing his own partisan group in the forests surrounding the city. Soon the unit was joined by local volunteers and the remnants of Antoni Burzyński's unit, destroyed by Soviet partisans. By September, the unit was 700 men strong and was officially named the 5th Vilnian Home Army Brigade (5 Wileńska Brygada Armii Krajowej).Łupaszko's unit fought against the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS'' units in the Vilnius Region, but it was also frequently attacked by the paradropped Soviet partisans. In April 1944, Zygmunt Szendzielarz was arrested by the Lithuanian police and handed over to the Gestapo. Łupaszko was free in the same month under circumstances that remain unclear. In reprisal actions, his brigade captured several dozen German officials and sent several threatening letters to Gestapo but it remains unknown if and how these contributed to his release.
Ранние годы
Сендзиларж родился в городе Стрый (Австрийская часть, ныне Львовская область, Украина), который тогда входил в состав Австро-Венгрии, а с 1919 по 1939 год – в состав Польши, в семье железнодорожного рабочего. После окончания начальной школы во Львове, он посещал биологико-математическую гимназию во Львове, а затем в Стрые. После окончания гимназии он добровольно поступил в польскую армию и окончил школу младших командиров пехоты в Острове-Мазовецком (1932), затем школу младших командиров кавалерии в Грудзёндзе. Он был произведен в лейтенанты и переведен в Вильнюс, где принял командование эскадроном 4-го полка "Нименские уланы".
Distinguish|Jerzy Dąbrowski (lieutenant colonel)|text=[[Jerzy Dąbrowski (lieutenant colonel)|Jerzy Dąbrowski "Łupaszka"]]Zygmunt Szendzielarz' (12 March 1910 – 8 February 1951, nom de guerre "Łupaszka".) was the commander of the Polish 5th Wilno Brigade of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) and after the Second World War fought against the Red Army. Following the postwar Soviet takeover of Poland he was arrested, accused of numerous crimes, and executed in Warsaw's Mokotów Prison as an anti communist diehard soldier. In 1993, after the fall of communism, he was rehabilitated and declared innocent of all charges. In 2007 Polish president Lech Kaczyński posthumously awarded him the order of Polonia Restituta. Early life
Szendzielarz was born in Stryj (Austrian Partition, now Lviv Oblast, Ukraine), then part of Austria Hungary and from 1919 to 1939 in Poland, into the family of a railway worker. After graduating from primary school in Lwów, he attended a biological mathematical gymnasium in Lwów and then Stryj. After graduating, he volunteered for the Polish Army and completed Infantry Non commissioned officer School in Ostrów Mazowiecka (1932), then Cavalry NCO School in Grudziądz. He was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to Vilnius, where he assumed command of a squadron in the 4th Niemen Uhlan Regiment. World War II
Invasion of Poland (1939)
With his unit, he took part in the 1939 September Campaign. His unit was attached to the Wilno Cavalry Brigade under General Władysław Anders, part of the Prussian Army. After retreating from northern Poland, Gen. Anders' forces fought their way towards the city of Lwów and the Romanian Bridgehead. However, in the area of Lublin Szendzielarz's unit was surrounded and suffered heavy losses. Soon afterwards Szendzielarz was taken prisoner of war by the Soviets, but he managed to escape to Lwów, where he lived for a short period under a false name. He tried to cross the Hungarian border to escape from Poland and reach the Polish Army in France, but failed and finally moved with his family to Vilnius. Home Army in the Vilnius Region (1943–1944)
In Vilnius, Szendzielarz started working on various posts under false names. In mid 1943 he joined the Home Army under the nom de guerre Łupaszka, after Jerzy Dąbrowski, and in August he started organizing his own partisan group in the forests surrounding the city. Soon the unit was joined by local volunteers and the remnants of Antoni Burzyński's unit, destroyed by Soviet partisans. By September, the unit was 700 men strong and was officially named the 5th Vilnian Home Army Brigade (5 Wileńska Brygada Armii Krajowej).Łupaszko's unit fought against the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS'' units in the Vilnius Region, but it was also frequently attacked by the paradropped Soviet partisans. In April 1944, Zygmunt Szendzielarz was arrested by the Lithuanian police and handed over to the Gestapo. Łupaszko was free in the same month under circumstances that remain unclear. In reprisal actions, his brigade captured several dozen German officials and sent several threatening letters to Gestapo but it remains unknown if and how these contributed to his release.
