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Содержание
Введение
Канадские выборы
Canadian election
Выборы лидера Прогрессивно-консервативной партии Канады 1967 года были проведены для избрания лидера партии. Конвент проходил в Maple Leaf Gardens в Торонто, Онтарио, Канада, с 4 по 9 сентября 1967 года. Роберт Стэнфилд был избран новым лидером.
The 1967 Progressive Conservative leadership election was held to choose a leader for the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. The convention was held at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto, Ontario, Canada between September 4 and 9, 1967. Robert Stanfield was elected the new leader.
Предыстория
Лидера избрали приблизительно 2200 делегатов съезда, принявших участие в голосовании. Большинство делегатов были избраны от партийных организаций в каждом избирательном округе, а также от женских и молодежных организаций партии. Однако значительное число делегатов являлись делегатами по должности, то есть получили статус делегатов в силу занимаемых должностей в национальном исполнительном комитете партии, руководстве аффилированных провинциальных партий и национальных женских и молодежных организациях партии. Бывшие и действующие члены парламента и сенаторы от Прогрессивно-консервативной партии также были делегатами по должности. Традиционно, лидеры партии, однажды избранные, оставались на посту до своей отставки или смерти. Однако в данном случае съезд был созван после того, как члены партии приняли решение о проведении съезда для избрания лидера, несмотря на нежелание действующего лидера партии Джона Дифенбейкера уйти в отставку. Многие в партии полагали, что его изменчивое руководство во время пребывания партии у власти с 1957 по 1963 год, а также неудача на федеральных выборах 1963 и 1965 годов, когда ему не удалось завоевать поддержку канадских избирателей, означают, что он не сможет вернуть партию к власти. Президент партии Далтон Кэмп организовал успешную кампанию внутри партии с целью добиться проведения съезда для избрания лидера.
The leader was elected by the approximately 2,200 delegates to the convention who voted. Most of the delegates were elected from the party's associations in each riding (electoral district), as well as from the party's women's and youth associations. However, many delegates were ex officio delegates, i. e., they received delegate status as a result of their positions on the national executive committee of the party, the executives of its affiliated provincial parties, and the party's national women's and youth organizations. Former and current Progressive Conservative (PC) Members of Parliament and Senators were also ex officio delegates. Traditionally, once elected, leaders of the party remained in the position until they resigned or died. In this case, however, the convention was called after the party membership passed a resolution to force a leadership convention even though party leader John Diefenbaker was unwilling to resign. Many in the party believed that his mercurial leadership when the party was in government from 1957 to 1963, and his failure to win the support of Canadian voters the 1963 and 1965 federal elections meant that he would be unable to lead the party back to government. Party president Dalton Camp organized the successful campaign within the party to force a leadership convention.
Кампания
Джон Маклин был первым кандидатом, вступившим в борьбу в январе 1967 года. Будучи малоизвестным, его не воспринимали всерьез, и кампания по-настоящему началась только после того, как к ней присоединились Джордж Хиз и Дэви Фултон. На протяжении большей части кампании Хиз и Фултон казались наиболее вероятными победителями. Вступление Стэнфилда 19 июля резко изменило ситуацию. Вступление Даффа Роблина 3 августа – чуть больше чем за месяц до голосования – снова изменило ход кампании, поскольку она стала больше сосредоточиваться на двух популярных премьер-министрах провинций. Поддержка кампании Дональда Флеминга, в частности, начала падать, поскольку его сторонники перешли в кампании Стэнфилда и Роблина. На премьер-министра Онтарио Джона Робартса оказывалось значительное давление с тем, чтобы он присоединился к гонке, пока он 5 сентября не объявил о проведении выборов в провинции 17 октября. К моменту начала съезда казалось, что победить может любой из четырех кандидатов: Роблин, Фултон, Стэнфилд и Хиз. Было много нерешивших делегатов, особенно из Квебека.
John MacLean was the first candidate to enter the race in January 1967. As an unknown, he was not taken seriously, and the campaign did not begin in earnest until George Hees and Davie Fulton joined the campaign. For most of the campaign, Hees and Fulton appeared to be the most likely winners. Stanfield's entry on July 19 changed the situation dramatically. Duff Roblin's entry on August 3 – a little more than a month before the vote—changed the campaign again as the campaign began to focus more on the two popular premiers. Support for Donald Fleming's campaign, in particular, began to decline as his supporters left to join the Stanfield and Roblin campaigns. There was considerable pressure on Ontario premier John Robarts to join the race until he announced on September 5 that the province would be holding an election on October 17. Going into the convention, it appeared that any one of four candidates could win: Roblin, Fulton, Stanfield and Hees. There were many uncommitted delegates, especially from Quebec.
