Введение
Битва за Коррегидор (コレヒドールの戦い), состоявшаяся 5–6 мая 1942 года, стала кульминацией японской кампании по завоеванию Содружества Филиппин во время Второй мировой войны. Падение Батаана 9 апреля 1942 года положило конец всему организованному сопротивлению армейских сил США на Дальнем Востоке вторгшимся японским войскам на Лусоне, на севере Филиппин. Остров Коррегидор с его сетью туннелей и грозным арсеналом оборонительных сооружений, а также укреплениями, перекрывающими вход в Манильский залив, оставался последним препятствием для 14-й японской армии генерал-лейтенанта Масахару Хоммы. Хомме необходимо было захватить Коррегидор, поскольку, пока остров оставался в руках американцев, японцы были лишены возможности использовать Манильский залив и его гавань. В конечном итоге, в 1945 году армия США вернула остров.
4th Marine Regiment
Philippine Department
59th Coast Artillery Regiment
60th Coast Artillery Regiment
91st Coast Artillery Regiment
92nd Coast Artillery Regiment
803rd Engineer Aviation Battalion
Company A
Philippine Commonwealth Army
1st Coast Artillery Regiment
2nd Coast Artillery Regiment
Battery D
Battery F
Naval Units:
🏴 United States Navy 16th Naval District
🏴 United States Navy U. S. Navy Inshore Patrol
Oahu
Luzon
Quail
USS Pigeon (ASR 6)
(abandoned ship) crew
| units2 = Ground units:
Japanese Fourteenth Army 4th Infantry Division
7th Tank RegimentAerial units:
22nd Air Brigade
| strength1 = 13,000 U. S. and Filipino troops, 2 gunboats, and 1 minesweeper
| strength2 = 75,000 Japanese troops
| casualties1 = 800 killed1,000 wounded11,000 POWs1 gunboat sunk1 gunboat scuttled1 minesweeper scuttled
| casualties2 = 900 killed1,200 wounded|
The Battle of Corregidor (; コレヒドールの戦い), fought on 5–6 May 1942, was the culmination of the Japanese campaign for the conquest of the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II. The fall of Bataan on 9 April 1942 ended all organized opposition by the United States Army Forces in the Far East to the invading Japanese forces on Luzon, in the northern Philippines. The island bastion of Corregidor, with its network of tunnels and formidable array of defensive armaments, along with the fortifications across the entrance to Manila Bay, was the remaining obstacle to the Japanese 14th Army of Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma. Homma had to take Corregidor because as long as the island remained in American hands, the Japanese would be denied the use of Manila Bay and its harbor. The U. S. Army eventually recaptured the island in 1945. Background
Gibraltar of the East
Corregidor, named Fort Mills, was the largest of four fortified islands protecting the mouth of Manila Bay and had been fortified prior to World War I with powerful coastal artillery. Some 4 mile (6 km) long and 1.5 mile (2 km) across at its head, the tadpole shaped island was 3.5 mile (6 km) from Bataan. Its widest and elevated area, known as Topside, held most of the fort's fifty six coastal defense guns and mortars, and twenty eight 3 inch antiaircraft guns, besides the three story "Mile Long Barracks." Middleside was a small plateau containing battery positions as well as barracks. Bottomside was the lower area, where a dock area and the civilian town of San Jose were located, besides the controlled mine complex. Americans called it "The Rock" or even the "Gibraltar of the East", comparing it to the fortress that guards the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Africa. The tunnel system under Malinta Hill was the most extensive construction on Corregidor. It contained a main east–west passage 1400 feet (427 m) long and 30 feet (9 m) wide, with 25 lateral passages, each about 400 feet (122 m) long, which branched out at regular intervals from each side of the main passage. A separate system of tunnels north of this housed the underground hospital with 12 laterals of its own. The facility could be reached either through the main tunnel or by a separate outside entrance on the north side of Malinta Hill. The Navy tunnel system was located south of the quartermaster area that extended south of Lateral 8. Petrol was stored near the west entrance, while General MacArthur's