Введение
Звуковое предупреждающее устройство, работающее на пару.
Бренд пива.
the beer brand
Паровой свисток — это устройство, используемое для создания звука в форме свиста за счет живого пара, который генерирует, направляет и усиливает звук, функционируя как вибрирующая система.
Операция
Свисток состоит из следующих основных частей, как показано на рисунке: корпус свистка (1), паровое сопло (2) и клапан (9). При приведении в действие рычага (10) – обычно с помощью тягового шнура – клапан открывается, и пар выходит через сопло. Пар попеременно сжимается и разрежается в корпусе свистка, создавая звук. Высота тона зависит от длины корпуса свистка, а также от степени открытия клапана оператором. Некоторые машинисты локомотивов разработали свой собственный, узнаваемый стиль подачи свистка.
Использование паровых свисток
Паровые свистки часто использовались на фабриках и подобных предприятиях для подачи сигналов о начале или окончании рабочей смены и т.п. Паровозы, тягачи и пароходы традиционно оснащались паровыми свистками для предупреждения и связи. На маяках использовались паровые свистки большого диаметра и низкого тона, предположительно, начиная с 1850-х годов. Первоначально паровые свистки применялись в XVIII и начале XIX веков в качестве сигнализаторов низкого уровня воды в котлах. В 1830-х годах свистки были внедрены на железных дорогах и пароходными компаниями.
Железнодорожные свистки
Устройства подачи звуковых сигналов паром используются на поездах с 1833 года, когда Джордж Стивенсон изобрел и запатентовал паровую трубу для использования на железной дороге Лестер и Суаннингтон. Исторические источники проводят различие между паровой трубой и паровым свистком. Копия чертежа трубы, датированная маем 1833 года, изображает устройство высотой около восемнадцати дюймов, имеющее форму расширяющегося раструба с диаметром в шесть дюймов в верхней части или выходном отверстии.
Сигналы тумана маяка
Начиная с 1869 года, на станциях маяков стали устанавливать паровые свистки для предупреждения моряков в периоды тумана, когда маяк не виден. Свистки диаметром 10 дюймов на протяжении многих лет использовались в качестве сигналов тумана по всей территории Соединенных Штатов.
Chime whistle – two or more resonant bells or chambers that sound simultaneously. In America, railway steam whistles were typically compact chime whistles with more than one whistle contained within, creating a chord. In Australia the New South Wales Government Railways after the 1924 re classification many steam locomotives either had 5 chimes whistles that sound similar to the Star Brass 5 chime fitted (this include many locomotives from the pre 1924 re classification, or were built new with 5 chime whistles. 3 chimes (3 compact whistles within one) were very popular, as well as 5 chimes, and 6 chimes. In some cases chime whistles were used in Europe. Ships such as the Titanic were equipped with chimes consisting of three separate whistles (in the case of the Titanic the whistles measured 9, 12, and 15 inches diameter). The Japanese National Railways used a chime whistle that sounds like a very deep single note plain whistle, because the chords where just accessed in a simple parallel circuit if the whistle trigger is pulled down. Organ whistle – a whistle with mouths cut in the side, usually a long whistle in relation to diameter, hence the name. These whistle were very common on steamships, especially those manufactured in the UK. Gong – two whistles facing in opposite directions on a common axis. These were popular as factory whistles. Some were composed of three whistle chimes. Variable pitch whistle – a whistle containing an internal piston available for changing pitch. This whistle type could be made to sound like a siren or to play a melody. Often called a fire alarm whistle, wildcat whistle, or mocking bird whistle. Toroidal or Levavasseur whistle – a whistle with a torus shaped (doughnut shaped) resonant cavity paralleling the annular gas orifice, named after Robert Levavasseur, its inventor. Unlike a conventional whistle, the diameter (and sound level) of a ring shaped whistle can be increased without altering resonance chamber cross sectional area (preserving frequency), allowing construction of a very large diameter high frequency whistle. The frequency of a conventional whistle declines as diameter is increased. Other ring shaped whistles include the Hall Teichmann whistle, Graber whistle, Ultrawhistle, and Dynawhistle. Helmholtz whistle – a whistle with a cross sectional area exceeding that of the whistle bell opening, often shaped like a bottle or incandescent light bulb. The frequency of this whistle relative to its size is lower than that of a conventional whistle and therefore these whistles have found application in small gauge steam locomotives. Also termed a Bangham whistle. Hooter whistle a single note whistle of greater diameter with a longer bell, resulting in a deeper “hoot” sound when blown. These found use in rail, marine, and industrial applications. In the United States, the Norfolk and Western Railway made extensive use of these kinds of whistles and were noted for the squeaks and chirps produced when blown in addition to their low pitch.
