Риверсайд Саут: История строительства жилого комплекса в Нью-Йорке.

Building complex in New York City

Riverside South is an urban development project in the Lincoln Square neighborhood of the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City. It was originated by six civic associations – The Municipal Art Society, Natural Resources Defense Council, New Yorkers for Parks, Regional Plan Association, Riverside Park Fund, and Westpride – in partnership with real estate developer Donald Trump. The largely residential complex, located on the site of a former New York Central Railroad yard, includes Freedom Place and Riverside Center. The $3 billion project is on of land along the Hudson River between 59th Street and 72nd Street. Development of the rail yard site generated considerable community opposition. Trump's 1970s era proposal was widely opposed and failed to gain traction. In 1982, Lincoln West, a much smaller project, was approved with community support, but the developers failed to obtain financing. Planning for the current project began in the late 1980s. The project was originally designed to include 16 apartment buildings with a maximum of 5,700 residential units, of studio space, of office space, ancillary retail space, and a waterfront park. Trump sold Riverside South to investors from Hong Kong and mainland China, who began construction in 1997. In 2005, the investors sold the remaining unfinished portions to the Carlyle Group and the Extell Development Company. TOC

In 1985, Trump proposed building a vast complex on the rail yard site, which he called Television City. The complex would feature headquarters for NBC along with television studios. The plan involved of residential, retail, office, and studio construction, including 7,600 residential units, a parking garage, the largest shopping mall on the East Coast, a hotel, and other spaces. The centerpiece of the project, designed by Helmut Jahn, was to be a 150 story tower in the middle of the complex, dubbed the "World's Tallest Building." Six other towers, each 76 stories high, would also be built north and south of the 150 story tower. Carter Wiseman, New York Magazine architecture critic, agreed with Goldberger. Wiseman wrote that "isolated towers," such as those proposed in Television City, "survive in most of the world's major cities as reminders to planners that this brand of angst inducing exclusivity is nasty to live with." Wiseman also complained that the development would overwhelm infrastructure at the 72nd Street/Broadway station of the New York City Subway (now served by the ). Since the new plan was more than twice the size of the previously approved project, Television City generated fierce opposition. Some Upper West Side residents created a group called Westpride to fight Trump's plan, enlisting notable residents of the area, and raising several hundred thousand dollars to fund the effort. Negotiations between Trump and Mayor Ed Koch about NBC's possible relocation to Television City devolved into name calling. Instead of giving tax breaks to Trump, as he had demanded, Koch gave tax breaks directly to NBC, allowing it to decide where to locate its studios. To improve his chances of gaining approval, Trump fired Jahn and asked Alexander Cooper, a favorite of both architecture critics and city officials, to redesign the project. Cooper's version of Television City still failed to satisfy critics. In 1987, NBC, fearing delays, decided to continue broadcasting from Rockefeller Center. The project was then downsized slightly to by removing the studio space in favor of more open space and adding two small office buildings. For the new project, renamed Trump City, Trump announced that 760 units would be designated as affordable units and reserved for the elderly. During the same period, Community Board 7 and the Municipal Art Society jointly sponsored a planning effort, known as West Side Futures, to preserve the character of the Upper West Side. In addition to recommending various zoning changes to address "overdevelopment" in the larger area, the study had specific recommendations when it came to the Penn Yards, including an extension of Riverside Park to the south, the Manhattan street grid extended through the site, familiar building types, and development limited to the amount approved for Lincoln West. Since Trump City bore no resemblance to these recommendations, community members still opposed the plan, despite recent changes. Some observers contend that the City Planning Commission would never have approved Trump City. Omitting the transfer of underwater development rights would still have left Trump City with about 10.8 million square feet of development.