headquarters was located in Lateral 3, next to General George Moore's headquarters in Lateral 2, and President Quezon's quarters next to the east entrance. Reinforced with concrete walls, floors, and overhead arches, it also had blowers to furnish fresh air and an electric trolley along the east–west passage. Batteries Wheeler and Crockett each had dual 12 inch Gun M1895s, while Batteries Smith and Hearn had a single gun each. Battery Way had four 12 inch coast defense mortars while Battery Geary had eight. Battery Grubbs had dual 10 inch gun M1895s, while Batteries Morrison, Ramsay and James had 6 inch gun M1905s, two, three and four respectively. Batteries Maxwell Keyes, Alonso Cushing and Guy B. Hanna had dual 3 inch gun M1903. On 24 December, Subic Bay was abandoned along with Fort Wint. Curtis T. Beecher's The 1st Battalion held the tail of Corregidor, the 3rd Battalion the middle of the island, and the 2nd Battalion defended the western end, while Schaeffer's 4th Battalion was held in reserve. Of Howard's 3900 men, only 1500 were marines, the remainder was composed of various Army, Navy, Philippine Army and Philippine Scouts. On 3 February Trout arrived at Corregidor with 3,500 rounds of 3 inch anti aircraft ammunition. Along with mail and important documents, Trout'' was loaded with 20 tons of gold and silver previously removed from banks in the Philippines before departing. On 5 February, the Japanese started firing on Forts Frank and Drum using 105mm and 155mm guns on Cavite. Then on 15 March, the Japanese started firing with their 240mm howitzers. Japanese bombing and shelling continued with unrelenting ferocity. Japanese aircraft flew 614 missions, dropping 1,701 bombs totaling some 365 tons of explosives. Joining the aerial bombardment were nine howitzers, thirty four howitzers, and 32 other artillery pieces, which pounded Corregidor day and night. By 14 April, all of Corregidor's north shore batteries were out of action. On 29 April, two Navy PBYs flew out 50 nurses and headquarters staff. Homma's invasion plan relied on Kenzo Kitano's 4th Division. The 1st and 2nd Battalions of Gempachi Sato's 61st Infantry, under Infantry Group Commander Kureo Taniguchi, would land first on Corregidor's tail with 2000 men, supported with tanks from the 7th Tank Regiment. A second wave would land below Topside the following night with 4000 men led by Taniguchi, composed of the 37th Infantry and a battalion of 8th Infantry, plus tanks from the 7th Tank Regiment.
**Гибралтар Востока**
4th Marine Regiment
Philippine Department
59th Coast Artillery Regiment
60th Coast Artillery Regiment
91st Coast Artillery Regiment
92nd Coast Artillery Regiment
803rd Engineer Aviation Battalion
Company A
Philippine Commonwealth Army
1st Coast Artillery Regiment
2nd Coast Artillery Regiment
Battery D
Battery F
Naval Units:
🏴 United States Navy 16th Naval District
🏴 United States Navy U. S. Navy Inshore Patrol
Oahu
Luzon
Quail
USS Pigeon (ASR 6)
(abandoned ship) crew
| units2 = Ground units:
Japanese Fourteenth Army 4th Infantry Division
7th Tank RegimentAerial units:
22nd Air Brigade
| strength1 = 13,000 U. S. and Filipino troops, 2 gunboats, and 1 minesweeper
| strength2 = 75,000 Japanese troops
| casualties1 = 800 killed1,000 wounded11,000 POWs1 gunboat sunk1 gunboat scuttled1 minesweeper scuttled
| casualties2 = 900 killed1,200 wounded|
The Battle of Corregidor (; コレヒドールの戦い), fought on 5–6 May 1942, was the culmination of the Japanese campaign for the conquest of the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II. The fall of Bataan on 9 April 1942 ended all organized opposition by the United States Army Forces in the Far East to the invading Japanese forces on Luzon, in the northern Philippines. The island bastion of Corregidor, with its network of tunnels and formidable array of defensive armaments, along with the fortifications across the entrance to Manila Bay, was the remaining obstacle to the Japanese 14th Army of Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma. Homma had to take Corregidor because as long as the island remained in American hands, the Japanese would be denied the use of Manila Bay and its harbor. The U. S. Army eventually recaptured the island in 1945. Background