Chime-свисток – два или более резонирующих колокола или камер, звучащих одновременно. В Америке железнодорожные паровые свистки обычно представляли собой компактные chime-свистки, содержащие несколько свистков, создающих аккорд. В Австралии, после переклассификации 1924 года, многие паровозы правительственных железных дорог Нового Южного Уэльса были оснащены 5-колокольными свистками, звучавшими аналогично 5-колокольным свисткам Star Brass (включая многие локомотивы, выпущенные до переклассификации 1924 года, или новые локомовы с 5-колокольными свистками). 3 колокола (3 компактных свистка в одном корпусе) были очень популярны, наряду с 5 и 6 колоколами. В некоторых случаях chime-свистки использовались и в Европе. Такие корабли, как «Титаник», были оснащены chime-системами, состоящими из трех отдельных свистков (в случае с «Титаником» диаметр свистков составлял 9, 12 и 15 дюймов). Японские национальные железные дороги использовали chime-свисток, звучащий как очень глубокая одиночная нота обычного свистка, поскольку аккорды активировались в простой параллельной цепи при нажатии на курок свистка.
Chime whistle – two or more resonant bells or chambers that sound simultaneously. In America, railway steam whistles were typically compact chime whistles with more than one whistle contained within, creating a chord. In Australia the New South Wales Government Railways after the 1924 re classification many steam locomotives either had 5 chimes whistles that sound similar to the Star Brass 5 chime fitted (this include many locomotives from the pre 1924 re classification, or were built new with 5 chime whistles. 3 chimes (3 compact whistles within one) were very popular, as well as 5 chimes, and 6 chimes. In some cases chime whistles were used in Europe. Ships such as the Titanic were equipped with chimes consisting of three separate whistles (in the case of the Titanic the whistles measured 9, 12, and 15 inches diameter). The Japanese National Railways used a chime whistle that sounds like a very deep single note plain whistle, because the chords where just accessed in a simple parallel circuit if the whistle trigger is pulled down. Organ whistle – a whistle with mouths cut in the side, usually a long whistle in relation to diameter, hence the name. These whistle were very common on steamships, especially those manufactured in the UK. Gong – two whistles facing in opposite directions on a common axis. These were popular as factory whistles. Some were composed of three whistle chimes. Variable pitch whistle – a whistle containing an internal piston available for changing pitch. This whistle type could be made to sound like a siren or to play a melody. Often called a fire alarm whistle, wildcat whistle, or mocking bird whistle. Toroidal or Levavasseur whistle – a whistle with a torus shaped (doughnut shaped) resonant cavity paralleling the annular gas orifice, named after Robert Levavasseur, its inventor. Unlike a conventional whistle, the diameter (and sound level) of a ring shaped whistle can be increased without altering resonance chamber cross sectional area (preserving frequency), allowing construction of a very large diameter high frequency whistle. The frequency of a conventional whistle declines as diameter is increased. Other ring shaped whistles include the Hall Teichmann whistle, Graber whistle, Ultrawhistle, and Dynawhistle. Helmholtz whistle – a whistle with a cross sectional area exceeding that of the whistle bell opening, often shaped like a bottle or incandescent light bulb. The frequency of this whistle relative to its size is lower than that of a conventional whistle and therefore these whistles have found application in small gauge steam locomotives. Also termed a Bangham whistle. Hooter whistle a single note whistle of greater diameter with a longer bell, resulting in a deeper “hoot” sound when blown. These found use in rail, marine, and industrial applications. In the United States, the Norfolk and Western Railway made extensive use of these kinds of whistles and were noted for the squeaks and chirps produced when blown in addition to their low pitch.
Органный свисток – свисток с отверстиями, вырезанными сбоку, обычно длинный по отношению к диаметру, отсюда и название. Эти свистки были широко распространены на пароходах, особенно произведенных в Великобритании.
