Кіріспе
Гүлді өсімдіктер туысы
Genus of flowering plants
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha – Ranunculaceae ("сарыгүлділер") тұқымдасына жататын, ризомалық, көп жылдық гүлді өсімдіктер туысы. Оған он түр жатады. Олар Солтүстік және Оңтүстік жарты шарлардың қоңыржай және суық аймақтарындағы ылғалды жерлерде өседі. Жапырақтары көбінесе жүрек немесе бүйрек пішіндес, немесе ерекше диплофиллалы (жапырақ тілімдерінің құлақшалары айқын иілген қосымшаларды құрайды). Гүлдері жұлдыз тәрізді, көбінесе сарыдан аққа дейін болады. Шын жапырақшалар мен нектарийлер жоқ, бірақ бес немесе одан көп сепальдері анық түсті. Сарыгүлділер тұқымдасына тән, (екіден жиырма беске дейін) бос карпельдердің айналасында тозаңдықтар шеңбері болады. Жапырақтары ұзын үшбұрышты, қасық пішіндес немесе үш бөлікке бөлінген. → Caltha sagittata
Genus of flowering plants
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Жапырақтары ұзын үшбұрышты, қасық пішіндес немесе үш бөлікке бөлінген. → 4
Genus of flowering plants
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Жапырақтары жұмыртқа пішіндес сол және оң бөлікке бөлінген, шеттері тіс тәрізді шаштары бар, Венера шыбырлауының жапырағын еске түсіреді. Қосымшалары жапырақтың қалған бөлігімен бірдей пішіндес, бірақ кішкентай. Жоғарғы жағынан қарағанда, жапырақ тілімдері мен қосымшаларының бүйірлері бірдей көлденең жазықтықта орналасқан. Гермафродиттік гүл жасыл-сары, ұшы мембраналы, кейін тамырлары мен ұшы күңгірт қызғылт түске айналады, бес-жеті күңгірт жасыл-сары сепальдары бар. Биіктігі 1–3 см болатын шағын түр. Оңтүстік Аргентина мен Чилидің 50°О және 56°О аралығындағы ылғалды шалғындарда, Гермит аралдары мен Хорн мүйісінде өседі.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
Genus of flowering plants
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Жапырақтары ұзын үшбұрышты немесе қасық пішіндес. Гүлдері гермафродит. → 5
Genus of flowering plants
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Жапырақтары толық жиекті және ойысқан ұшы бар қасық пішіндес, немесе үш бөлікке бөлінген, әрқайсысы ойысқан ұшымен, екі немесе үш қосымшасы бар. Функционалды түрде еркек және әйел гүлдері әртүрлі өсімдіктерде (диоэциялық). Гүлдері піл сүйегінен ақшыл сары сепальдармен, кейінірек қызғылт жиектерімен. Аргентина мен Чилидің оңтүстік Анд тауларында, 35°О және 53°О аралығындағы ылғалды шалғындарда өседі.→ Caltha appendiculata
Genus of flowering plants
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Жапырақтары қақ пішіндес. → 6
Genus of flowering plants
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Жапырақтары сопақшаға дейін созылған үшбұрышты, екі тар қосымшасы бар, жапырақтың ⅔ бөлігінен ұзын. Гүлдері бес-сегіз сүйірленген ақ сепальдармен. Австралия Альпісінде және Тасманияда қар ерігендегі шағын ағыстарда өседі.→ Caltha introloba
Genus of flowering plants
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Жапырақтары қақ пішіндес, енінен сәл ұзын, бүкіл жиегімен және тұйық немесе ойысқан ұшымен. Қосымшалары үшбұрышты, аздап тісті жиегімен және жапырақ тілімінің жартысынан кем ұзын, кейде жоқ. Гүлдері бес-сегіз, көбінесе ашық сары, тар сопақша сепальдармен (негізі мен ортасы арасында ең кең). Жаңа Зеландияда 39°О-тан оңтүстікке қарай таулы және субальпілік ылғалды далаларда өседі.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