Gibraltar of the East
Corregidor, named Fort Mills, was the largest of four fortified islands protecting the mouth of Manila Bay and had been fortified prior to World War I with powerful coastal artillery. Some 4 mile (6 km) long and 1.5 mile (2 km) across at its head, the tadpole shaped island was 3.5 mile (6 km) from Bataan. Its widest and elevated area, known as Topside, held most of the fort's fifty six coastal defense guns and mortars, and twenty eight 3 inch antiaircraft guns, besides the three story "Mile Long Barracks." Middleside was a small plateau containing battery positions as well as barracks. Bottomside was the lower area, where a dock area and the civilian town of San Jose were located, besides the controlled mine complex. Americans called it "The Rock" or even the "Gibraltar of the East", comparing it to the fortress that guards the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Africa. The tunnel system under Malinta Hill was the most extensive construction on Corregidor. It contained a main east–west passage 1400 feet (427 m) long and 30 feet (9 m) wide, with 25 lateral passages, each about 400 feet (122 m) long, which branched out at regular intervals from each side of the main passage. A separate system of tunnels north of this housed the underground hospital with 12 laterals of its own. The facility could be reached either through the main tunnel or by a separate outside entrance on the north side of Malinta Hill. The Navy tunnel system was located south of the quartermaster area that extended south of Lateral 8. Petrol was stored near the west entrance, while General MacArthur's headquarters was located in Lateral 3, next to General George Moore's headquarters in Lateral 2, and President Quezon's quarters next to the east entrance. Reinforced with concrete walls, floors, and overhead arches, it also had blowers to furnish fresh air and an electric trolley along the east–west passage. Batteries Wheeler and Crockett each had dual 12 inch Gun M1895s, while Batteries Smith and Hearn had a single gun each. Battery Way had four 12 inch coast defense mortars while Battery Geary had eight. Battery Grubbs had dual 10 inch gun M1895s, while Batteries Morrison, Ramsay and James had 6 inch gun M1905s, two, three and four respectively. Batteries Maxwell Keyes, Alonso Cushing and Guy B. Hanna had dual 3 inch gun M1903. On 24 December, Subic Bay was abandoned along with Fort Wint. Curtis T. Beecher's The 1st Battalion held the tail of Corregidor, the 3rd Battalion the middle of the island, and the 2nd Battalion defended the western end, while Schaeffer's 4th Battalion was held in reserve. Of Howard's 3900 men, only 1500 were marines, the remainder was composed of various Army, Navy, Philippine Army and Philippine Scouts. On 3 February Trout arrived at Corregidor with 3,500 rounds of 3 inch anti aircraft ammunition. Along with mail and important documents, Trout'' was loaded with 20 tons of gold and silver previously removed from banks in the Philippines before departing. On 5 February, the Japanese started firing on Forts Frank and Drum using 105mm and 155mm guns on Cavite. Then on 15 March, the Japanese started firing with their 240mm howitzers. Japanese bombing and shelling continued with unrelenting ferocity. Japanese aircraft flew 614 missions, dropping 1,701 bombs totaling some 365 tons of explosives. Joining the aerial bombardment were nine howitzers, thirty four howitzers, and 32 other artillery pieces, which pounded Corregidor day and night. By 14 April, all of Corregidor's north shore batteries were out of action. On 29 April, two Navy PBYs flew out 50 nurses and headquarters staff. Homma's invasion plan relied on Kenzo Kitano's 4th Division. The 1st and 2nd Battalions of Gempachi Sato's 61st Infantry, under Infantry Group Commander Kureo Taniguchi, would land first on Corregidor's tail with 2000 men, supported with tanks from the 7th Tank Regiment. A second wave would land below Topside the following night with 4000 men led by Taniguchi, composed of the 37th Infantry and a battalion of 8th Infantry, plus tanks from the 7th Tank Regiment.