Вторая мировая война
Distinguish|Jerzy Dąbrowski (lieutenant colonel)|text=[[Jerzy Dąbrowski (lieutenant colonel)|Jerzy Dąbrowski "Łupaszka"]]Zygmunt Szendzielarz' (12 March 1910 – 8 February 1951, nom de guerre "Łupaszka".) was the commander of the Polish 5th Wilno Brigade of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) and after the Second World War fought against the Red Army. Following the postwar Soviet takeover of Poland he was arrested, accused of numerous crimes, and executed in Warsaw's Mokotów Prison as an anti communist diehard soldier. In 1993, after the fall of communism, he was rehabilitated and declared innocent of all charges. In 2007 Polish president Lech Kaczyński posthumously awarded him the order of Polonia Restituta. Early life
Szendzielarz was born in Stryj (Austrian Partition, now Lviv Oblast, Ukraine), then part of Austria Hungary and from 1919 to 1939 in Poland, into the family of a railway worker. After graduating from primary school in Lwów, he attended a biological mathematical gymnasium in Lwów and then Stryj. After graduating, he volunteered for the Polish Army and completed Infantry Non commissioned officer School in Ostrów Mazowiecka (1932), then Cavalry NCO School in Grudziądz. He was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to Vilnius, where he assumed command of a squadron in the 4th Niemen Uhlan Regiment. World War II
Invasion of Poland (1939)
With his unit, he took part in the 1939 September Campaign. His unit was attached to the Wilno Cavalry Brigade under General Władysław Anders, part of the Prussian Army. After retreating from northern Poland, Gen. Anders' forces fought their way towards the city of Lwów and the Romanian Bridgehead. However, in the area of Lublin Szendzielarz's unit was surrounded and suffered heavy losses. Soon afterwards Szendzielarz was taken prisoner of war by the Soviets, but he managed to escape to Lwów, where he lived for a short period under a false name. He tried to cross the Hungarian border to escape from Poland and reach the Polish Army in France, but failed and finally moved with his family to Vilnius. Home Army in the Vilnius Region (1943–1944)
In Vilnius, Szendzielarz started working on various posts under false names. In mid 1943 he joined the Home Army under the nom de guerre Łupaszka, after Jerzy Dąbrowski, and in August he started organizing his own partisan group in the forests surrounding the city. Soon the unit was joined by local volunteers and the remnants of Antoni Burzyński's unit, destroyed by Soviet partisans. By September, the unit was 700 men strong and was officially named the 5th Vilnian Home Army Brigade (5 Wileńska Brygada Armii Krajowej).Łupaszko's unit fought against the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS'' units in the Vilnius Region, but it was also frequently attacked by the paradropped Soviet partisans. In April 1944, Zygmunt Szendzielarz was arrested by the Lithuanian police and handed over to the Gestapo. Łupaszko was free in the same month under circumstances that remain unclear. In reprisal actions, his brigade captured several dozen German officials and sent several threatening letters to Gestapo but it remains unknown if and how these contributed to his release.
Вторжение в Польшу (1939)
Со своим подразделением он участвовал в сентябрьской кампании 1939 года. Его подразделение было прикреплено к Вильнюсской кавалерийской бригаде под командованием генерала Владислава Андерса, входившей в состав прусской армии. После отступления из северной Польши войска генерала Андерса пробивались к городу Львову и румынскому плацдарму. Однако в районе Люблина подразделение Сендзиларжа было окружено и понесло большие потери. Вскоре после этого Сендзиларж был взят в плен советскими войсками, но ему удалось бежать во Львов, где он некоторое время жил под вымышленным именем. Он пытался пересечь венгерскую границу, чтобы покинуть Польшу и добраться до польской армии во Франции, но потерпел неудачу и в итоге переехал со своей семьей в Вильнюс.