Genus of flowering plants
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Жапырақтары қақ пішіндес, ені мен ұзындығы шамамен бірдей, негізінде қабыршақты жиегі бар, сәл бөлінген, тұйық немесе ойысқан ұшымен. Қосымшалары жапырақ тілімінің жартысынан артық, терең қабыршақты немесе сәл бөлінген сыртқы жиегімен және бүкіл ішкі жиегімен. Гүлдері бес-сегіз ақ тар кері сопақша сепальдармен (ұшы мен ортасы арасында ең кең). Жаңа Зеландияның Оңтүстік аралындағы субальпілік далаларда өседі.→ Caltha obtusa
Genus of flowering plants
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Жапырақтары ауадағы, тік немесе жатқан сабақтары бар, кейде гүлденгеннен кейін тамырлар дамиды. Гүлдері 1,5 см-ден үлкен, төрт немесе көбінесе бес-сегіз сепальдары бар. → 8
Genus of flowering plants
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Су өсімдігі, түйіндерде тамыр жасайтын жүзетін немесе жатқан сабақтары бар, көбінесе 2–5 см-лік бүйрек пішіндес жапырақтары бар, кейде қызғылт түсті. Гүлдері диаметрі 1 см (максималды 13 мм), төрт немесе көбінесе бес ақ немесе ашық қызғылт сепальдары бар. Солтүстік Америка мен Солтүстік Азияда тұщы суда немесе сазда өседі.→ Caltha natans
Genus of flowering plants
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Өсімдіктер 8-ден 40 см-ге дейін. Сабақтары бір немесе екі гүлмен, тік немесе бір шұңқырлы, түйіндерде тамырланбайды. Жемістері (фоликулдары) ыдысқа немесе қысқа сабаққа (стипитат) орналасқан. → 9
Genus of flowering plants
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Өсімдіктер 10-нан 80 см-ге дейін. Сабақтары әдетте төрт-тоғыз, бірақ кейде аз гүлдермен, бірден бірнеше шұңқырлы, кейде гүлденгеннен кейін түйіндерге тамырлайды. Типтік өсімдіктердің сары гүлдері мен трикольпатты тозаңы бар, бірақ ақ және көбінесе пантопоратты тозаңы бар, сондай-ақ қызғылт гүлдері бар сорттары бар. Фоликулдар әрқашан тұрып тұрады. Альпілік шалғындардан өзен дельтасына дейін шұңқырларда, ылғалды ормандарда және өзен жағалауларында өседі. Ол қоңыржай және арктикалық Еуропа, Азия және Солтүстік Америкада кең таралған, бірақ Франц-Жозеф жерінде, Шпицбергенде, Гренландияда, Баффин, Девон және Эллесмер аралдарында жоқ.→ Caltha palustris
Шағын өсімдіктер, аздаған гүлді жатқан сабақтары түйіндерде гүлденгеннен кейін тамырланады. Өсімдіктердің таралу аймағының солтүстік шетінде және тозып бара жатқан жартастарда өседі. → var. radicans
Ірі өсімдіктер, көп гүлді тік сабақтары гүлденгеннен кейін түйіндерде тамырланады. Нидерландта тұщы сулы толқынды аймақта (Де Биесбош) кездеседі. → var. araneosa (тек Нидерландта ғана танылған)
Гүлдері ақ, тозаңы пантопоратты немесе кейде трикольпатты. Ауғанстан, Пәкістан және Батыс Гималайдың Кашмирден Солтүстік Үндістанға дейінгі 2200-ден 3500 м биіктіктегі шағын өзендердің бойында өседі. → var. alba
Гүлдері қызғылт. Ассам және Оңтүстік Тибеттің Шығыс Гималайындағы 4000-ден 5000 м биіктіктегі альпілік шалғындарда және бұталар мен биік шөптер арасындағы жасыл төбелерде өседі. → var. purpurea
Көшеттерде қызғылт-қоңыр гүлдері бар өсімдіктер сары және қызғылт гүлді өсімдіктердің шаласы болуы мүмкін. Гүлдері тек көп қатар сепальдардан ғана тұратын өсімдіктер көбінесе көшеттерде өсіріледі және әртүрлі атаулармен белгілі, олардың ішінде c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" немесе “Flore Plena” бар.
