Введение
Род цветковых растений
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha – род корневищных многолетних цветковых растений семейства Лютиковые (Ranunculaceae), включающий десять видов. Они встречаются во влажных местообитаниях в умеренных и холодных регионах Северного и Южного полушарий. Листья обычно сердцевидные или почковидные, или характерно диплофильные (ушные части листовой пластинки образуют отчетливо отогнутые придатки). Цветки звездчатые, преимущественно желтые или белые. Настоящих лепестков и нектариков нет, но пять или более чашелистиков имеют отчетливую окраску. Как обычно для семейства Лютиковые, вокруг (от двух до двадцати пяти) свободных пестиков расположен круг тычинок. Листья длинные треугольные, лопатовидные или ложковидные, или разделены на три доли. → 4
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Листья разделены на овальную левую и правую доли с цельным краем, за исключением зубчатых выростов, напоминающих лист венериной мухоловки. Придатки имеют идентичную форму, но меньше остальной части листа. Сверху боковые части листовых долей и придатков находятся в одной горизонтальной плоскости. Цветок гермафродитный, зеленовато-желтого цвета, с пятью-семью тупыми зеленовато-желтыми чашелистиками с перепончатым кончиком, позже жилки и кончик становятся тупо-фиолетовыми. Карликовые растения высотой 1–3 см. Встречаются во влажных лугах южной Аргентины и Чили между 50° и 56° ю.ш., в том числе на островах Эрмит и мысе Хорн. Листья длинные треугольные или лопатовидные. Цветки гермафродиты. → 5
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Листья ложковидные с цельным краем и выемчатым кончиком или разделены на три доли, каждая с выемчатым кончиком, придатки два или три. Функционально мужские и женские цветки на разных растениях (диоэцио). Цветки с костяно-белыми до бледно-желтых чашелистиков, позже с пурпурными краями. Встречаются в южных Андах Аргентины и Чили, между 35° и 53° ю.ш., во влажных лугах. Листья лопатовидные. → 6
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Листья удлиненно-треугольные или копьевидные, с двумя узкими придатками, примерно в 2/3 длины листа. Цветки с пятью-восемью ланцетными белыми чашелистиками. Встречаются в гравийных руслах тающего снега в Австралийских Альпах и на Тасмании. Листья лопатовидные, немного длиннее, чем широкие, с слегка зубчатым краем и тупым или выемчатым кончиком. Придатки треугольные, с слегка зубчатым краем и тупым кончиком, менее половины длины листовой пластинки, иногда отсутствуют. Цветки с пятью-восемью, преимущественно бледно-желтыми, узкими овальными чашелистиками (самые широкие между основанием и серединой). Растут на горных и субальпийских влажных лугах в Новой Зеландии к югу от 39° ю.ш.
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Листья лопатовидные, примерно одинаковой длины и ширины, с зубчатым краем у основания, стремящимся к неглубокой лопастности, с тупым или выемчатым кончиком. Придатки более чем вполовину длины листовой пластинки, с глубоко зубчатым до мелколопастного наружным краем и цельным внутренним краем. Цветки с пятью-восемью белыми узкими обратнояйцевидными чашелистиками (самые широкие между кончиком и серединой). Обитают на субальпийских лугах на Южном острове Новой Зеландии.
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Растения с воздушными листьями и прямостоячими или приподнятыми стеблями, иногда развивающими корни после цветения. Цветки крупнее 1,5 см, с четырьмя или преимущественно пятью-восемью чашелистиками. → 8
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Водное растение с плавающими или ползущими стеблями, укореняющимися в узлах, с часто плавающими почковидными листьями длиной 2–5 см, иногда с пурпурным оттенком. Цветки около 1 см в диаметре (максимально 13 мм), с четырьмя или преимущественно пятью белыми или бледно-розовыми чашелистиками. Растут в пресной воде или на иле в Северной Америке и северной Азии.