Конвенция
Стэнфилд прибыл на съезд с заметным импульсом, но именно его речь на заседании по вопросам политики съезда во вторник вечером сделала его главным кандидатом. Хис, напротив, выступил на заседании по вопросам политики как зазывала, и его победа стала маловероятной. Среди множества циркулировавших на съезде слухов был один о сделке между Стэнфилдом и Фултоном, согласно которой кандидат, получивший меньше голосов, должен был сняться и поддержать другого. Также нарастали спекуляции о том, допустит ли Джон Дифенбейкер включение своего имени в бюллетень. Ходили слухи, что он откажется от участия, если партия согласится отказаться от политики «Двух Наций». Он также сообщил Роблину, что возглавит уход с конвента в случае принятия этой политики. В итоге, эта политика была утверждена Политическим комитетом партии, и Дифенбейкер остался на съезде. Несколько кандидатов посетили номер Дифенбейкера в отеле, чтобы попытаться заручиться его поддержкой, но в конечном итоге он присоединился к гонке в самый последний момент. Дифенбейкер выступил на съезде как действующий лидер и лишь за несколько минут до выхода на сцену, по настоянию Эрика Нильсена (менеджера кампании Майкла Старра) и Джоэла Олдреда, решил выступить и как кандидат. Он говорил всего 8 минут из отведенных 19, объяснив это нежеланием получить несправедливое преимущество перед другими кандидатами, выступая на съезде дважды за два дня. Он вновь призвал партию отвергнуть политику «Двух Наций». Половина аудитории встала, чтобы бурно аплодировать его выступлению. Это был самый теплый прием, который когда-либо получал кандидат. Речь Стэнфилда была хорошо подготовлена, но ей не хватило той искры, которая сделала его выступление во вторник вечером столь эффективным. Хис и Гамильтон произнесли лучшие речи вечера, но к этому моменту судьба была предрешена.
Stanfield arrived at the convention with considerable momentum, but it was his speech to the Policy Session of the convention on the Tuesday night that made him the candidate to beat. Hees, on the other hand, delivered his speech to the Policy Session like a carnival barker, and made Hees victory unlikely. Among the many rumours circulating during the convention was one of a deal between Stanfield and Fulton that whichever candidate won fewer votes would withdraw and support the other. Speculation mounted further about whether or not John Diefenbaker would let his name stand. There were rumours that he would step aside if the party agreed to drop its ‘’Deux Nations’’ policy. He also told Roblin that he would lead a walkout from the convention if it were adopted. In the end, this policy was confirmed by the party’s Policy Committee, and Diefenbaker stayed at the convention. Several of the candidates went to Diefenbaker’s hotel suite to try to secure his support, but in the end he joined the race at the last minute. Diefenbaker spoke to the convention as out going leader, and only decided to make a speech as a candidate a few minutes before he scheduled to on stage at the urging of Erik Nielsen (Michael Starr’s campaign manager) and Joel Aldred. He spoke for only 8 of the 19 minutes he was allocated because he said that he did not want to gain an unfair advantage over other candidates by speaking to the convention twice in two days. He appealed to the party once more to reject deux nations. Half of the crowd rose to applaud his speech vigorously. This was the warmest reception received by any candidate. Stanfield’s speech was well crafted, but lacked the spark that had made his Tuesday evening speech so effective. Hees and Hamilton provided the best speeches of the evening, but by this point, the die was cast.