Genus of flowering plants
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Өсімдіктер 8–20 см. Жапырақ тілімінің енінен ұзын. Гүлдері сабақшада біреу немесе екеу. Гүлдері бес-тоғыз сары, тұйық сепальдары бар. Фоликулдары сабақшалы. Тозаңы әрқашан трикольпатты. Непал, Сикким және Оңтүстік Тибеттен Юньнань және Ганьсуға дейін Гималайдағы 4000–6000 м биіктіктегі батпақты альпілік өсімдіктерде өседі.→ Caltha scaposa
Genus of flowering plants
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Өсімдіктер 10–40 см. Жапырақ тілімінің ені ұзындығынан артық немесе ұзындығынан кем. Гүлдері сабақшада біреу немесе екеу, кейде бір шұңқырлы. Гүлдері әдетте жеті-тоғыз (бірақ кейде бес және он үшке дейін) ақ немесе сирек сары, сызықты сопақша немесе сопақша жұмыртқа пішіндес сепальдары бар. Фоликулдары көбінесе тұрып тұрады, бірақ кейде өте қысқа сабақта. Тозаңы пантопоратты, пантокольпатты немесе трикольпатты. Солтүстік Американың батысында, Сьерра-Невада, Каскад таулары және Роки тауларынан Солтүстік-Батыс Аляскаға дейін өседі.→ Caltha leptosepala
Оңтүстік-батыс және оңтүстік-шығысында екі ерекше түршесі бар күрделі түр, бірақ солтүстігінде ерекшеленетін белгілердің кез келген комбинациясында табылса, оларды ешбір түршеге жатқызу мүмкін емес. Бір немесе екі гүлді, жұмыртқа пішіндес ақ сепальдары бар. 15 см-ге дейін ұзын, тұйық ұшы және негізгі бөліктері жанасқан немесе жабысқан бүйрек пішіндес жапырақтары. Тозаңы пантопоратты немесе кейде пантокольпатты. Ашық, батпақты өсімдіктерде Сьерра...
Genus of flowering plants
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Caltha is a genus of rhizomatous perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae ("buttercup family"), to which ten species have been assigned. They occur in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Their leaves are generally heart shaped or kidney shaped, or are characteristically diplophyllous (the auricles of the leaf blades form distinctly inflexed appendages). Flowers are star shaped and mostly yellow to white. True petals and nectaries are missing but the five or more sepals are distinctly colored. As usual in the buttercup family there is a circle of stamens around (two to twenty five) free carpels.→ Caltha sagittata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 3
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular, spade or spoon shaped, or divided into three lobes. → 4
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves divided into an ovate left and right lobe with an entire margin except for toothlike hairs, reminiscent of the leaf of the Venus flytrap. The appendages are identical in shape to the rest of the leaf but smaller. From the top, the sides of the leaf lobes and appendages are in the same horizontal plain. The hermaphrodite flower is greenish yellow, with five to seven dull greenish yellow sepals with a membraneous tip, later on veins and tip becoming dull purplish. Dwarf species of 1–3 cm high. Occurs in wet grassland in southern Argentina and Chile between 50°S and 56°S, including on the Hermite Islands and Cape Horn.→ Caltha dionaeifolia
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 4
| width="97%" |Leaves long triangular or spade shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite. → 5
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves spoon shaped with an entire margin and an indented tip, or divided into three lobes, each with an indented tip, appendages two or three. Functionally male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious). Flowers with ivory to pale yellow sepals, later with purplish margins. Present in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile, between 35°S and 53°S in moist grasslands.→ Caltha appendiculata
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 5
| width="97%" |Leaves spade shaped. → 6
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Leaves elongate triangular to spear shaped, with two narrow appendages about ⅔× as long as the leaf. Flowers with five to eight lanceolate white sepals. In gravelly snow melt trickles in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania.→ Caltha introloba
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 6
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves slightly longer than wide, with a slightly scalloped margin throughout and an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages triangular with slightly scalloped margin and an obtuse tip less than half as long as the leafblade and occasionally absent. Flowers with five to eight, mostly pale yellow, narrow ovate sepals (widest between base and middle). Grows on montane and subalpine damp fields in New Zealand south of 39°S.→ Caltha novae zelandiae
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Spade shaped leaves about as long as wide, with a scalloped margin at base tending to shallowly lobed, with an obtuse or indented tip. Appendages more than half as long as the leafblade with deeply scalloped to shallowly lobed outer margin and an entire inner margin. Flowers with five to eight white narrow obovate sepals (widest between tip and middle). Inhabits subalpine fields on New Zealand's South Island.→ Caltha obtusa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 7
| width="97%" |Plants with aerial leaves and erect or decumbent stems, sometimes developing roots after flowering. Flowers larger than 1½ cm with four or mostly five to eight sepals. → 8
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Aquatic plant with floating or creeping stems that root at the nodes, with often floating, kidney shaped leaves of 2–5 cm, sometimes tinged purple. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter (maximally 13 mm) with four or mostly five white or pale pink sepals. Grows in fresh water or on mud in North America and northern Asia.→ Caltha natans
