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Введение
Консультативный комитет по вопросам женщин в вооруженных силах (DACOWITS) является одним из старейших федеральных консультативных комитетов Министерства обороны (DoD) и был учрежден в 1951 году тогдашним министром обороны (SecDef) Джорджем К. Маршаллом. Комитет состоит из гражданских женщин и мужчин, назначаемых Секретарем обороны для предоставления советов и рекомендаций по вопросам и политике, касающимся набора, удержания, трудоустройства, интеграции, благополучия и обращения с женщинами в Вооруженных Силах США. Являясь федеральным консультативным комитетом Министерства обороны, действующим по усмотрению, он уполномочен в соответствии с положениями Закона о федеральных консультативных комитетах (FACA) 1972 года (5 U.S.C., Приложение) и 41 C. F. R. § 102 3.50(d). Члены комитета изучают вопросы и собирают информацию посредством посещений военных объектов, проведения встреч, подготовки отчетов и опросов. Комитет обычно собирается ежеквартально и предоставляет рекомендации Секретарю обороны для рассмотрения в рамках ежегодного доклада.
The Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services (DACOWITS) is one of the oldest Department of Defense (DoD) federal advisory committees and was established in 1951 by then Secretary of Defense (SecDef) George C. Marshall. The committee is composed of civilian women and men appointed by the SecDef to provide advice and recommendations on matters and policies relating to the recruitment, retention, employment, integration, well being, and treatment of women in the U. S. Armed Forces. As a discretionary DoD federal advisory committee, it is authorized under the provisions of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) of 1972 (5 U. S. C., Appendix) and 41 C. F. R. § 102 3.50(d). Committee members review issues and conduct information gathering activities through installation visits, meetings, reports, and surveys. The committee typically meets quarterly and provides recommendations to the SecDef for consideration via an annual report.
Формирование
Закон об интеграции женщин в вооруженные силы 1948 года установил конкретные роли для женщин в вооруженных силах Соединенных Штатов в мирное время. Ранее женщинам разрешалось служить только медсестрами в мирное время, а более широкий спектр должностей открывался для них лишь во время войны. Однако с началом Корейской войны в июне 1950 года Министерство обороны начало изучать способы увеличения набора и удержания женщин во всех родах войск. Внутренние запросы от оборонных ведомств, таких как Совет по ресурсам национальной безопасности, и внешнее давление со стороны политиков, таких как сенатор Маргарет Чейз Смит, усилили ощущение срочности в определении более комплексной позиции для женщин в армии. По предложению помощника министра обороны по вопросам кадров Анны Розенберг, Маршалл сформировал Консультативный комитет по вопросам женщин в вооруженных силах в августе 1951 года. Его первым председателем стала Мэри Пиллсбери Лорд, общественный деятель, ранее возглавлявшая Национальный гражданский консультативный комитет Женского армейского корпуса (WAC). Встречаясь в течение трех дней в Пентагоне в 1951 году, они заслушали доклады о наборе и возможной необходимости женского призыва, обусловленной неудачей набора во время Второй мировой войны в удовлетворении потребностей вооруженных сил в женском персонале. Комитет помог разработать политику и стандарты для женщин в армии – для их эффективного использования, расширения их возможностей, набора и обучения. Комитет обеспечил представительство женщин-военнослужащих в Министерстве обороны.
The Women's Armed Services Integration Act of 1948 established specific roles for women in the peacetime Armed Forces of the United States. Previously, women had only been allowed to serve as nurses in peacetime with a wider variety of roles only open to them in time of war. However, with the start of the Korean War in June 1950, the DoD began to investigate ways to increase recruitment and retention of women in all services. Internal inquiries from defense agencies, such as the National Security Resources Board, and external pressure from politicians, such as Senator Margaret Chase Smith, added to the sense of urgency in defining a more comprehensive position for women in the military. At the suggestion of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower Anna Rosenberg, Marshall formed the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services in August 1951. Its first chair was Mary Pillsbury Lord, a civic activist who had been chair of the National Civilian Advisory Committee of the Women's Army Corps (WAC). Meeting for three days at the Pentagon in 1951, they heard presentations about recruiting and the possible need for a women's draft based on the failure of recruiting during World War II to meet the military services' requirements for women. The committee helped to develop policies and standards for women in the military—using them, expanding their opportunities, recruiting them, and training them. The committee ensured that military women would have representation at the Department of Defense.