Distinguish|Jerzy Dąbrowski (lieutenant colonel)|text=[[Jerzy Dąbrowski (lieutenant colonel)|Jerzy Dąbrowski "Łupaszka"]]Zygmunt Szendzielarz' (12 March 1910 – 8 February 1951, nom de guerre "Łupaszka".) was the commander of the Polish 5th Wilno Brigade of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) and after the Second World War fought against the Red Army. Following the postwar Soviet takeover of Poland he was arrested, accused of numerous crimes, and executed in Warsaw's Mokotów Prison as an anti communist diehard soldier. In 1993, after the fall of communism, he was rehabilitated and declared innocent of all charges. In 2007 Polish president Lech Kaczyński posthumously awarded him the order of Polonia Restituta. Early life
Szendzielarz was born in Stryj (Austrian Partition, now Lviv Oblast, Ukraine), then part of Austria Hungary and from 1919 to 1939 in Poland, into the family of a railway worker. After graduating from primary school in Lwów, he attended a biological mathematical gymnasium in Lwów and then Stryj. After graduating, he volunteered for the Polish Army and completed Infantry Non commissioned officer School in Ostrów Mazowiecka (1932), then Cavalry NCO School in Grudziądz. He was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to Vilnius, where he assumed command of a squadron in the 4th Niemen Uhlan Regiment. World War II
Invasion of Poland (1939)
With his unit, he took part in the 1939 September Campaign. His unit was attached to the Wilno Cavalry Brigade under General Władysław Anders, part of the Prussian Army. After retreating from northern Poland, Gen. Anders' forces fought their way towards the city of Lwów and the Romanian Bridgehead. However, in the area of Lublin Szendzielarz's unit was surrounded and suffered heavy losses. Soon afterwards Szendzielarz was taken prisoner of war by the Soviets, but he managed to escape to Lwów, where he lived for a short period under a false name. He tried to cross the Hungarian border to escape from Poland and reach the Polish Army in France, but failed and finally moved with his family to Vilnius. Home Army in the Vilnius Region (1943–1944)
In Vilnius, Szendzielarz started working on various posts under false names. In mid 1943 he joined the Home Army under the nom de guerre Łupaszka, after Jerzy Dąbrowski, and in August he started organizing his own partisan group in the forests surrounding the city. Soon the unit was joined by local volunteers and the remnants of Antoni Burzyński's unit, destroyed by Soviet partisans. By September, the unit was 700 men strong and was officially named the 5th Vilnian Home Army Brigade (5 Wileńska Brygada Armii Krajowej).Łupaszko's unit fought against the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS'' units in the Vilnius Region, but it was also frequently attacked by the paradropped Soviet partisans. In April 1944, Zygmunt Szendzielarz was arrested by the Lithuanian police and handed over to the Gestapo. Łupaszko was free in the same month under circumstances that remain unclear. In reprisal actions, his brigade captured several dozen German officials and sent several threatening letters to Gestapo but it remains unknown if and how these contributed to his release.