Голосование
Стэнфилд лидировал по итогам первого тура, демонстрируя уверенное, но не решающее преимущество. Роблин лишь незначительно опередил Фултона на втором месте, за ними следовала группа других кандидатов. Наиболее значимо, что Дифенбейкер занял пятое место, что фактически прекратило его шансы на сохранение должности. Уокер Соука первым выбыл из борьбы, получив всего два голоса, а Маклин, показав лишь немного лучшие результаты, снял свою кандидатуру, сославшись на желание не затягивать партийный съезд. Ни один из них не поддержал других кандидатов, хотя, учитывая незначительное количество делегатов, которое они получили, их поддержка вряд ли бы что-то изменила. Во втором туре Стэнфилд и Роблин стали единственными кандидатами, значительно увеличившими число своих делегатов, в то время как остальные либо сохранили, либо потеряли поддержку, и большинство участников съезда пришли к выводу, что теперь это, по сути, борьба между двумя лидерами. Небольшая поддержка, которой все еще пользовался Дифенбейкер, рухнула в этом туре: более трети его делегатов перешли к другим кандидатам, что делало маловероятным его влияние на исход голосования. Старр набрал наименьшее количество голосов и выбыл, а МакКатчон снял свою кандидатуру, поддержав Стэнфилда. Разрыв между лидерами, Стэнфилдом и Роблином, не изменился в третьем туре. Однако их поддержка снова заметно возросла, в то время как число делегатов Фултона осталось прежним, что положило конец любым реальным надеждам на победу, поскольку даже если бы все кандидаты, занявшие более низкие места, поддержали его, он мог бы в лучшем случае рассчитывать на то, чтобы сравняться с Роблином в следующем раунде. Флеминг занял последнее место и выбыл, а Дифенбейкер пережил еще один обвал поддержки, в результате которого у него осталось менее половины делегатов, с которых он начал. Зная, что он, вероятно, будет следующим, кто выбынет из борьбы, и желая покинуть соревнование на своих условиях, Дифенбейкер снял свою кандидатуру, положив конец самому продолжительному периоду пребывания в должности лидера Прогрессивно-консервативной партии. Хиз также снял свою кандидатуру после падения числа его делегатов и поддержал Стэнфилда вместе с Флемингом, а Дифенбейкер вместо этого поддержал Роблина (тем самым нарушив негласную традицию, согласно которой уходящие лидеры тори не выражают публичной поддержки ни одному из претендентов на их место, хотя ни один из лидеров до Дифенбейкера не баллотировался на преемственность). Хотя в четвертом туре Стэнфилд все еще лидировал, Роблин смог сократить разрыв до минимального в процентном соотношении за все время соревнований. Гамильтон, находившийся на дне списка голосов на протяжении всего конкурса, был окончательно исключен в этом раунде и не поддержал ни одного из других кандидатов. Фултон, чей результат снова остался неизменным, понимал, что делегаты Гамильтона, вероятно, разделятся поровну между двумя лидерами, и что, учитывая его неминуемое исключение в следующем раунде и узкий разрыв между оставшимися двумя кандидатами, он теперь может повлиять на исход голосования. Он снял свою кандидатуру перед следующим туром и в конечном итоге решил поддержать Стэнфилда, фактически обеспечив победу новошотландцу, которая была подтверждена на пятом и последнем туре.
Stanfield led on the first ballot, holding a solid, but far from decisive lead. Roblin was just barely ahead of Fulton in second place, with a clutch of other candidates following. Most significantly, Diefenbaker finished well off the pace in fifth place, effectively ending his chances of holding onto his position. Walker Sawka was the first to be eliminated after getting just two votes, with MacLean faring little better and withdrawing through what he claimed to be a desire to keep the convention from "going too long." Neither of them endorsed any of the other candidates, though given the minuscule number of delegates they got, it would have made little difference if they did. On the second ballot, Stanfield and Roblin were the only candidates to significantly increase their number of delegates, with the remaining candidates either holding steady or losing delegates, and most at the convention concluding that it was now essentially a two horse race between the top two. What little support Diefenbaker still had collapsed on this ballot, with more than a third of his delegates deserting him, leaving it unlikely that he would even be able to act as kingmaker. Starr polled the fewest votes and was eliminated, with McCutcheon withdrawing and throwing his support behind Stanfield. The gap between the top two, still Stanfield and Roblin, did not change on the third ballot. However, their support again increased noticeably, whereas Fulton's