Введение
Центрально-европейская археологическая культура (ок. 5000–4000 гг. до н.э.)
NOTOC
The Lengyel culture is an archaeological culture of the European Neolithic, centered on the Middle Danube in Central Europe. It flourished from 5000 to 4000 BC, ending with phase IV, e. g., in Bohemia represented by the 'Jordanow/Jordansmühler culture'. It is followed by the Funnelbeaker culture/TrB culture and the Baden culture. The eponymous type site is at Lengyel in Tolna county, Hungary. It was preceded by the Linear Pottery culture and succeeded by the Corded Ware culture. In its northern extent, overlapped the somewhat later but otherwise approximately contemporaneous Funnelbeaker culture. Also closely related are the Stroke ornamented ware and Rössen cultures, adjacent to the north and west, respectively. Subgroups of the Lengyel horizon include the Austrian/Moravian Painted Ware I and II, Aichbühl, Jordanów/Jordanov/Jordansmühl, Schussenried, Gatersleben, etc. It is a wide interaction sphere or cultural horizon rather than an archaeological culture in the narrow sense. Its distribution overlaps with the Tisza culture and with Stroke Ornamented Pottery (STK) as far north as Osłonki, central Poland. Lengyel pottery was found in western Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Poland, and Slovenia. Several Sopot culture finds in Croatia and Hungary were dated to the same general periods as the Lengyel culture finds. Influence in pottery styles is found even further afield, in parts of Germany and Switzerland. Agriculture and stock raising (mainly cattle, but also pigs, and to a lesser extent, ovicaprids) was practiced, though many wild faunal remains have also been recovered. Settlements consisted of small houses as well as trapezoid longhouses. These settlements were sometimes open, sometimes surrounded by a defensive ditch. Inhumation was in separate cemeteries, in the flexed position with apparently no preference for which side the deceased was laid out in. Lengyel sites of the later period show signs of the use of copper in form of beads and hammered ribbons, marking the dawn of the Chalcolithic period in Central Europe. It was associated with the cover term Old Europe by Marija Gimbutas, though may have been undergone "kurganization" by the Proto Indo Europeans and become integrated into the successor Globular Amphora culture. According to archaeogenetic studies, its population had no or negligible amount of Indo European steppe ancestry.
Культура Ленгеля – археологическая культура европейского неолита, центрированная в районе Среднего Дуная в Центральной Европе. Она существовала с 5000 по 4000 гг. до н.э., завершившись на IV фазе, например, в Богемии она представлена культурой Джорданов/Жордансмулер. Ей на смену пришли культура воронкообразных амфор (Funnelbeaker) / культура TrB и культура Баден. Классическая стоянка находится в Ленгеле, в жупании Толна, Венгрия. Ей предшествовала культура линейной керамики, а затем последовала культура шнуровой керамики. В северной части ареал культуры Ленгеля частично перекрывался с несколько более поздней, но в целом современной культурой воронкообразных амфор. Также тесно связаны культуры с орнаментом в виде штрихов и Россен, прилегающие к северу и западу соответственно. К подгруппам горизонта Ленгеля относятся австрийско-моравская керамика с росписью I и II, Айчбюль, Джорданов/Жорданов/Жордансмуль, Шуссенрид, Гатерслебен и др. Это скорее широкая сфера взаимодействия или культурный горизонт, чем археологическая культура в узком смысле. Ее распространение перекрывается с тисской культурой и культурой с орнаментом в виде штрихов (STK) до Ослонки в центральной Польше. Керамика культуры Ленгеля была найдена в Западной Венгрии, Чехии, Словакии, Австрии, Польше и Словении. Некоторые находки сопотовской культуры в Хорватии и Венгрии датируются тем же периодом, что и находки культуры Ленгеля. Влияние на стили керамики прослеживается и в других регионах, в частности, в некоторых частях Германии и Швейцарии. Практиковалось земледелие и скотоводство (в основном крупный рогатый скот, а также свиньи и в меньшей степени овцы и козы), хотя было обнаружено также множество остатков диких животных. Поселения состояли из небольших домов, а также трапециевидных длинных домов. Эти поселения иногда были открытыми, иногда окруженными оборонительным рвом. Погребения совершались на отдельных кладбищах в скорченном положении, без явных предпочтений относительно стороны, на которой выкладывали умершего. На поздних поселениях культуры Ленгеля обнаружены признаки использования меди в виде бус и откованных полос, что знаменует начало халколита в Центральной Европе. Культура Ленгеля была связана с термином «Старая Европа», введенным Марией Гимбутас, однако, возможно, подверглась «кургенизации» со стороны протоиндоевропейцев и была интегрирована в культуру глобулярных амфор. Согласно археогенетическим исследованиям, население культуры Ленгеля имело мало или совсем не имело индоевропейского степного происхождения.
NOTOC
The Lengyel culture is an archaeological culture of the European Neolithic, centered on the Middle Danube in Central Europe. It flourished from 5000 to 4000 BC, ending with phase IV, e. g., in Bohemia represented by the 'Jordanow/Jordansmühler culture'. It is followed by the Funnelbeaker culture/TrB culture and the Baden culture. The eponymous type site is at Lengyel in Tolna county, Hungary. It was preceded by the Linear Pottery culture and succeeded by the Corded Ware culture. In its northern extent, overlapped the somewhat later but otherwise approximately contemporaneous Funnelbeaker culture. Also closely related are the Stroke ornamented ware and Rössen cultures, adjacent to the north and west, respectively. Subgroups of the Lengyel horizon include the Austrian/Moravian Painted Ware I and II, Aichbühl, Jordanów/Jordanov/Jordansmühl, Schussenried, Gatersleben, etc. It is a wide interaction sphere or cultural horizon rather than an archaeological culture in the narrow sense. Its distribution overlaps with the Tisza culture and with Stroke Ornamented Pottery (STK) as far north as Osłonki, central Poland. Lengyel pottery was found in western Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Poland, and Slovenia. Several Sopot culture finds in Croatia and Hungary were dated to the same general periods as the Lengyel culture finds. Influence in pottery styles is found even further afield, in parts of Germany and Switzerland. Agriculture and stock raising (mainly cattle, but also pigs, and to a lesser extent, ovicaprids) was practiced, though many wild faunal remains have also been recovered. Settlements consisted of small houses as well as trapezoid longhouses. These settlements were sometimes open, sometimes surrounded by a defensive ditch. Inhumation was in separate cemeteries, in the flexed position with apparently no preference for which side the deceased was laid out in. Lengyel sites of the later period show signs of the use of copper in form of beads and hammered ribbons, marking the dawn of the Chalcolithic period in Central Europe. It was associated with the cover term Old Europe by Marija Gimbutas, though may have been undergone "kurganization" by the Proto Indo Europeans and become integrated into the successor Globular Amphora culture. According to archaeogenetic studies, its population had no or negligible amount of Indo European steppe ancestry.
Археогенетика
Липсон и др. (2017), Нарасимхан и др. (2019) и Паттерсон и др. (2022) выявили у девяти индивидуумов из Венгрии, принадлежащих к культуре Ленгель, Y-гаплогруппы H, H P96, I2a2a S6635, I2a1a1b S21825, G2a2a1 PF3148, J2a1a2b Z6055, C1a2 V86 и E1b1b1a1b1 L618. Извлеченная мтДНК принадлежала к различным подкладам U8b1a2b, N1a1a, T2b, H и H44, J1c, W1. Согласно анализу ADMIXTURE, их генетическое происхождение составляло примерно 85–98% от ранних европейских фермеров, 4–12% от западных охотников-собирателей и 0–3% от западных степных скотоводов.