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 8
| width="97%" |Plants 8 to 40 cm. Stems with one or two flowers, without or with one stipule, never rooting at the nodes. Fruits (follicles) seated on the receptacle or on a short stem (stipitate). → 9
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10 to 80 cm. Stems usually with four to nine but occasionally less flowers, with one to several stipules, sometimes rooting at the nodes after flowering. Typical plants have yellow flowers and tricolpate pollen, but a variety with white and mostly pantoporate pollen, and one with magenta flowers exist. Follicles are always seated. Occurs in marches, fens, ditches, wet woods and the bank of streams, from alpine meadows to river deltas, and is widely distributed throughout temperate and arctic Europe, Asia and North America, but is absent in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland, Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands.→ Caltha palustris
Smaller plants, with few flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks. → var. radicans
Larger plants, with many flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (De Biesbosch). → var. araneosa (only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
Flowers white, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. → var. alba
Flowers magenta. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. → var. purpurea
Plants in cultivation with orange brown flowers are a probable cross between plants with yellow and magenta flowers. Plants with flowers only consisting of many rows of sepals are often in cultivation and are known under various names, among which are c. v. “Multiplex”, "Semiplena" or “Flore Plena”. | valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" | 9
| width="97%" |Plants 8–20 cm. Leafblade longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole. Flowers with five to nine yellow obtuse sepals. Follicles stalked. Pollen always tricolpate. In marshy alpine vegetations in the Himalayas between 4000–6000 m from Nepal, Sikkim and southern Tibet to Yunnan and Gansu.→ Caltha scaposa
| valign="top" align="left"
! scope="row" width="3%" |
| width="97%" |Plants 10–40 cm. Leafblade wider than long to longer than wide. Flowers one or two on a petiole sometimes with one stipule. Flowers usually with seven to nine (but occasionally as little as five and as many as thirteen) white or rarely yellow, linear oblong or oblong ovate sepals. Follicles mostly seated but occasionally on a very short stalk. Pollen pantoporate, pantocolpate or tricolpate. Grows in western North America, from the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, northwards to southwestern Alaska.→ Caltha leptosepala
A complex species that has two distinct subspecies in the southwest and southeast of its range, but in the north of its range the distinguishing sets of characters can be found in any combination, and such plants cannot be assigned to either subspecies. One or two flowers with oblong ovate white sepals. The kidney shaped leaves of up to 15 cm long have an obtuse tip and basal lobes touching or overlapping. Pollen pantoporate or sometimes pantocolpate. It grows in open, marshy vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in California, western Nevada, Oregon, western Washington, and on Vancouver Island. → ssp. howellii
One or exceptionally two flowers with white, linear oblong sepals. Leaves ovate heart shaped up to 7 cm long have an obtuse to acuminate tip and basal lobes not touching. Pollen tricolpate. It can be found in open marshy alpine and subalpine places in the Rocky Mountains of northeastern Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Idaho, southern Montana, northeastern Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. → ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala
Sepals yellow. It occurs in wet alpine and subalpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. → ssp. leptosepala var. sulphurea
|}
Таксономиялық тарихы
Ботаникалық әдебиетте жалпы мойындалған ең көне сипаттама 1700 жылы Жозеф Питон де Турнефорттің Institutiones rei herbariae еңбегінің 1-бөлігінде Populago деген атпен жазылған. Ол P. flore major, P. flore minor және P. flore plena арасын ажыратады және олардың барлығы Caltha palustris синонимдері екенін айтады, бірақ бұрынғы авторларды атамайды. 1753 жылдың 1 мамырына дейін жарияланған өсімдік атауы ретінде Populago Tourn. жарамсыз болып табылады. Сондай-ақ, Карл Линнейдің 1737 жылғы Genera Plantarum еңбегіндегі алғашқы Caltha palustris сипаттамасы да жарамсыз. Бірақ Линней 1753 жылдың 1 мамырында Species Plantarum-да сол атаумен түрді қайта сипаттап, дұрыс атауды берді. Caltha palustris – өте өзгермелі түр. Өсу маусымы қысқа болған кезде өсімдіктер әдетте әлдеқайда кішірек болады және гүлденгеннен кейін сабақтың түйіндерінен тамыр жібере алады. Тарих бойы оны әртүрлі (көбінесе көптеген) таксондарға бөлу туралы көптеген ұсыныстар жасалды. Таксондарды ажырату үшін танымал белгілер – фолликулаға қатысты. Популяциялар арасындағы көптеген айырмашылықтар, әдетте, генетикалық негізсіз, белгілі бір жағдайларға бейімделудің фенотиптік көрінісі болуы мүмкін. Популяциялар ішіндегі өзгергіштік те жоғары. Жалпы танылған сорттары: C. palustris var. palustris, C. palustris var. radicans (тораптарынан тамыр жіберетін, жатқан сабақты өсімдіктер), C. palustris var. araneosa (тік сабақты, түйіндерінде жас өсімдіктер түзетін ірі өсімдіктер), C. palustris var. alba (ақ гүлді) және C. palustris var. purpurea (қызғылт гүлді). Ғылыми және күнделікті әдебиеттерде осы екі пікірді қолдайтын мәліметтерді әлі де кездестіруге болады.