delegate count remained stagnant, ending any realistic hope of him winning the competition, as even if all the candidates who finished below were to endorse him, he could at best only hope to draw level with Roblin in the next round. Fleming finished last and was eliminated, and Diefenbaker experienced another collapse in support that left him with less half the number of delegates he started out with; knowing that he would likely be the next to be eliminated, and wanting to leave the contest on his own terms, Diefenbaker withdrew, bringing an end to what would ultimately prove the longest tenure of any Progressive Conservative leader. Hees also withdrew after his own delegate count slumped, and he and Fleming both endorsed Stanfield, with Diefenbaker instead endorsing Roblin (and in doing so, breaking the unofficial tradition that outgoing Tory leaders did not publicly endorse any of the contenders to succeed them, albeit none of the leaders prior to Diefenbaker had run to succeed themselves). Though the fourth ballot still had Stanfield leading, Roblin was able to narrow the gap to the closest it had been percentage wise throughout the contest. Hamilton, having hovered around near the bottom of the vote for the duration of the contest, was finally eliminated on this round, and did not endorse any of the other candidates. Fulton, whose vote had again remained static, knew that Hamilton's delegates would likely break evenly in favour of the two frontrunners, and that given he was certain to be eliminated in the next round and the gap between the remaining two was still narrow, he was now the kingmaker. He withdrew before the next ballot and ultimately chose to endorse Stanfield, effectively handing victory to the Nova Scotian, which was confirmed on the fifth and final ballot. + Delegate support by ballot Candidate 1st ballot 2nd ballot 3rd ballot 4th ballot 5th ballot Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast % STANFIELD, Robert Lorne 519 23.3% 613 27.7% 717 32.7% 865 40.1% 1,150 54.3% ROBLIN, Dufferin (Duff) 347 15.6% 430 19.4% 541 24.7% 771 35.7% 969 45.7% FULTON, Edmund Davie 343 15.4% 346 15.7% 361 16.5% 357 16.5% Endorsed Stanfield HAMILTON, Francis Alvin George 136 6.1% 127 5.8% 106 4.8% 167 7.7% Did not endorse HEES, George Harris 295 13.2% 299 13.5% 277 12.6% Endorsed Stanfield DIEFENBAKER, John George 271 12.2% 172 7.8% 114 5.2% Endorsed Roblin FLEMING, Donald Methuen 126 5.7% 115 5.2% 76 3.5% Endorsed Stanfield MCCUTCHEON, Malcolm Wallace 137 6.1% 76 3.4% Endorsed Stanfield STARR, Michael 45 2.0% 34 1.5% Did not endorse MACLEAN, John 10 0.4% Did not endorse WALKER SAWKA, Mary 2 Did not endorse Total 2,231 100.0% 2,212 100.0% 2,192 100.0% 2,160 100.0% 2,119 100.0%
+ Поддержка делегатов по турам
Stanfield led on the first ballot, holding a solid, but far from decisive lead. Roblin was just barely ahead of Fulton in second place, with a clutch of other candidates following. Most significantly, Diefenbaker finished well off the pace in fifth place, effectively ending his chances of holding onto his position. Walker Sawka was the first to be eliminated after getting just two votes, with MacLean faring little better and withdrawing through what he claimed to be a desire to keep the convention from "going too long." Neither of them endorsed any of the other candidates, though given the minuscule number of delegates they got, it would have made little difference if they did. On the second ballot, Stanfield and Roblin were the only candidates to significantly increase their number of delegates, with the remaining candidates either holding steady or losing delegates, and most at the convention concluding that it was now essentially a two horse race between the top two. What little support Diefenbaker still had collapsed on this ballot, with more than a third of his delegates deserting him, leaving it unlikely that he would even be able to act as kingmaker. Starr polled the fewest votes and was eliminated, with McCutcheon withdrawing and throwing his support behind Stanfield. The gap between the top two, still Stanfield and Roblin, did not change on the third ballot. However, their support again increased noticeably, whereas Fulton's delegate count remained stagnant, ending any realistic hope of him winning the competition, as even if all the candidates who finished below were to endorse him, he could at best only hope to draw level with Roblin in the next round. Fleming finished last and was eliminated, and Diefenbaker experienced another collapse in support that left him with less half the number of delegates he started out with; knowing that he would likely be the next to be eliminated, and wanting to leave the contest on his