Введение
Немецкий художник Иоганн Кнупфер (1866–1910) был художником-аутсайдером, страдавшим шизофренией, и одним из "мастеров шизофрении", описанных Хансом Принцхорном в его основополагающей работе "Искусство душевнобольных".
Johann Knüpfer (1866–1910) was a schizophrenic outsider artist and one of the "schizophrenic masters" profiled by Hans Prinzhorn in his field defining work Artistry of the Mentally Ill.
Knüpfer was a baker's apprentice for three years as a youth before moving to a large city where he worked in a cement factory and learned the trade of locksmithing. His friends persuaded him to marry, but the union was unhappy from the start. He was an alcoholic and an abusive husband, and mistrusted not only his wife but everyone he knew. He attempted suicide in 1902 and was committed soon afterwards. It became evident that he had been having paranoiac delusions for years, and visions in which Christ explained why he was being persecuted. He told psychiatrists that "no one had suffered as much, not even Christ" (Prinzhorn 1972, p. 172). His works can be divided into two categories, the formal religious images covered with oracular inscriptions and the paintings of memories from his youth. Both categories display a preoccupation with symmetry and a fascination with circles. Knüpfer believes he is a martyr, making religion the main theme of his work. He depicts raw, ecstatic crucified figures. His drawings are accompanied by hearts with arrows through them, probably in reference to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and comments, often written in circles. Religious symbolism became an obsession for Knüpfer. Johann Knüpfer also produced drawings on the theme of childhood, in which birds play a prominent role.
В юности Кнупфер три года был учеником пекаря, прежде чем переехать в большой город, где работал на цементном заводе и освоил профессию слесаря. Друзья уговорили его жениться, но брак оказался несчастливым с самого начала. Он был алкоголиком и проявлял жестокость к жене, не доверяя не только ей, но и всем знакомым. В 1902 году он предпринял попытку самоубийства и вскоре после этого был помещен в психиатрическую лечебницу. Выяснилось, что он страдал параноидальными бреднями на протяжении многих лет и видел видения, в которых Христос объяснял причины его преследований. Он говорил психиатрам, что "никто не страдал так сильно, даже не Христос" (Prinzhorn 1972, с. 172). Его работы можно разделить на две категории: формальные религиозные изображения, покрытые пророческими надписями, и картины, изображающие воспоминания из его юности. Обе категории демонстрируют обеспокоенность симметрией и увлечение кругами. Кнупфер считал себя мучеником, поэтому религия стала главной темой его творчества. Он изображал сырые, экстатические фигуры распятых. Его рисунки сопровождаются сердцами, пронзенными стрелами, вероятно, в отсылке к Святому Сердцу Иисуса, и комментариями, часто написанными кругами. Религиозная символика стала для Кнупфера навязчивой идеей. Иоганн Кнупфер также создавал рисунки на тему детства, в которых важную роль играют птицы.
Johann Knüpfer (1866–1910) was a schizophrenic outsider artist and one of the "schizophrenic masters" profiled by Hans Prinzhorn in his field defining work Artistry of the Mentally Ill.
Knüpfer was a baker's apprentice for three years as a youth before moving to a large city where he worked in a cement factory and learned the trade of locksmithing. His friends persuaded him to marry, but the union was unhappy from the start. He was an alcoholic and an abusive husband, and mistrusted not only his wife but everyone he knew. He attempted suicide in 1902 and was committed soon afterwards. It became evident that he had been having paranoiac delusions for years, and visions in which Christ explained why he was being persecuted. He told psychiatrists that "no one had suffered as much, not even Christ" (Prinzhorn 1972, p. 172). His works can be divided into two categories, the formal religious images covered with oracular inscriptions and the paintings of memories from his youth. Both categories display a preoccupation with symmetry and a fascination with circles. Knüpfer believes he is a martyr, making religion the main theme of his work. He depicts raw, ecstatic crucified figures. His drawings are accompanied by hearts with arrows through them, probably in reference to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and comments, often written in circles. Religious symbolism became an obsession for Knüpfer. Johann Knüpfer also produced drawings on the theme of childhood, in which birds play a prominent role.
Ресурсы
Écrits d’Art Brut. Графоманы-экстраваганты, Лусьенна Пейри, Париж, Le Seuil, 2020. Принцхорн, Ханс. Искусство душевнобольных: вклад в психологию и психопатологию композиции. Перевод Эрика фон Брокдорфа. Нью-Йорк, Нью-Йорк: Springer Verlag, 1972.