Армия Крайовой в Вильнюсском крае (1943–1944)
В Вильнюсе Сендзиларж начал работать на различных должностях под вымышленными именами. В середине 1943 года он присоединился к Армии Крайовой под псевдонимом Лупашка, в честь Ежи Домбровского, и в августе начал организовывать свою партизанскую группу в лесах вокруг города. Вскоре к подразделению присоединились местные добровольцы и остатки отряда Антони Бурзинского, уничтоженного советскими партизанами. К сентябрю подразделение насчитывало 700 человек и официально было названо 5-й Вильнюсской бригадой Армии Крайовой (5 Wileńska Brygada Armii Krajowej). Подразделение Лупашки воевало против подразделений вермахта и Ваффен-СС в Вильнюсском крае, но также часто подвергалось нападениям советских партизан, десантированных с воздуха. В апреле 1944 года Зыгмунт Сендзиларж был арестован литовской полицией и передан гестапо. Лупашка был освобожден в том же месяце при обстоятельствах, которые остаются неясными. В ответ его бригада захватила несколько десятков немецких чиновников и отправила несколько угрожающих писем в гестапо, но неизвестно, способствовали ли эти действия его освобождению.
Distinguish|Jerzy Dąbrowski (lieutenant colonel)|text=[[Jerzy Dąbrowski (lieutenant colonel)|Jerzy Dąbrowski "Łupaszka"]]Zygmunt Szendzielarz' (12 March 1910 – 8 February 1951, nom de guerre "Łupaszka".) was the commander of the Polish 5th Wilno Brigade of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) and after the Second World War fought against the Red Army. Following the postwar Soviet takeover of Poland he was arrested, accused of numerous crimes, and executed in Warsaw's Mokotów Prison as an anti communist diehard soldier. In 1993, after the fall of communism, he was rehabilitated and declared innocent of all charges. In 2007 Polish president Lech Kaczyński posthumously awarded him the order of Polonia Restituta. Early life
Szendzielarz was born in Stryj (Austrian Partition, now Lviv Oblast, Ukraine), then part of Austria Hungary and from 1919 to 1939 in Poland, into the family of a railway worker. After graduating from primary school in Lwów, he attended a biological mathematical gymnasium in Lwów and then Stryj. After graduating, he volunteered for the Polish Army and completed Infantry Non commissioned officer School in Ostrów Mazowiecka (1932), then Cavalry NCO School in Grudziądz. He was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to Vilnius, where he assumed command of a squadron in the 4th Niemen Uhlan Regiment. World War II
Invasion of Poland (1939)
With his unit, he took part in the 1939 September Campaign. His unit was attached to the Wilno Cavalry Brigade under General Władysław Anders, part of the Prussian Army. After retreating from northern Poland, Gen. Anders' forces fought their way towards the city of Lwów and the Romanian Bridgehead. However, in the area of Lublin Szendzielarz's unit was surrounded and suffered heavy losses. Soon afterwards Szendzielarz was taken prisoner of war by the Soviets, but he managed to escape to Lwów, where he lived for a short period under a false name. He tried to cross the Hungarian border to escape from Poland and reach the Polish Army in France, but failed and finally moved with his family to Vilnius. Home Army in the Vilnius Region (1943–1944)
In Vilnius, Szendzielarz started working on various posts under false names. In mid 1943 he joined the Home Army under the nom de guerre Łupaszka, after Jerzy Dąbrowski, and in August he started organizing his own partisan group in the forests surrounding the city. Soon the unit was joined by local volunteers and the remnants of Antoni Burzyński's unit, destroyed by Soviet partisans. By September, the unit was 700 men strong and was officially named the 5th Vilnian Home Army Brigade (5 Wileńska Brygada Armii Krajowej).Łupaszko's unit fought against the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS'' units in the Vilnius Region, but it was also frequently attacked by the paradropped Soviet partisans. In April 1944, Zygmunt Szendzielarz was arrested by the Lithuanian police and handed over to the Gestapo. Łupaszko was free in the same month under circumstances that remain unclear. In reprisal actions, his brigade captured several dozen German officials and sent several threatening letters to Gestapo but it remains unknown if and how these contributed to his release.