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Растения высотой 8–40 см. Стебли с одним или двумя цветками, без или с одним прилистником, никогда не укореняются в узлах. Плоды (фолликулы) сидячие на цветоложе или на короткой ножке (черешковые). → 9
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Растения высотой 10–80 см. Стебли обычно с четырьмя-девятью, но иногда и меньше цветками, с одним-несколькими прилистниками, иногда укореняются в узлах после цветения. Типичные растения имеют желтые цветки и триколпатное пыльцевое зерно, но существует разновидность с белыми и преимущественно пантопоровыми пыльцевыми зернами, а также с пурпурными цветками. Фолликулы всегда сидячие. Встречаются в болотах, низинах, канавах, влажных лесах и на берегах ручьев, от альпийских лугов до речных дельт, широко распространены в умеренной и арктической Европе, Азии и Северной Америке, но отсутствуют на Земле Франца-Иосифа, Шпицбергене, Гренландии, островах Баффин, Девон и Эллесмер.
Меньшие растения с немногочисленными цветущими приподнятыми стеблями, укореняющимися в узлах после цветения. Растут на северных границах ареала вида и на подверженных эрозии склонах.
Более крупные растения с многочисленными цветущими прямостоячими стеблями, укореняющимися в узлах после цветения. Встречаются в Нидерландах в зоне пресной воды приливов (Де Биесбош).
Цветки белые, пыльцевое зерно пантопоровое или иногда триколпатное. Между 2200 и 3500 м вдоль ручьев в Афганистане, Пакистане и западных Гималаях от Кашмира до северной Индии.
Цветки пурпурные. Между 4000 и 5000 м в альпийских лугах и мшистых склонах между кустарниками и высокими травами в восточных Гималаях Ассама и южного Тибета.
Растения в культуре с оранжево-коричневыми цветками, вероятно, являются гибридом между растениями с желтыми и пурпурными цветками. Растения с цветками, состоящими только из множества рядов чашелистиков, часто выращиваются в культуре и известны под разными названиями, среди которых c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" или “Flore Plena”.
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Растения высотой 8–20 см. Листовая пластинка длиннее, чем широкая. Цветки по одному или два на цветоножке. Цветки с пятью-девятью желтыми тупыми чашелистиками. Фолликулы черешковые. Пыльцевое зерно всегда триколпатное. В болотистых альпийских растительностях в Гималаях между 4000–6000 м от Непала, Сиккима и южного Тибета до Юньнани и Ганьсу.
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Растения высотой 10–40 см. Листовая пластинка шире, чем длинная или длиннее, чем широкая. Цветки по одному или два на цветоножке, иногда с одним прилистником. Цветки обычно с семью-девятью (но иногда всего пятью и до тринадцати) белыми или редко желтыми, линейно-продолговатыми или продолговато-яйцевидными чашелистиками. Фолликулы преимущественно сидячие, но иногда на очень короткой ножке. Пыльцевое зерно пантопоровое, пантоколпатное или триколпатное. Растут в западной Северной Америке, от Сьерра-Невады, Каскадного хребта и Скалистых гор на север до юго-западной Аляски.
Сложный вид, имеющий два отчетливых подвида на юго-западе и юго-востоке своего ареала, но на севере своего ареала можно найти различающиеся признаки в любой комбинации, и такие растения нельзя отнести ни к одному из подвидов. Один или два цветка с продолговато-яйцевидными белыми чашелистиками. Почковидные листья длиной до 15 см имеют тупой кончик и перекрывающиеся или соприкасающиеся нижние доли. Пыльцевое зерно пантопоровое или иногда пантоколпатное. Растут в открытой, болотистой растительности в Сьерра...