Chime whistle – two or more resonant bells or chambers that sound simultaneously. In America, railway steam whistles were typically compact chime whistles with more than one whistle contained within, creating a chord. In Australia the New South Wales Government Railways after the 1924 re classification many steam locomotives either had 5 chimes whistles that sound similar to the Star Brass 5 chime fitted (this include many locomotives from the pre 1924 re classification, or were built new with 5 chime whistles. 3 chimes (3 compact whistles within one) were very popular, as well as 5 chimes, and 6 chimes. In some cases chime whistles were used in Europe. Ships such as the Titanic were equipped with chimes consisting of three separate whistles (in the case of the Titanic the whistles measured 9, 12, and 15 inches diameter). The Japanese National Railways used a chime whistle that sounds like a very deep single note plain whistle, because the chords where just accessed in a simple parallel circuit if the whistle trigger is pulled down. Organ whistle – a whistle with mouths cut in the side, usually a long whistle in relation to diameter, hence the name. These whistle were very common on steamships, especially those manufactured in the UK. Gong – two whistles facing in opposite directions on a common axis. These were popular as factory whistles. Some were composed of three whistle chimes. Variable pitch whistle – a whistle containing an internal piston available for changing pitch. This whistle type could be made to sound like a siren or to play a melody. Often called a fire alarm whistle, wildcat whistle, or mocking bird whistle. Toroidal or Levavasseur whistle – a whistle with a torus shaped (doughnut shaped) resonant cavity paralleling the annular gas orifice, named after Robert Levavasseur, its inventor. Unlike a conventional whistle, the diameter (and sound level) of a ring shaped whistle can be increased without altering resonance chamber cross sectional area (preserving frequency), allowing construction of a very large diameter high frequency whistle. The frequency of a conventional whistle declines as diameter is increased. Other ring shaped whistles include the Hall Teichmann whistle, Graber whistle, Ultrawhistle, and Dynawhistle. Helmholtz whistle – a whistle with a cross sectional area exceeding that of the whistle bell opening, often shaped like a bottle or incandescent light bulb. The frequency of this whistle relative to its size is lower than that of a conventional whistle and therefore these whistles have found application in small gauge steam locomotives. Also termed a Bangham whistle. Hooter whistle a single note whistle of greater diameter with a longer bell, resulting in a deeper “hoot” sound when blown. These found use in rail, marine, and industrial applications. In the United States, the Norfolk and Western Railway made extensive use of these kinds of whistles and were noted for the squeaks and chirps produced when blown in addition to their low pitch.
Гонг – два свистка, направленных в противоположные стороны на общей оси. Они были популярны в качестве заводских свистков. Некоторые состояли из трех chime-свистков.
Chime whistle – two or more resonant bells or chambers that sound simultaneously. In America, railway steam whistles were typically compact chime whistles with more than one whistle contained within, creating a chord. In Australia the New South Wales Government Railways after the 1924 re classification many steam locomotives either had 5 chimes whistles that sound similar to the Star Brass 5 chime fitted (this include many locomotives from the pre 1924 re classification, or were built new with 5 chime whistles. 3 chimes (3 compact whistles within one) were very popular, as well as 5 chimes, and 6 chimes. In some cases chime whistles were used in Europe. Ships such as the Titanic were equipped with chimes consisting of three separate whistles (in the case of the Titanic the whistles measured 9, 12, and 15 inches diameter). The Japanese National Railways used a chime whistle that sounds like a very deep single note plain whistle, because the chords where just accessed in a simple parallel circuit if the whistle trigger is pulled down. Organ whistle – a whistle with mouths cut in the side, usually a long whistle in relation to diameter, hence the name. These whistle were very common on steamships, especially those manufactured in the UK. Gong – two whistles facing in opposite directions on a common axis. These were popular as factory whistles. Some were composed of three whistle chimes. Variable pitch whistle – a whistle containing an internal piston available for changing pitch. This whistle type could be made to sound like a siren or to play a melody. Often called a fire alarm whistle, wildcat whistle, or mocking bird whistle. Toroidal or Levavasseur whistle – a whistle with a torus shaped (doughnut shaped) resonant cavity paralleling the annular gas orifice, named after Robert Levavasseur, its inventor. Unlike a conventional whistle, the diameter (and sound level) of a ring shaped whistle can be increased without altering resonance chamber cross sectional area (preserving frequency), allowing construction of a very large diameter high frequency whistle. The frequency of a conventional whistle declines as diameter is increased. Other ring shaped whistles include the Hall Teichmann whistle, Graber whistle, Ultrawhistle, and Dynawhistle. Helmholtz whistle – a whistle with a cross sectional area exceeding that of the whistle bell opening, often shaped like a bottle or incandescent light bulb. The frequency of this whistle relative to its size is lower than that of a conventional whistle and therefore these whistles have found application in small gauge steam locomotives. Also termed a Bangham whistle. Hooter whistle a single note whistle of greater diameter with a longer bell, resulting in a deeper “hoot” sound when blown. These found use in rail, marine, and industrial applications. In the United States, the Norfolk and Western Railway made extensive use of these kinds of whistles and were noted for the squeaks and chirps produced when blown in addition to their low pitch.