Коррегидор, известный как Форт Миллс, был самым крупным из четырех укрепленных островов, защищающих устье Манильского залива, и был укреплен еще до Первой мировой войны мощной береговой артиллерией. Длина острова составляет около 6 км, а ширина – 1,5 км. Самая широкая и возвышенная часть острова, известная как Топсайд, вмещала большую часть пятидесяти шести береговых орудий и минометов форта, а также двадцать восемь 3-дюймовых зенитных орудий, помимо трехэтажного "Майл Лонг Барракс". Миддлсайд представлял собой небольшое плато с артиллерийскими позициями и казармами. Боттомсайд был нижней частью острова, где располагались док и гражданский город Сан-Хосе, а также контролируемый минный комплекс. Американцы называли его "Скала" или даже "Гибралтар Востока", сравнивая с крепостью, охраняющей вход в Средиземное море между Европой и Африкой. Система туннелей под холмом Малинта была самым масштабным сооружением на Коррегидоре. Она включала главный проход с востока на запад длиной 427 м и шириной 9 м, с 25 боковыми проходами, каждый длиной около 122 м, которые отходили от главного прохода на равных интервалах. Отдельная система туннелей к северу от этого размещала подземную больницу с 12 собственными боковыми проходами. До этого сооружения можно было добраться либо через главный туннель, либо через отдельный внешний вход на северной стороне холма Малинта. Система туннелей ВМС располагалась к югу от квартального района, простиравшегося к югу от бокового прохода № 8. Бензин хранился возле западного входа, а штаб-квартира генерала Макартура находилась в боковом проходе № 3, рядом со штаб-квартирой генерала Джорджа Мура в боковом проходе № 2 и резиденцией президента Кэсона рядом с восточным входом. Стены, пол и своды туннелей были укреплены бетоном, а также оборудованы вентиляторами для подачи свежего воздуха и электрической тележкой вдоль прохода с востока на запад. Батареи Уилер и Крокетт имели по два 12-дюймовых орудия M1895, а батареи Смит и Херн – по одному орудию. Батарея Уэй была вооружена четырьмя 12-дюймовыми минометами береговой обороны, а батарея Гири – восемью. Батарея Груббс имела два 10-дюймовых орудия M1895, а батареи Моррисон, Рамси и Джеймс – 6-дюймовых орудий M1905, два, три и четыре соответственно. Батареи Максвелл Кис, Алонсо Кушинг и Гай Б. Ханна были вооружены двумя 3-дюймовыми орудиями M1903. 24 декабря был оставлен залив Субик вместе с фортом Винт. 1-й батальон Кертиса Бичера удерживал южную часть Коррегидора, 3-й батальон – центральную часть острова, а 2-й батальон оборонял западную часть, в то время как 4-й батальон Шеффера находился в резерве. Из 3900 человек Говарда только 1500 были морскими пехотинцами, остальные состояли из различных армейских, военно-морских подразделений, филиппинской армии и филиппинских рейнджеров. 3 февраля Трут прибыл на Коррегидор с 3500 снарядами 3-дюймовой противовоздушной артиллерии. Вместе с почтой и важными документами, Трут перевозил 20 тонн золота и серебра, ранее изъятых из филиппинских банков перед отплытием. 5 февраля японцы начали обстрел фортов Фрэнк и Драм из 105-мм и 155-мм орудий, расположенных в Кавите. Затем, 15 марта, японцы начали обстрел из 240-мм гаубиц. Японская бомбардировка и обстрел продолжались с неумолимой яростью. Японские самолеты совершили 614 вылетов, сбросив 1701 бомбу общей массой около 365 тонн взрывчатки. К воздушной бомбардировке присоединились девять гаубиц, тридцать четыре гаубицы и 32 других артиллерийских орудия, которые непрерывно обстреливали Коррегидор днем и ночью. К 14 апреля все батареи на северном берегу Коррегидора были выведены из строя. 29 апреля два военно-морских самолета PBY эвакуировали 50 медсестер и штабной персонал. План вторжения Хоммы опирался на 4-ю дивизию Кензо Китано. 1-й и 2-й батальоны 61-го пехотного полка Гемпачи Сато, под командованием командира пехотной группы Курео Танигути, должны были первыми высадиться на южной части Коррегидора с 2000 человек, при поддержке танков из 7-го танкового полка. Вторая волна должна была высадиться ниже Топсайда на следующую ночь с 4000 человек под командованием Танигути, состоящая из 37-го пехотного полка и батальона 8-го пехотного полка, а также танков из 7-го танкового полка.