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
История таксономии
Самое старое описание, которое обычно признается в ботанической литературе, датируется 1700 годом под названием *Populago* Джозефом Питтоном де Турнефортом в первой части его *Institutiones rei herbariae*. Он различал *P. flore major*, *P. flore minor* и *P. flore plena*, и уже указывает, что все они являются синонимами *Caltha palustris*, не упоминая ни одного предыдущего автора. Поскольку название растения было опубликовано до 1 мая 1753 года, *Populago* Tourn. является недействительным. То же самое относится и к первому описанию *Caltha palustris* Карлом Линнеем в его *Genera Plantarum* 1737 года. Однако Линней повторно описывает вид под тем же названием в *Species Plantarum* 1 мая 1753 года, тем самым предоставляя корректное название. *Caltha palustris* – вид с высокой изменчивостью. В условиях короткого вегетационного периода растения обычно значительно меньше и могут укореняться в узлах стеблей после цветения. На протяжении истории неоднократно предлагалось разделить его на различные (часто многочисленные) таксоны. Основными признаками для различения таксонов служат характеристики фолликула. Большинство различий между популяциями, вероятно, представляют собой фенотипические адаптации к конкретным условиям, не имеющие генетической основы. Изменчивость внутри популяций также значительна. Широко признанными разновидностями являются *C. palustris* var. *palustris*, *C. palustris* var. *radicans* (небольшие растения с прилегающими стеблями, укореняющимися в узлах), *C. palustris* var. *araneosa* (крупные растения с прямостоячими стеблями, образующими молодые растения в узлах), *C. palustris* var. *alba* (с белыми цветками) и *C. palustris* var. *purpurea* (с пурпурными цветками). Подтверждения обеим точкам зрения до сих пор можно найти как в научных, так и в обыденных источниках.
Филогения
Генетический анализ позволяет предположить, что можно выделить три монофилетические группы. C. natans оказывается сестринским таксоном ко всем остальным видам. Также выясняется, что C. leptosepala является сестринским таксоном ко всем видам Южного полушария и должна быть перемещена в группу Psychrophila. Внутри этой группы новозеландские и австралийские виды формируют один кластер, C. appendiculata и C. dionaeifolia – второй кластер, а третий южноамериканский вид, C. sagittata, является сестринским таксоном к обоим этим кластерам. Оставшиеся виды Северного полушария, C. palustris и C. scaposa, составляют новое содержание группы Caltha. Это указывает на то, что род возник в Северном полушарии и расселился из Северной Америки в Южную Америку, а затем в Новую Зеландию и Австралию. Взаимосвязи между видами представлены на следующем филогенетическом дереве.
Этимология
Общее название Кальта происходит от греческого κάλαθος (kalathos), что означает «кубок», и, по преданию, связано с формой цветка.
Распространение
Виды рода Caltha встречаются в холодных и умеренных регионах Северного полушария, в Андах и Патагонии, а также в альпийских районах Австралии и Новой Зеландии. Они отсутствуют на низких высотах в тропиках и субтропиках, в Африке, на Гренландии и некоторых других арктических островах, в Антарктиде и на субантарктических островах, а также на океанических островах. C. natans встречается в Сибири и Северной Америке, но не в Европе. C. palustris имеет самое широкое распространение и встречается в холодных и умеренных регионах Северного полушария, но не обнаружен в западной части Соединенных Штатов. C. scaposa – альпийский вид с ограниченным ареалом на юго-восточной окраине Тибетского нагорья. Caltha leptosepala встречается в западной части Северной Америки от Аляски до Калифорнии и Колорадо. C. sagittata – еще один вид, произрастающий во влажных альпийских лугах, в данном случае от Колумбии до Огненной Земли, при этом высота произрастания уменьшается по мере удаления от экватора. C. appendiculata встречается во влажных горах и холмах южной Патагонии. Остальные четыре вида имеют ограниченные ареалы: C. dionaeifolia – на южной оконечности Патагонии, C. introloba – в Австралийских Альпах и на Тасмании, C. novae zelandiae – в горах Северного и Южного островов Новой Зеландии, а C. obtusa встречается только на Южном острове. Жуки и личинки горной мухи-горняка наносят незначительный вред C. palustris. Опыление осуществляется множеством различных насекомых, но особенно активно – мухами, пчелами и жуками. Хотя предполагалось, что опыление C. palustris может способствовать дождь, существуют также доказательства самобесплодности. При созревании фолликулы раскрываются, образуя "брызголовку", из которой семена выбрасываются при попадании на них дождевых капель под правильным углом. Семена C. palustris также содержат губчатую ткань, благодаря которой они держатся на поверхности воды, пока не будут вынесены в место, потенциально подходящее для роста этого вида. Показано, что жизненный цикл C. introloba адаптирован к снежному покрову и короткому вегетационному периоду. Цветочные бутоны полностью развиваются к моменту выпадения первого снега, чтобы при его таянии весной цветы могли сразу раскрыться. Семена лучше и быстрее прорастают после периода холода.