The oldest description that is generally acknowledged in the botanical literature dates from 1700 under the name Populago by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in part 1 of his Institutiones rei herbariae. He distinguished between P. flore major, P. flore minor and P. flore plena, and already says all of these are synonymous to Caltha palustris, without mentioning any previous author. As a plant name published before 1 May 1753, Populago Tourn. is invalid. And so is the first description as Caltha palustris by Carl Linnaeus in his Genera Plantarum of 1737. But Linnaeus re describes the species under the same name in Species Plantarum of 1 May 1753, thus providing the correct name. Caltha palustris is a highly variable species. When the growing season is shorter, plants are generally much smaller and may root at the nodes of the stems after flowering. Through history, many proposals have been made to split it into different (often numerous) taxa. Popular characters to distinguish between taxa concern the follicle. Most of the differences between populations are probably phenotypic adaptations to particular circumstances without a genetic basis. Variability within populations is also considerable. Varieties that are widely recognised are C. palustris var. palustris, C. palustris var. radicans (small plants with decumbent stems rooting at the nodes), C. palustris var. araneosa (big plants with erect stems forming young plants at the nodes), C. palustris var. alba (with white flowers) and C. palustris var. purpurea (with magenta flowers). Support for both opinions can still be found all over scientific and colloquial sources.
Филогения
Генетикалық талдау үш монофилеттік топты анықтауға мүмкіндік береді. C. natans қалған барлық түрлерге туыс екені анықталды. Сондай-ақ, C. leptosepala Оңтүстік жарты шардағы барлық түрлерге туыс болып табылады және оны Психофила тобына көшіру керек. Осы топ ішінде Жаңа Зеландия және Австралия түрлері бір кластерді құрайды, C. appendiculata және C. dionaeifolia екінші кластерді құрайды, ал үшінші Оңтүстік Америка түрі C. sagittata осы екі кластерге туыс. Солтүстік жарты шардағы қалған C. palustris және C. scaposa түрлері Caltha тобының жаңа құрамын құрайды. Бұл туыстың Солтүстік жарты шарда пайда болғанын және Солтүстік Америкадан Оңтүстік Америкаға, содан кейін Жаңа Зеландия мен Австралияға тарағанын көрсетеді. Түрлер арасындағы байланыстар келесі ағашпен көрсетілген.
Genetic analysis suggest that three monophyletic groups can be identified. C. natans turns out to be sister to all other species. It also turns out that C. leptosepala is the sister of all Southern Hemisphere species and should be moved into the Psychrophila group. Within that section the New Zealand and Australian species form one cluster, C. appendiculata and C. dionaeifolia form a second cluster, while the third South American species, C. sagittata, is sister to both these clusters. The remaining Northern Hemisphere species, C. palustris and C. scaposa make up the new content of the Caltha group. This suggests the genus originates in the Northern Hemisphere, and dispersed from North America to South America and from there to New Zealand and Australia. Relations between the species are represented by the following tree.
Этимология
Калтаның латынша атауы κάλαθος (kalathos) сөзінен шыққан, ол "кубок" деген мағынаны білдіреді және гүлдің пішінімен байланысты деп есептеледі.
The generic name Caltha is derived from the κάλαθος (kalathos), meaning "goblet", and is said to refer to the shape of the flower.