In 1989, six civic organizations proposed an alternative plan devised by Daniel Gutman, an environmental planner, and Paul Willen, an architect. Known as Riverside South, this civic alternative was a largely residential project of , the previously approved floor area, based on relocating, and partially burying the West Side Highway to make room for a expansion of Riverside Park, mirroring the design of Riverside Park further north. To create the park, Trump City's proposed shopping mall would be removed and the elevated West Side Highway would be relocated eastward to grade and buried. A new Riverside Boulevard would curve above the relocated highway, with the park sloping down toward the river. When Community Board 7 realized that the Civic Alternative met the board's stated criteria for developing the Penn Yards site, it altered the criteria at the urging of their congressman, Rep. Jerry Nadler. Facing massive financial pressure due to his mounting debts, Trump acquiesced and formed a partnership with his critics, formally the Riverside South Planning Corporation (RSPC). While noting that Trump's abandonment of his original plan came as a surprise, Paul Goldberger, in his appraisal of the final Riverside South plan, wrote that "Riverside South, the huge project planned for the 72 acre former Penn Central rail yards on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, now stands a real chance of being a cause for celebration rather than embarrassment." With a master plan by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill/Paul Willen, FAIA, the RSPC compromise project was approved in 1992 without the television studios and office space that Trump had substituted for some of the residential space. The final project size was with of television studios still possible on the two southern blocks. Aside from a major new park, the community was promised a significant enhancement to Freedom Place, an existing four block street behind a Lincoln Towers parking garage, including a monument to replace a plaque commemorating the three civil rights workers who were killed in Mississippi in 1964. Early on, the project faced opposition for being somewhat larger than the previously approved Lincoln West, for increasing traffic on West End Avenue and crowding at the 72nd Street subway station, for including no affordable housing, and because of its association with Trump. Minor objections included potentially blocking all of the westward facing windows of the Chatsworth, a preexisting apartment building on 72nd Street, as well as views from Lincoln Towers. In addition, residents of 71st Street objected to the extension of their street to Riverside Boulevard, thereby making their cul de sac into a through street. However, some people still strongly opposed the project, with Rep. Nadler saying that the public park would be a "private backyard for the people who live in these buildings."

With Chase Manhattan Bank demanding repayment, Trump sold controlling interest of the project to a consortium of Hong Kong and China based investors called Polylinks International Ltd. Polylinks paid $82 million to Chase to obtain the property, leaving Chase with a $218 million loss. Due to the weak economy, as well as significant community opposition, construction was delayed for several years as lawsuits were resolved and the new investors sought public financing. Trump was accused of political payoffs to Republican State Senate Majority Leader Joseph Bruno in return for the latter's prospective approval of a state low interest mortgage for the project. The state mortgage was never granted. The development was delayed repeatedly, with the first building originally slated to start construction in 1995, then in October 1996, and finally in January 1997. The Buildings Department discovered in November 1997 that defective concrete had been used in the capitals of columns supporting the fifth floor of 300 Riverside Boulevard, which had been built to 20 stories high by then. Fearing that the planned 46 story structure might collapse if the building rose to even 30 stories, the City halted construction. Work on 300 Riverside Boulevard resumed in early 1998 after the defective concrete was torn out and new concrete was poured.

One of the key components of Riverside South is relocating the West Side Highway eastward from a viaduct to a rail yard grade level tunnel between approximately West 70th Street and West 61st Street to facilitate a southward expansion of Riverside Park. The current viaduct between 72nd and 59th Streets is the only remaining section of the West Side Elevated Highway that once ran to the southern tip of Manhattan. The highway closed in 1973 when part of the 1920s and 1930s era elevated highway collapsed at 14th Street. Below 34th Street, the proposed replacement, an interstate highway in new landfill known as Westway, was defeated, so in 1988, the state settled on an at grade boulevard up to 57th Street flanked by a new Hudson River Park. Robert Moses had proposed relocating the highway between 59th and 72nd streets to grade to facilitate an extension of Riverside Park. But the state rejected that proposal because of the presumed negative effect on development opportunities and because it would violate the Blumenthal Amendment, which prohibited any highway construction that would alter Riverside Park. In 1976, Donald Trump seized on Robert Moses' proposal as a way to enhance his development plans, Trump's proposed 12,000 unit residential development went nowhere. So the state proposed to reconstruct the viaduct through the rail yard site. With city approval in 1992 of the Riverside South plan, Trump agreed to turn over the land for both the park and the highway relocation. He also agreed to create a public park with private funds. But opponents maintained that any complementary public funding to bury the road would benefit only the developer. And the new mayor and governor declined to immediately relocate the highway because, they argued, relocation would effectively waste the public funds used for the viaduct renovation, which had already begun. Other opponents were upset by the decision to close the West Side Highway northbound entrance and exit ramps at 72nd Street and fought to deny the highway project any funding, thinking that they could thereby scuttle the entire development. Nevertheless, planning proceeded, albeit in fits and starts. Approved by the Federal Highway Administration in 2001, the highway plan called for relocating the elevated highway to the grade of the rail yard east of the present alignment, constructing supports for Riverside Boulevard in the form of a tunnel that would enclose the highway's northbound lanes, with the future park beginning above an adjacent tunnel enclosing the southbound lanes and continuing on a slope down to the waterfront. The exit ramp was subsequently closed and, in June 2006, the developer began construction of the northbound tunnel between 61st and 65th Streets. However, the rest of the tunnel remains unfinished.