own terms, Diefenbaker withdrew, bringing an end to what would ultimately prove the longest tenure of any Progressive Conservative leader. Hees also withdrew after his own delegate count slumped, and he and Fleming both endorsed Stanfield, with Diefenbaker instead endorsing Roblin (and in doing so, breaking the unofficial tradition that outgoing Tory leaders did not publicly endorse any of the contenders to succeed them, albeit none of the leaders prior to Diefenbaker had run to succeed themselves). Though the fourth ballot still had Stanfield leading, Roblin was able to narrow the gap to the closest it had been percentage wise throughout the contest. Hamilton, having hovered around near the bottom of the vote for the duration of the contest, was finally eliminated on this round, and did not endorse any of the other candidates. Fulton, whose vote had again remained static, knew that Hamilton's delegates would likely break evenly in favour of the two frontrunners, and that given he was certain to be eliminated in the next round and the gap between the remaining two was still narrow, he was now the kingmaker. He withdrew before the next ballot and ultimately chose to endorse Stanfield, effectively handing victory to the Nova Scotian, which was confirmed on the fifth and final ballot. + Delegate support by ballot Candidate 1st ballot 2nd ballot 3rd ballot 4th ballot 5th ballot Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast % STANFIELD, Robert Lorne 519 23.3% 613 27.7% 717 32.7% 865 40.1% 1,150 54.3% ROBLIN, Dufferin (Duff) 347 15.6% 430 19.4% 541 24.7% 771 35.7% 969 45.7% FULTON, Edmund Davie 343 15.4% 346 15.7% 361 16.5% 357 16.5% Endorsed Stanfield HAMILTON, Francis Alvin George 136 6.1% 127 5.8% 106 4.8% 167 7.7% Did not endorse HEES, George Harris 295 13.2% 299 13.5% 277 12.6% Endorsed Stanfield DIEFENBAKER, John George 271 12.2% 172 7.8% 114 5.2% Endorsed Roblin FLEMING, Donald Methuen 126 5.7% 115 5.2% 76 3.5% Endorsed Stanfield MCCUTCHEON, Malcolm Wallace 137 6.1% 76 3.4% Endorsed Stanfield STARR, Michael 45 2.0% 34 1.5% Did not endorse MACLEAN, John 10 0.4% Did not endorse WALKER SAWKA, Mary 2 Did not endorse Total 2,231 100.0% 2,212 100.0% 2,192 100.0% 2,160 100.0% 2,119 100.0%
Stanfield led on the first ballot, holding a solid, but far from decisive lead. Roblin was just barely ahead of Fulton in second place, with a clutch of other candidates following. Most significantly, Diefenbaker finished well off the pace in fifth place, effectively ending his chances of holding onto his position. Walker Sawka was the first to be eliminated after getting just two votes, with MacLean faring little better and withdrawing through what he claimed to be a desire to keep the convention from "going too long." Neither of them endorsed any of the other candidates, though given the minuscule number of delegates they got, it would have made little difference if they did. On the second ballot, Stanfield and Roblin were the only candidates to significantly increase their number of delegates, with the remaining candidates either holding steady or losing delegates, and most at the convention concluding that it was now essentially a two horse race between the top two. What little support Diefenbaker still had collapsed on this ballot, with more than a third of his delegates deserting him, leaving it unlikely that he would even be able to act as kingmaker. Starr polled the fewest votes and was eliminated, with McCutcheon withdrawing and throwing his support behind Stanfield. The gap between the top two, still Stanfield and Roblin, did not change on the third ballot. However, their support again increased noticeably, whereas Fulton's delegate count remained stagnant, ending any realistic hope of him winning the competition, as even if all the candidates who finished below were to endorse him, he could at best only hope to draw level with Roblin in the next round. Fleming finished last and was eliminated, and Diefenbaker experienced another collapse in support that left him with less half the number of delegates he started out with; knowing that he would likely be the next to be eliminated, and wanting to leave the contest on his own terms, Diefenbaker withdrew, bringing an end to what would ultimately prove the longest tenure of any Progressive Conservative leader. Hees also withdrew after his own delegate count slumped, and he and Fleming both endorsed Stanfield, with Diefenbaker instead endorsing Roblin (and in doing so, breaking the unofficial tradition that outgoing Tory leaders did not publicly endorse any of the contenders to succeed them, albeit none of the leaders prior to Diefenbaker had run to succeed themselves). Though the fourth ballot still had