Свисток с переменной тональностью – свисток, содержащий внутренний поршень для изменения тона. Этот тип свистка мог имитировать сирену или воспроизводить мелодию. Часто называемый свистком пожарной сигнализации, свистком дикой кошки или свистком-имитатором.
Chime whistle – two or more resonant bells or chambers that sound simultaneously. In America, railway steam whistles were typically compact chime whistles with more than one whistle contained within, creating a chord. In Australia the New South Wales Government Railways after the 1924 re classification many steam locomotives either had 5 chimes whistles that sound similar to the Star Brass 5 chime fitted (this include many locomotives from the pre 1924 re classification, or were built new with 5 chime whistles. 3 chimes (3 compact whistles within one) were very popular, as well as 5 chimes, and 6 chimes. In some cases chime whistles were used in Europe. Ships such as the Titanic were equipped with chimes consisting of three separate whistles (in the case of the Titanic the whistles measured 9, 12, and 15 inches diameter). The Japanese National Railways used a chime whistle that sounds like a very deep single note plain whistle, because the chords where just accessed in a simple parallel circuit if the whistle trigger is pulled down. Organ whistle – a whistle with mouths cut in the side, usually a long whistle in relation to diameter, hence the name. These whistle were very common on steamships, especially those manufactured in the UK. Gong – two whistles facing in opposite directions on a common axis. These were popular as factory whistles. Some were composed of three whistle chimes. Variable pitch whistle – a whistle containing an internal piston available for changing pitch. This whistle type could be made to sound like a siren or to play a melody. Often called a fire alarm whistle, wildcat whistle, or mocking bird whistle. Toroidal or Levavasseur whistle – a whistle with a torus shaped (doughnut shaped) resonant cavity paralleling the annular gas orifice, named after Robert Levavasseur, its inventor. Unlike a conventional whistle, the diameter (and sound level) of a ring shaped whistle can be increased without altering resonance chamber cross sectional area (preserving frequency), allowing construction of a very large diameter high frequency whistle. The frequency of a conventional whistle declines as diameter is increased. Other ring shaped whistles include the Hall Teichmann whistle, Graber whistle, Ultrawhistle, and Dynawhistle. Helmholtz whistle – a whistle with a cross sectional area exceeding that of the whistle bell opening, often shaped like a bottle or incandescent light bulb. The frequency of this whistle relative to its size is lower than that of a conventional whistle and therefore these whistles have found application in small gauge steam locomotives. Also termed a Bangham whistle. Hooter whistle a single note whistle of greater diameter with a longer bell, resulting in a deeper “hoot” sound when blown. These found use in rail, marine, and industrial applications. In the United States, the Norfolk and Western Railway made extensive use of these kinds of whistles and were noted for the squeaks and chirps produced when blown in addition to their low pitch.
Тороидальный или свисток Левавассера – свисток с резонансной полостью в форме тора (пончика), параллельной кольцевому газовому отверстию, названный в честь его изобретателя, Роберта Левавассера. В отличие от обычного свистка, диаметр (и уровень звука) кольцевого свистка можно увеличить без изменения площади поперечного сечения резонансной камеры (сохраняя частоту), что позволяет создавать свистки большого диаметра с высокой частотой. Частота обычного свистка снижается с увеличением диаметра. Другие кольцевые свистки включают свисток Холла-Тейхмана, свисток Грабера, Ultrawhistle и Dynawhistle.