Тарату
Кальта түрлері Солтүстік жарты шардың суық және қоңыржай аймақтарында, Анд тауларында және Патагонияда, сондай-ақ Австралия мен Жаңа Зеландияның альпілік аймақтарында таралған. Олар тропиктік және субтропиктік аймақтардың төменгі биіктіктерінде, Африкада, Гренландияда және басқа да арктикалық аралдарда, Антарктида мен субантарктикалық аралдарда, мұхиттық аралдарда кездеспейді. C. natans Сібірде және Солтүстік Америкада өседі, бірақ Еуропада таралмаған. C. palustris ең кең таралған түр және Солтүстік жарты шардың суық және қоңыржай аймақтарында кездеседі, бірақ Батыс АҚШ-та табылмайды. C. scaposa – Тибет таулы аймағының оңтүстік-шығыс жиегінде таралуы шектеулі альпілік түр. Caltha leptosepala Солтүстік Американың батысында, Аляскадан Калифорния және Колорадоға дейін таралған. C. sagittata – ылғалды альпілік шалғындарда кездесетін тағы бір түр, Колумбиядан Тьерра-дель-Фуэгоға дейін, экватордан алшақ сарқып төмендейтін биіктікте өседі. C. appendiculata Оңтүстік Патагонияның ылғалды тауларында және төбелерінде өседі. Қалған төрт түрдің таралу аймағы шектеулі: C. dionaeifolia Патагонияның оңтүстік ұшында, C. introloba Австралия Альпісінде және Тасманияда, C. novae zelandiae Жаңа Зеландияның Солтүстік және Оңтүстік аралдарының тауларында, ал C. obtusa тек Оңтүстік аралда ғана кездеседі. C. palustris-ке қоңыздар мен кенші шырындардың зияны шамалы. Тозаңдануға көптеген жәндіктер қатысады, бірақ ең бастысы – ұшқыштар, аралар және қоңыздар. C. palustris-тің тозаңдануына жаңбыр көмектеседі деген болжам бар, бірақ өзіндік сүректілікке дәлелдер де жеткілікті. Пісіп жеткен қапшықтар ашылғанда, тұқымдарды жаңбыр тамсақтары дұрыс бұрыштан тиген кезде шығаратын "шашырату тостағаны" құрайды. C. palustris тұқымдарында сондай-ақ су бетінде жүзуге мүмкіндік беретін губка тәрізді тіндер бар, олар осы түрдің өсуіне қолайлы жағдайға дейін сумен келіп тоқталады. C. introloba қар жамылғысына және қысқа вегетациялық кезеңге бейімделген өмірлік циклге ие екені көрсетілді. Гүл шоғырлары алғашқы қар қалғанда толыққандай дамиды, көктемде қар еріген кезде гүлдер бірден ашылады. Тұқымдар суықтан кейін жақсырақ және жылдамрақ өнеді.
Caltha species are found in the cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, the Andes and Patagonia, and alpine areas in Australia and New Zealand. It is absent from lower altitudes in the tropics and subtropics, in Africa, on Greenland and some other arctic island, from Antarctica and subantarctic islands and from oceanic islands. C. natans occurs in Siberia and North America, but not in Europe. C. palustris has the widest distribution and is present in the cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, but cannot be found in the Western United States. C. scaposa is an alpine species with a limited distribution on the south eastern rim of the Highland of Tibet. Caltha leptosepala occurs in western North America from Alaska to California and Colorado. C. sagittata is another species that occurs in moist alpine meadows, in this case from Colombia to Tierra del Fuego, growing at less altitude further from the equator. C. appendiculata occurs in the moist mountains and hills of southern Patagonia. The remaining four species all have limited distribution areas: C. dionaeifolia on the southern tip of Patagonia, C. introloba in the Australian Alps and on Tasmania, C. novae zelandiae in the mountains of North and South Island of New Zealand, while C. obtusa is restricted to the South Island. Beetles and mining fly larvae cause little damage in C. palustris. Pollination is mediated by a lot of different insects, but most prominently by flies, bees and beetles. Although it was suggested that pollination in C. palustris could be assisted by rain, there is also proof for self infertility. When ripe follicles open, they form a "splash cup" from which seeds are expelled if raindrops hit them at the right angle. C. palustris seeds also have some spongy tissue that makes them float on water, until they wash up in a location that may be suitable for this species to grow. C. introloba was shown to have a life cycle that is adapted to snow cover and a short growing season. Flowerbuds have fully developed when the first snow remains, so that when it melts in spring the flowers can open immediately. Seeds germinate better and faster after a cold period.