Дубингайская резня (20 июня 1944)
20 июня 1944 года 3-я рота 258-го литовского полицейского батальона убила 39 поляков в Глинчицках, в том числе женщин и детей. Литовские коллаборационистские подразделения также совершали преследования польского населения в Паулове, Адамовщизне и Сеньковщизне. В ответ 23 июня 1944 года подразделение 5-й Вильнюсской бригады Армии Крайовой атаковало укреплённую деревню Дубинги, захватив бункер, оборонявшийся литовскими полицейскими. Приказ об атаке на деревню отдал Сендзиларж. Дубинги стали целью нападения, поскольку там проживало много полицейских и членов их семей, причастных к преступлению в Глинчицках. Имея список лиц, сотрудничавших с оккупантами, поляки приступили к акциям возмездия за смерть жителей Глинчицк. В Дубингах погибло от 21 до 27 жителей деревни, включая женщин и детей. Остаётся неясным, почему Сендзиларж не был предан военному суду за дезертирство. Вероятнее всего, генерал "Вильк" собственноручно отдал приказ отвести отряд Лупашко из района Вильно, поскольку Лупашко длительное время участвовал в боях с советскими партизанами, а Вильку не хотелось провоцировать Красную Армию. Отряд Лупашко оставался в лесах, и он решил дождаться результатов русско-польских переговоров, проводимых польским правительством в изгнании. Тем временем отряд был реорганизован и захватил достаточное количество вооружения, чтобы полностью обеспечить 600 человек пулеметами и пистолетами-пулеметами.
После Второй мировой войны
После того, как правительства Соединенного Королевства и Соединенных Штатов отказались от союзнических обязательств перед Польшей и признали коммунистический "Польский комитет национального освобождения" в качестве временного правительства Польши, Лупашка возобновил боевые действия – на этот раз против нового угнетателя, в рядах организации "Свобода и Независимость". Однако после нескольких успешных операций против подразделений НКВД в районе Беловежской пущи стало очевидно, что продолжение таких действий приведет к полному уничтожению его отряда. В феврале 1945 года его жена умерла, и его спутницей жизни стала медсестра Лидия Львова Эберле. В сентябре 1945 года Зигмунд Сендзиларж передислоцировал большую часть своего отряда в Гданьск-Оливу, где оставался в подполье, готовя его к новому партизанскому наступлению против коммунистических властей Польши, поддерживаемых Советским Союзом. 14 апреля 1946 года Сендзиларж мобилизовал свой отряд и направился в Тухольский лес, где начал операции против сил Корпуса внутренней безопасности, Управления безопасности и коммунистических органов власти. Лупашка надеялся, что весной 1946 года бывшие западные союзники Польши начнут новую войну против Советского Союза, и польские подпольные отряды смогут оказаться полезными в освобождении Польши. Однако, осознав, что такой войны не планируется, он принял решение распустить свой отряд. Он считал дальнейшую борьбу бессмысленной потерей жизней своих людей и решил прекратить открытое сопротивление коммунистам. После нескольких лет подпольной жизни он был арестован Управлением безопасности 28 июня 1948 года в Осиельце близ Нового Торга. После более чем двух лет жестоких допросов и пыток в варшавской тюрьме Мокотов 2 ноября 1950 года советский военный трибунал в Варшаве приговорил его к смертной казни. Он был расстрелян 8 февраля 1951 года вместе с несколькими другими солдатами Армии Крайовой. Сендзиларжу было 40 лет. Его тело было захоронено в неизвестном месте. В ходе эксгумации 2013 года останки Сендзиларжа были обнаружены и идентифицированы как одно из примерно 250 тел, захороненных в общей могиле на поляне военного кладбища Повонзки в Варшаве.
Преступления против человечности
Отряд Сендзиларца совершил массовое убийство литовских мирных жителей в 1944 году. Жертвами 5-й бригады Армии Крайовой были преимущественно женщины и дети (около 75% всех убитых). Они были расстреляны в результате преднамеренных действий. Во время Дубингайской резни боевых столкновений не было, в частности, с литовской полицией, которой там просто не было. Выводы Польского института национальной памяти (IPN) не оставляют сомнений в том, что ответные действия 5-й бригады Армии Крайовой являлись военным преступлением против гражданского населения.