Chime whistle – two or more resonant bells or chambers that sound simultaneously. In America, railway steam whistles were typically compact chime whistles with more than one whistle contained within, creating a chord. In Australia the New South Wales Government Railways after the 1924 re classification many steam locomotives either had 5 chimes whistles that sound similar to the Star Brass 5 chime fitted (this include many locomotives from the pre 1924 re classification, or were built new with 5 chime whistles. 3 chimes (3 compact whistles within one) were very popular, as well as 5 chimes, and 6 chimes. In some cases chime whistles were used in Europe. Ships such as the Titanic were equipped with chimes consisting of three separate whistles (in the case of the Titanic the whistles measured 9, 12, and 15 inches diameter). The Japanese National Railways used a chime whistle that sounds like a very deep single note plain whistle, because the chords where just accessed in a simple parallel circuit if the whistle trigger is pulled down. Organ whistle – a whistle with mouths cut in the side, usually a long whistle in relation to diameter, hence the name. These whistle were very common on steamships, especially those manufactured in the UK. Gong – two whistles facing in opposite directions on a common axis. These were popular as factory whistles. Some were composed of three whistle chimes. Variable pitch whistle – a whistle containing an internal piston available for changing pitch. This whistle type could be made to sound like a siren or to play a melody. Often called a fire alarm whistle, wildcat whistle, or mocking bird whistle. Toroidal or Levavasseur whistle – a whistle with a torus shaped (doughnut shaped) resonant cavity paralleling the annular gas orifice, named after Robert Levavasseur, its inventor. Unlike a conventional whistle, the diameter (and sound level) of a ring shaped whistle can be increased without altering resonance chamber cross sectional area (preserving frequency), allowing construction of a very large diameter high frequency whistle. The frequency of a conventional whistle declines as diameter is increased. Other ring shaped whistles include the Hall Teichmann whistle, Graber whistle, Ultrawhistle, and Dynawhistle. Helmholtz whistle – a whistle with a cross sectional area exceeding that of the whistle bell opening, often shaped like a bottle or incandescent light bulb. The frequency of this whistle relative to its size is lower than that of a conventional whistle and therefore these whistles have found application in small gauge steam locomotives. Also termed a Bangham whistle. Hooter whistle a single note whistle of greater diameter with a longer bell, resulting in a deeper “hoot” sound when blown. These found use in rail, marine, and industrial applications. In the United States, the Norfolk and Western Railway made extensive use of these kinds of whistles and were noted for the squeaks and chirps produced when blown in addition to their low pitch.
Свисток Гельмгольца – свисток с площадью поперечного сечения, превышающей площадь отверстия колокола, часто имеющий форму бутылки или лампочки накаливания. Частота этого свистка относительно его размера ниже, чем у обычного свистка, поэтому он нашел применение в паровозах узкой колеи. Также известен как свисток Бангама.
Chime whistle – two or more resonant bells or chambers that sound simultaneously. In America, railway steam whistles were typically compact chime whistles with more than one whistle contained within, creating a chord. In Australia the New South Wales Government Railways after the 1924 re classification many steam locomotives either had 5 chimes whistles that sound similar to the Star Brass 5 chime fitted (this include many locomotives from the pre 1924 re classification, or were built new with 5 chime whistles. 3 chimes (3 compact whistles within one) were very popular, as well as 5 chimes, and 6 chimes. In some cases chime whistles were used in Europe. Ships such as the Titanic were equipped with chimes consisting of three separate whistles (in the case of the Titanic the whistles measured 9, 12, and 15 inches diameter). The Japanese National Railways used a chime whistle that sounds like a very deep single note plain whistle, because the chords where just accessed in a simple parallel circuit if the whistle trigger is pulled down. Organ whistle – a whistle with mouths cut in the side, usually a long whistle in relation to diameter, hence the name. These whistle were very common on steamships, especially those manufactured in the UK. Gong – two whistles facing in opposite directions on a common axis. These were popular as factory whistles. Some were composed of three whistle chimes. Variable pitch whistle – a whistle containing an internal piston available for changing pitch. This whistle type could be made to sound like a siren or to play a melody. Often called a fire alarm whistle, wildcat whistle, or mocking bird whistle. Toroidal or Levavasseur whistle – a whistle with a torus shaped (doughnut shaped) resonant cavity paralleling the annular gas orifice, named after Robert Levavasseur, its inventor. Unlike a conventional whistle, the diameter (and sound level) of a ring shaped whistle can be increased without altering resonance chamber cross sectional area (preserving frequency), allowing construction of a very large diameter high frequency whistle. The frequency of a conventional whistle declines as diameter is increased. Other ring shaped whistles include the Hall Teichmann whistle, Graber whistle, Ultrawhistle, and Dynawhistle. Helmholtz whistle – a whistle with a cross sectional area exceeding that of the whistle bell opening, often shaped like a bottle or incandescent light bulb. The frequency of this whistle relative to its size is lower than that of a conventional whistle and therefore these whistles have found application in small gauge steam locomotives. Also termed a Bangham whistle. Hooter whistle a single note whistle of greater diameter with a longer bell, resulting in a deeper “hoot” sound when blown. These found use in rail, marine, and industrial applications. In the United States, the Norfolk and Western Railway made extensive use of these kinds of whistles and were noted for the squeaks and chirps produced when blown in addition to their low pitch.