Рекомендации
В течение многих лет рекомендации DACOWITS охватывали широкий спектр тем и подтем. В таблице ниже перечислены наиболее часто рассматриваемые комитетом темы, вызывающие обеспокоенность.
DACOWITS’ recommendations have addressed a variety of topics and subtopics throughout the years. The table below lists the most common topics of concern the committee has addressed. +Common Themes and Subthemes Addressed in DACOWITS Recommendations, 1967 to 2020Themes & SubthemesDescriptionBenefits and entitlementsBenefits, salary, or entitlements received by current or former Service members Base allowance for quartersHousing allowancesHousingHousing on or off base for Service membersTricareHealthcare for Service membersCareer progressionCareer progression of a Service member, including career planning and trajectories, transitions and/or assistance related to assignments and placements, and leadership developmentDeploymentTransitions related to deployments ReintegrationTransitions related to reintegration after returning from deploymentsPregnancy statusTransitions related to pregnancy statusTransition between Active and Reserve ComponentsTransitions related to members of the Reserve or Guard moving to active duty status or active duty Service members moving to the Reserve or GuardVeteransTransitions related to separating from the U. S. military and moving to veteran status; also includes general recommendations related to veteransPromotion and/or career advancementCareer advancement, promotion criteria, and performance evaluationsEnlistmentStandards or practices used around enlistmentLeadership development and representationInitiatives for leadership or mentoring development, including both individual members of the U. S. military (developing their personal leadership skills) and the Military Services’ leadership as a whole (e. g., strengthening officer training); also includes diversity (e. g., race, gender, ethnicity) initiatives for underrepresented leaders, including at the executive/advisory board levelCommunication and/or disseminationCommunication or dissemination of information from the branches or DoD to Service members and/or civilians; for example, “increase effective communication”Education and/or trainingEducation or trainingBasic trainingBasic or recruit trainingMilitary Service Academies (MSA)Education and trainings conducted at MSAsYouth programmingEducation and trainings for children younger than 18Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)ROTC or Junior ROTC programsNew training or conferences Creation and/or implementation of new trainings or organization of conferencesModifications to existing training or conferencesExpanding or modifying existing trainings or conferencesFamily supportPolicies aimed at supporting families and their dependentsChild careChild careDomestic abuseDomestic abuseDual military couplesSpouses who both are current Service members; includes co location policies for such couplesFamily leave policiesParental or family leave policies that allow Service members to take leave when having/adopting a childSabbaticalsSabbatical programs that allow Service members to take leave to pursue other areas of lifeGender equality and integrationEqualizing standards or guidelines for genders, including integrating women into previously closed positions or units, and barriers preventing full integration; also includes utilization OR increasing the number/percentage of women in underrepresented fieldsWomen in combatIntegrating women into previously closed combat positionsGender biasGender bias or sexism involving any prejudice or stereotyping based on gender or sexPhysical fitness standardsCompletion, implementation, and components of physical fitness tests or the discussion of physical fitness test requirements; body specifications, measurements and scales, and physical ability requirements deemed necessary for adequate job performanceUniforms and equipmentUniforms and equipment used by female Service membersReserve and Guard componentsReserve or Guard, specificallyInternal to DACOWITSDACOWITS processes or the dissemination of information pertaining to DACOWITSMarketing and recruitmentMedia or programs specifically designed to promote a given entity (e. g., the Military Services) or related to the recruitment of female Service membersPortrayal of female Service members in mediaDepiction and representation of female Service members in the media (e. g., print, video, television, stamps, radio)RetentionFemale attrition and retentionSexual harassment and sexual assaultBoth sexual harassment and sexual assault Sexual harassmentRelated to sexual harassment, but not sexual assaultSexual assaultRelated to sexual assault, but not sexual harassmentUnit culture and moraleUnit culture or moraleWomen's health and well beingWomen's health, including reproductive healthBreastfeeding and lactationBreastfeeding and lactation policies, programs, or supportMental healthMental health, including drug or alcohol abuse and posttraumatic stressPregnancyPregnancy, including postpartum