Stanfield leading, Roblin was able to narrow the gap to the closest it had been percentage wise throughout the contest. Hamilton, having hovered around near the bottom of the vote for the duration of the contest, was finally eliminated on this round, and did not endorse any of the other candidates. Fulton, whose vote had again remained static, knew that Hamilton's delegates would likely break evenly in favour of the two frontrunners, and that given he was certain to be eliminated in the next round and the gap between the remaining two was still narrow, he was now the kingmaker. He withdrew before the next ballot and ultimately chose to endorse Stanfield, effectively handing victory to the Nova Scotian, which was confirmed on the fifth and final ballot. + Delegate support by ballot Candidate 1st ballot 2nd ballot 3rd ballot 4th ballot 5th ballot Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast % STANFIELD, Robert Lorne 519 23.3% 613 27.7% 717 32.7% 865 40.1% 1,150 54.3% ROBLIN, Dufferin (Duff) 347 15.6% 430 19.4% 541 24.7% 771 35.7% 969 45.7% FULTON, Edmund Davie 343 15.4% 346 15.7% 361 16.5% 357 16.5% Endorsed Stanfield HAMILTON, Francis Alvin George 136 6.1% 127 5.8% 106 4.8% 167 7.7% Did not endorse HEES, George Harris 295 13.2% 299 13.5% 277 12.6% Endorsed Stanfield DIEFENBAKER, John George 271 12.2% 172 7.8% 114 5.2% Endorsed Roblin FLEMING, Donald Methuen 126 5.7% 115 5.2% 76 3.5% Endorsed Stanfield MCCUTCHEON, Malcolm Wallace 137 6.1% 76 3.4% Endorsed Stanfield STARR, Michael 45 2.0% 34 1.5% Did not endorse MACLEAN, John 10 0.4% Did not endorse WALKER SAWKA, Mary 2 Did not endorse Total 2,231 100.0% 2,212 100.0% 2,192 100.0% 2,160 100.0% 2,119 100.0%
Последствия
После пятого тура голосования, хотя его партия оставила его, а его предпочтительный кандидат Роблин потерпел поражение, Дифенбекер вернулся на съезд, где председатель съезда представил его как «величайшего канадца нашего столетия». Дифенбекер приветствовал своего преемника Стэнфилда и призвал партию проявить к нему «полную и безоговорочную лояльность». Дифенбекер продолжал оставаться членом парламента от Прогрессивно-консервативной партии до своей смерти в 1979 году. Поскольку Стэнфилд не был членом парламента, Майкл Старр, лидер партии ПК в Палате общин, исполнял обязанности лидера оппозиции до выборов 1968 года. На этих выборах Фултон, Гамильтон и Старр не были переизбраны, а попытка Роблина перейти в федеральную политику также не увенчалась успехом. Однако Дифенбекер успешно сохранил свой округ Принс-Альберт, в то время как округа Стэнфилда и Хиса были упразднены, но им удалось быть избранными в новых округах. Гамильтон вернулся в парламент на выборах 1972 года, а Роблин, посвятив десять лет своим деловым интересам, был назначен в Сенат в 1978 году. Стэнфилд стал уважаемой фигурой в канадской политике, но так и не стал премьер-министром. Он возглавлял ПК в трех неудачных избирательных кампаниях против Либеральной партии Пьера Трюдо в 1968, 1972 и 1974 годах. Его часто называют «величайшим премьер-министром, которого Канада никогда не знала». Источники: газеты Toronto Star и The Globe and Mail, август-сентябрь 1967 года.
After the fifth ballot, although he had been abandoned by his party, and his preferred candidate, Roblin, had been defeated, Diefenbaker returned to the convention, introduced by the convention chairperson as “the greatest Canadian of our century”. Diefenbaker welcomed his successor, Stanfield, and appealed to the party to give Stanfield their “undivided and unconditional loyalty”. Diefenbaker continued to sit as a Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament until his death in 1979. Because Stanfield was not a Member of Parliament, Michael Starr, who was House Leader for the PC Party in the house of Commons, served as Leader of the Opposition until the 1968 election. The election saw Fulton, Hamilton, and Starr all fail to be re elected, while Roblin's attempt to move into federal politics also ended in failure. Diefenbaker successfully defended his Prince Albert seat, however, while Stanfield and Hees saw their previous ridings abolished, but succeeded in being elected in replacement ridings. Hamilton would later re enter parliament at the 1972 election, while Roblin, after spending a decade focusing on his business interests, was appointed to the senate in 1978. Stanfield became a well respected figure in Canadian politics, but never became prime minister. He led the PC Party through three unsuccessful election campaigns against the Liberal Party of Pierre Trudeau in 1968, 1972, and 1974. He is often referred to as "the greatest Prime Minister Canada never had". Sources: Toronto Star and The Globe and Mail newspapers, August–September 1967.