4th Marine Regiment
Philippine Department
59th Coast Artillery Regiment
60th Coast Artillery Regiment
91st Coast Artillery Regiment
92nd Coast Artillery Regiment
803rd Engineer Aviation Battalion
Company A
Philippine Commonwealth Army
1st Coast Artillery Regiment
2nd Coast Artillery Regiment
Battery D
Battery F
Naval Units:
🏴 United States Navy 16th Naval District
🏴 United States Navy U. S. Navy Inshore Patrol
Oahu
Luzon
Quail
USS Pigeon (ASR 6)
(abandoned ship) crew
| units2 = Ground units:
Japanese Fourteenth Army 4th Infantry Division
7th Tank RegimentAerial units:
22nd Air Brigade
| strength1 = 13,000 U. S. and Filipino troops, 2 gunboats, and 1 minesweeper
| strength2 = 75,000 Japanese troops
| casualties1 = 800 killed1,000 wounded11,000 POWs1 gunboat sunk1 gunboat scuttled1 minesweeper scuttled
| casualties2 = 900 killed1,200 wounded|
The Battle of Corregidor (; コレヒドールの戦い), fought on 5–6 May 1942, was the culmination of the Japanese campaign for the conquest of the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II. The fall of Bataan on 9 April 1942 ended all organized opposition by the United States Army Forces in the Far East to the invading Japanese forces on Luzon, in the northern Philippines. The island bastion of Corregidor, with its network of tunnels and formidable array of defensive armaments, along with the fortifications across the entrance to Manila Bay, was the remaining obstacle to the Japanese 14th Army of Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma. Homma had to take Corregidor because as long as the island remained in American hands, the Japanese would be denied the use of Manila Bay and its harbor. The U. S. Army eventually recaptured the island in 1945. Background
Gibraltar of the East
Corregidor, named Fort Mills, was the largest of four fortified islands protecting the mouth of Manila Bay and had been fortified prior to World War I with powerful coastal artillery. Some 4 mile (6 km) long and 1.5 mile (2 km) across at its head, the tadpole shaped island was 3.5 mile (6 km) from Bataan. Its widest and elevated area, known as Topside, held most of the fort's fifty six coastal defense guns and mortars, and twenty eight 3 inch antiaircraft guns, besides the three story "Mile Long Barracks." Middleside was a small plateau containing battery positions as well as barracks. Bottomside was the lower area, where a dock area and the civilian town of San Jose were located, besides the controlled mine complex. Americans called it "The Rock" or even the "Gibraltar of the East", comparing it to the fortress that guards the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Africa. The tunnel system under Malinta Hill was the most extensive construction on Corregidor. It contained a main east–west passage 1400 feet (427 m) long and 30 feet (9 m) wide, with 25 lateral passages, each about 400 feet (122 m) long, which branched out at regular intervals from each side of the main passage. A separate system of tunnels north of this housed the underground hospital with 12 laterals of its own. The facility could be reached either through the main tunnel or by a separate outside entrance on the north side of Malinta Hill. The Navy tunnel system was located south of the quartermaster area that extended south of Lateral 8. Petrol was stored near the west entrance, while General MacArthur's headquarters was located in Lateral 3, next to General George Moore's headquarters in Lateral 2, and President Quezon's quarters next to the east entrance. Reinforced with concrete walls, floors, and overhead arches, it also had blowers to furnish fresh air and an electric trolley along the east–west passage. Batteries Wheeler and Crockett each had dual 12 inch Gun M1895s, while