**Общие темы и подтемы в рекомендациях DACOWITS, 1967–2020 гг.**
DACOWITS’ recommendations have addressed a variety of topics and subtopics throughout the years. The table below lists the most common topics of concern the committee has addressed. +Common Themes and Subthemes Addressed in DACOWITS Recommendations, 1967 to 2020Themes & SubthemesDescriptionBenefits and entitlementsBenefits, salary, or entitlements received by current or former Service members Base allowance for quartersHousing allowancesHousingHousing on or off base for Service membersTricareHealthcare for Service membersCareer progressionCareer progression of a Service member, including career planning and trajectories, transitions and/or assistance related to assignments and placements, and leadership developmentDeploymentTransitions related to deployments ReintegrationTransitions related to reintegration after returning from deploymentsPregnancy statusTransitions related to pregnancy statusTransition between Active and Reserve ComponentsTransitions related to members of the Reserve or Guard moving to active duty status or active duty Service members moving to the Reserve or GuardVeteransTransitions related to separating from the U. S. military and moving to veteran status; also includes general recommendations related to veteransPromotion and/or career advancementCareer advancement, promotion criteria, and performance evaluationsEnlistmentStandards or practices used around enlistmentLeadership development and representationInitiatives for leadership or mentoring development, including both individual members of the U. S. military (developing their personal leadership skills) and the Military Services’ leadership as a whole (e. g., strengthening officer training); also includes diversity (e. g., race, gender, ethnicity) initiatives for underrepresented leaders, including at the executive/advisory board levelCommunication and/or disseminationCommunication or dissemination of information from the branches or DoD to Service members and/or civilians; for example, “increase effective communication”Education and/or trainingEducation or trainingBasic trainingBasic or recruit trainingMilitary Service Academies (MSA)Education and trainings conducted at MSAsYouth programmingEducation and trainings for children younger than 18Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)ROTC or Junior ROTC programsNew training or conferences Creation and/or implementation of new trainings or organization of conferencesModifications to existing training or conferencesExpanding or modifying existing trainings or conferencesFamily supportPolicies aimed at supporting families and their dependentsChild careChild careDomestic abuseDomestic abuseDual military couplesSpouses who both are current Service members; includes co location policies for such couplesFamily leave policiesParental or family leave policies that allow Service members to take leave when having/adopting a childSabbaticalsSabbatical programs that allow Service members to take leave to pursue other areas of lifeGender equality and integrationEqualizing standards or guidelines for genders, including integrating women into previously closed positions or units, and barriers preventing full integration; also includes utilization OR increasing the number/percentage of women in underrepresented fieldsWomen in combatIntegrating women into previously closed combat positionsGender biasGender bias or sexism involving any prejudice or stereotyping based on gender or sexPhysical fitness standardsCompletion, implementation, and components of physical fitness tests or the discussion of physical fitness test requirements; body specifications, measurements and scales, and physical ability requirements deemed necessary for adequate job performanceUniforms and equipmentUniforms and equipment used by female Service membersReserve and Guard componentsReserve or Guard, specificallyInternal to DACOWITSDACOWITS processes or the dissemination of information pertaining to DACOWITSMarketing and recruitmentMedia or programs specifically designed to promote a given entity (e. g., the Military Services) or related to the recruitment of female Service membersPortrayal of female Service members in mediaDepiction and representation of female Service members in the media (e. g., print, video, television, stamps, radio)RetentionFemale attrition and retentionSexual harassment and sexual assaultBoth sexual harassment and sexual assault Sexual harassmentRelated to sexual harassment, but not sexual assaultSexual assaultRelated to sexual assault, but not sexual harassmentUnit culture and moraleUnit culture or moraleWomen's health and well beingWomen's health, including reproductive healthBreastfeeding and lactationBreastfeeding and lactation policies, programs, or supportMental healthMental health, including drug or alcohol abuse and posttraumatic stressPregnancyPregnancy, including postpartum
| Темы и подтемы | Описание |
|---|---|
| Льготы и выплаты | Льготы, заработная плата или выплаты, получаемые действующими или бывшими военнослужащими |