The project was jointly developed by the Trump Organization and Hudson Waterfront Associates, representing the Hong Kong investors. In 2005, the Chinese investors sold the project, excluding the finished condominiums, to the Carlyle Group and the Extell Development Company.

The second phase of Riverside South was completed when the housing market improved. Extell completed three buildings: The Avery (100 Riverside Boulevard), a 32 floor, 274 unit tower; The Rushmore (80 Riverside Boulevard), a group of 43 story towers that share sixteen lower floors and contain a combined 289 units; and The Aldyn (60 Riverside Boulevard), a 40 floor condominium buildings. The Riverside Center buildings were approved in November 2010. Overall, the project consists of 19 apartment buildings, condominiums, and lease properties. As of 2012, the buildings housed a combined 8,000 people; the area was collectively called "Riverside Boulevard" after its main street, or "The Strip" after its long, narrow shape. Six more towers with a combined 3,000 units, as well as a school, a hotel, retail and restaurant space, and space for a movie theater, had yet to be completed. A park between the buildings was in the planning stages. Most living units in Riverside South are high end housing, costing at least $. However, some buildings in the development, such as One Riverside Park, came under controversy for having separate entrances for affordable housing residents, despite the legality of such "poor doors" in mixed housing buildings. As of November 2014, the last two Riverside South projects were being completed; these projects were the off centered, 362 unit One West End condominium building, as well as a glass and masonry, 616 unit rental building at 21 West End Avenue. The former was slated to have 116 affordable units, while the latter would have 127 affordable units. These two buildings were being built in conjunction with a 700 seat public school and retail spaces, as well as a possible "European style food market and restaurant". The project's developers, Extell and Carlyle, were planning to sell the remaining three building lots to a Boston based company, General Investment and Development Companies. In the same year, Collegiate School announced plans to build a new 10 story campus building at 301 Freedom Place South. After the 2016 presidential election, petitions from current residents led the owner of the three buildings at 140, 160, and 180 Riverside Boulevard to remove the name "Trump Place" from the facades. Residents cited Trump's offensive behavior during the U. S. 2016 presidential campaign. The residents of the last building named Trump Place voted to remove the Trump name in February 2019.

The new Riverside Park South extends Riverside Park. Phase 2 comprises a waterfront section from 70th Street to 65th Street. Phase 2, opened in June 2003, has two plazas at 66th and 68th Streets, as well as a jagged waterfront. Phase 3, opened in August 2006, stretches from 65th Street to 62nd Street on the waterfront. Phase 4 opened in 2007 along the waterfront from 62nd to 57th Streets. The design of Phases 5 and 6, located between the current and future highway alignments, is partly tied to the fate of the highway relocation, the timing of which is still uncertain. Relocating the highway will require some reconstruction of the park. The park contains site specific sculptures, railway ruins, gardens, a waterfront promenade, and a walkway. Portions of the former rail yard, such as the New York Central Railroad 69th Street Transfer Bridge, were incorporated into the new park. Nearly a dozen rail yard ruins, such as a burnt warehouse frame, were ultimately integrated into the park.

Manhattan Community Board 7 members blamed Trump for failing to build the proposed enhancement and monument at Freedom Place. However, the Riverside South Planning Corporation said that the Freedom Place plan was merely a concept for an arts program that was not included in the final project. Adjacent to the Powerhouse, and visible from Freedom Place South, is a new tetrahedron shaped building at 625 West 57th Street, also known as VIA 57 West.