Batteries Smith and Hearn had a single gun each. Battery Way had four 12 inch coast defense mortars while Battery Geary had eight. Battery Grubbs had dual 10 inch gun M1895s, while Batteries Morrison, Ramsay and James had 6 inch gun M1905s, two, three and four respectively. Batteries Maxwell Keyes, Alonso Cushing and Guy B. Hanna had dual 3 inch gun M1903. On 24 December, Subic Bay was abandoned along with Fort Wint. Curtis T. Beecher's The 1st Battalion held the tail of Corregidor, the 3rd Battalion the middle of the island, and the 2nd Battalion defended the western end, while Schaeffer's 4th Battalion was held in reserve. Of Howard's 3900 men, only 1500 were marines, the remainder was composed of various Army, Navy, Philippine Army and Philippine Scouts. On 3 February Trout arrived at Corregidor with 3,500 rounds of 3 inch anti aircraft ammunition. Along with mail and important documents, Trout'' was loaded with 20 tons of gold and silver previously removed from banks in the Philippines before departing. On 5 February, the Japanese started firing on Forts Frank and Drum using 105mm and 155mm guns on Cavite. Then on 15 March, the Japanese started firing with their 240mm howitzers. Japanese bombing and shelling continued with unrelenting ferocity. Japanese aircraft flew 614 missions, dropping 1,701 bombs totaling some 365 tons of explosives. Joining the aerial bombardment were nine howitzers, thirty four howitzers, and 32 other artillery pieces, which pounded Corregidor day and night. By 14 April, all of Corregidor's north shore batteries were out of action. On 29 April, two Navy PBYs flew out 50 nurses and headquarters staff. Homma's invasion plan relied on Kenzo Kitano's 4th Division. The 1st and 2nd Battalions of Gempachi Sato's 61st Infantry, under Infantry Group Commander Kureo Taniguchi, would land first on Corregidor's tail with 2000 men, supported with tanks from the 7th Tank Regiment. A second wave would land below Topside the following night with 4000 men led by Taniguchi, composed of the 37th Infantry and a battalion of 8th Infantry, plus tanks from the 7th Tank Regiment.
Осень
5 мая японские войска под командованием генерал-майора Курео Танигучи погрузились на десантные суда и баржи и направились к последнему штурму Коррегидора. Незадолго до полуночи интенсивный обстрел обрушился на пляжи между Норт-Пойнтом и Кавалерий-Пойнтом. Первоначальная высадка 790 японских солдат быстро забуксовала из-за ожесточенного сопротивления американских и филиппинских защитников, чья 37-мм артиллерия нанесла тяжелые потери флоту вторжения. Это была кровавая бойня. Наблюдатели в Кабкабене описали увиденное как «зрелище, поражающее воображение, превосходящее по мрачному ужасу все, что мы когда-либо видели». 1-й батальон высадился на Коррегидоре в 23:00, а 2-й батальон – почти через час. Сложности с определением намеченных точек высадки, а также течение, привели к тому, что баржи 21-го инженерного полка высадили японских солдат восточнее Норт-Пойнта, дальше от намеченной цели – Малинта-Хилл. Японцы понесли большие потери, один японский офицер назвал это «ужасной резней», по меньшей мере 22 полузатопленных десантных судна были полны японских тел, но достаточно солдат высадилось, чтобы закрепиться на плацдарме. К 1:30 ночи батарея Денвера и передний склон холма Водяного резервуара были захвачены людьми Сато. 23 мая японские военнопленные на Коррегидоре были доставлены к Южной шахте и погружены на три корабля, стоявшие на якоре в заливе Сан-Хосе. После высадки в Маниле филиппинцев выгрузили на причал, а американцев провели по бульвару Дьюи в Старую тюрьму Билибид, а затем в лагерь Кабанатуан №3. В конце июля медсестер «Ангелов Батаана» отправили в лагерь для интернированных Санто-Томас.