| Пособие на жилье | Пособия на оплату жилья |
| Жилье | Жилье на базе или вне базы для военнослужащих |
| Tricare | Медицинское обслуживание военнослужащих |
| Карьерный рост | Карьерный рост военнослужащего, включая планирование карьеры и траектории, переход на новую должность и/или помощь, связанную с назначениями и размещением, а также развитие лидерских качеств |
| Развертывание | Переходы, связанные с развертыванием |
| Реинтеграция | Переходы, связанные с реинтеграцией после возвращения из развертывания |
| Беременность | Переходы, связанные с беременностью |
| Переход между действующим составом и резервом | Переходы, связанные с переходом военнослужащих из резерва или Национальной гвардии на действительную службу или наоборот |
| Ветераны | Переходы, связанные с увольнением со службы в вооруженных силах США и переходом в статус ветерана; также включает общие рекомендации, касающиеся ветеранов |
| Повышение и/или карьерный рост | Карьерный рост, критерии повышения и оценки эффективности |
| Поступление на службу | Стандарты или практики, используемые при поступлении на службу |
| Развитие лидерских качеств и представительство | Инициативы по развитию или наставничеству, включая как отдельных военнослужащих США (развитие их личных лидерских качеств), так и руководство Вооруженных сил в целом (например, укрепление подготовки офицеров); также включает инициативы по обеспечению разнообразия (например, раса, пол, этническая принадлежность) для недостаточно представленных лидеров, включая уровень исполнительного совета/консультативного совета |
| Коммуникация и/или распространение информации | Коммуникация или распространение информации от родов войск или Министерства обороны военнослужащим и/или гражданским лицам; например, «увеличение эффективности коммуникации» |
| Образование и/или обучение | Образование или обучение |
| Базовая подготовка | Базовая или начальная подготовка |
| Военные академии (MSA) | Образование и обучение, проводимые в MSA |
| Программы для молодежи | Образование и обучение для детей младше 18 лет |
| Корпус резервистов (ROTC) | Программы ROTC или Junior ROTC |
| Новые учебные курсы или конференции | Создание и/или внедрение новых учебных курсов или организация конференций |
| Модификация существующих учебных курсов или конференций | Расширение или модификация существующих учебных курсов или конференций |
| Поддержка семьи | Политика, направленная на поддержку семей и их иждивенцев |
| Уход за детьми | Уход за детьми |
| Домашнее насилие | Домашнее насилие |
| Семейные пары военнослужащих | Супруги, оба из которых являются действующими военнослужащими; включает политику совместного размещения для таких пар |
| Политика отпусков по уходу за семьей | Политика отпусков по уходу за родителями или семьей, позволяющая военнослужащим брать отпуск при рождении/усыновлении ребенка |
| Академические отпуска | Программы академических отпусков, позволяющие военнослужащим брать отпуск для реализации других сфер жизни |
| Гендерное равенство и интеграция | Выравнивание стандартов или руководящих принципов для полов, включая интеграцию женщин в ранее закрытые должности или подразделения, и устранение препятствий для полной интеграции; также включает использование ИЛИ увеличение числа/процента женщин в недостаточно представленных областях |
| Женщины на боевой службе | Интеграция женщин в ранее закрытые боевые должности |
| Гендерная предвзятость | Гендерная предвзятость или сексизм, включающий любые предрассудки или стереотипы, основанные на поле или сексуальной принадлежности |
| Стандарты физической подготовки | Разработка, внедрение и компоненты тестов по физической подготовке или обсуждение требований к тестам по физической подготовке; параметры тела, измерения и шкалы, а также требования к физическим возможностям, необходимые для надлежащего выполнения работы |
| Униформа и снаряжение | Униформа и снаряжение, используемые женщинами-военнослужащими |
| Резерв и Национальная гвардия | Резерв или Национальная гвардия, в частности |
| Внутренние вопросы DACOWITS | Процессы DACOWITS или распространение информации, касающейся DACOWITS |
| Маркетинг и набор | СМИ или программы, специально разработанные для продвижения определенной организации (например, Вооруженных сил) или связанные с набором женщин-военнослужащих |
| Отражение образа женщин-военнослужащих в СМИ | Изображение и представление женщин-военнослужащих в СМИ (например, печать, видео, телевидение, марки, радио) |
| Удержание военнослужащих | Отток и удержание женщин-военнослужащих |
| Сексуальные домогательства и сексуальные нападения | Как сексуальные домогательства, так и сексуальные нападения |
| Сексуальные домогательства | Касается сексуальных домогательств, но не сексуальных нападений |
| Сексуальные нападения | Касается сексуальных нападений, но не сексуальных домогательств |
| Культура и моральный дух подразделения | Культура и моральный дух подразделения |
| Здоровье и благополучие женщин | Здоровье женщин, включая репродуктивное здоровье |
| Грудное вскармливание и лактация | Политика, программы или поддержка грудного вскармливания и лактации |
| Психическое здоровье | Психическое здоровье, включая злоупотребление наркотиками или алкоголем и посттравматический стресс |
| Беременность | Беременность, включая послеродовой период |
DACOWITS’ recommendations have addressed a variety of topics and subtopics throughout the years. The table below lists the most common topics of concern the committee has addressed. +Common Themes and Subthemes Addressed in DACOWITS Recommendations, 1967 to 2020Themes & SubthemesDescriptionBenefits and entitlementsBenefits, salary, or entitlements received by current or former Service members Base allowance for quartersHousing allowancesHousingHousing on or off base for Service membersTricareHealthcare for Service membersCareer progressionCareer progression of a Service member, including career planning and trajectories, transitions and/or assistance related to assignments and placements, and leadership developmentDeploymentTransitions related to deployments ReintegrationTransitions related to reintegration after returning from deploymentsPregnancy statusTransitions related to pregnancy statusTransition between Active and Reserve ComponentsTransitions related to members of the Reserve or Guard moving to active duty status or active duty Service members moving to the Reserve or GuardVeteransTransitions related to separating from the U. S. military and moving to veteran status; also includes general recommendations related to veteransPromotion and/or career advancementCareer advancement, promotion criteria, and performance evaluationsEnlistmentStandards or practices used around enlistmentLeadership development and representationInitiatives for leadership or mentoring development, including both individual members of the U. S. military (developing their personal leadership skills) and the Military Services’ leadership as a whole (e. g., strengthening officer training); also includes diversity (e. g., race, gender, ethnicity) initiatives for underrepresented leaders, including at the executive/advisory board levelCommunication and/or disseminationCommunication or dissemination of information from the branches or DoD to Service members and/or civilians; for example, “increase effective communication”Education and/or trainingEducation or trainingBasic trainingBasic or recruit trainingMilitary Service Academies (MSA)Education and trainings conducted at MSAsYouth programmingEducation and trainings for children younger than 18Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)ROTC or Junior ROTC programsNew training or conferences Creation and/or implementation of new trainings or organization of conferencesModifications to existing training or conferencesExpanding or modifying existing trainings or conferencesFamily supportPolicies aimed at supporting families and their dependentsChild careChild careDomestic abuseDomestic abuseDual military couplesSpouses who both are current Service members; includes co location policies for such couplesFamily leave policiesParental or family leave policies that allow Service members to take leave when having/adopting a childSabbaticalsSabbatical programs that allow Service members to take leave to pursue other areas of lifeGender equality and integrationEqualizing standards or guidelines for genders, including integrating women into previously closed positions or units, and barriers preventing full integration; also includes utilization OR increasing the number/percentage of women in underrepresented fieldsWomen in combatIntegrating women into previously closed combat positionsGender biasGender bias or sexism involving any prejudice or stereotyping based on gender or sexPhysical fitness standardsCompletion, implementation, and components of physical fitness tests or the discussion of physical fitness test requirements; body specifications, measurements and scales, and physical ability requirements deemed necessary for adequate job performanceUniforms and equipmentUniforms and equipment used by female Service membersReserve and Guard componentsReserve or Guard, specificallyInternal to DACOWITSDACOWITS processes or the dissemination of information pertaining to DACOWITSMarketing and recruitmentMedia or programs specifically designed to promote a given entity (e. g., the Military Services) or related to the recruitment of female Service membersPortrayal of female Service members in mediaDepiction and representation of female Service members in the media (e. g., print, video, television, stamps, radio)RetentionFemale attrition and retentionSexual harassment and sexual assaultBoth sexual harassment and sexual assault Sexual harassmentRelated to sexual harassment, but not sexual assaultSexual assaultRelated to sexual assault, but not sexual harassmentUnit culture and moraleUnit culture or moraleWomen's health and well beingWomen's health, including reproductive healthBreastfeeding and lactationBreastfeeding and lactation policies, programs, or supportMental healthMental health, including drug or alcohol abuse and posttraumatic stressPregnancyPregnancy, including postpartum