Hooter-свисток – однонотный свисток большего диаметра с длинным колоколом, издающий более глубокий звук «хутер» при продувке. Они использовались в железнодорожной, морской и промышленной сферах. В Соединенных Штатах железная дорога Norfolk and Western широко использовала такие свистки и была известна скрипами и трелями, которые издавались при продувке в дополнение к низкому тону.
Chime whistle – two or more resonant bells or chambers that sound simultaneously. In America, railway steam whistles were typically compact chime whistles with more than one whistle contained within, creating a chord. In Australia the New South Wales Government Railways after the 1924 re classification many steam locomotives either had 5 chimes whistles that sound similar to the Star Brass 5 chime fitted (this include many locomotives from the pre 1924 re classification, or were built new with 5 chime whistles. 3 chimes (3 compact whistles within one) were very popular, as well as 5 chimes, and 6 chimes. In some cases chime whistles were used in Europe. Ships such as the Titanic were equipped with chimes consisting of three separate whistles (in the case of the Titanic the whistles measured 9, 12, and 15 inches diameter). The Japanese National Railways used a chime whistle that sounds like a very deep single note plain whistle, because the chords where just accessed in a simple parallel circuit if the whistle trigger is pulled down. Organ whistle – a whistle with mouths cut in the side, usually a long whistle in relation to diameter, hence the name. These whistle were very common on steamships, especially those manufactured in the UK. Gong – two whistles facing in opposite directions on a common axis. These were popular as factory whistles. Some were composed of three whistle chimes. Variable pitch whistle – a whistle containing an internal piston available for changing pitch. This whistle type could be made to sound like a siren or to play a melody. Often called a fire alarm whistle, wildcat whistle, or mocking bird whistle. Toroidal or Levavasseur whistle – a whistle with a torus shaped (doughnut shaped) resonant cavity paralleling the annular gas orifice, named after Robert Levavasseur, its inventor. Unlike a conventional whistle, the diameter (and sound level) of a ring shaped whistle can be increased without altering resonance chamber cross sectional area (preserving frequency), allowing construction of a very large diameter high frequency whistle. The frequency of a conventional whistle declines as diameter is increased. Other ring shaped whistles include the Hall Teichmann whistle, Graber whistle, Ultrawhistle, and Dynawhistle. Helmholtz whistle – a whistle with a cross sectional area exceeding that of the whistle bell opening, often shaped like a bottle or incandescent light bulb. The frequency of this whistle relative to its size is lower than that of a conventional whistle and therefore these whistles have found application in small gauge steam locomotives. Also termed a Bangham whistle. Hooter whistle a single note whistle of greater diameter with a longer bell, resulting in a deeper “hoot” sound when blown. These found use in rail, marine, and industrial applications. In the United States, the Norfolk and Western Railway made extensive use of these kinds of whistles and were noted for the squeaks and chirps produced when blown in addition to their low pitch.
Терминология
Акустическая длина или эффективная длина — это четверть длины волны, создаваемой свистком. Она вычисляется как четверть отношения скорости звука к частоте свистка. Акустическая длина может отличаться от физической длины свистка, также называемой геометрической длиной, в зависимости от конфигурации губ и других факторов, но в последнее время её стали использовать для определения общей физической длины, включая полость рта.
Самые громкие и самые большие свистки
Громкость – это субъективное восприятие, на которое влияют уровень звукового давления, длительность звука и частота звука. Исследования проводились со свистками диаметром до 1,5 метра (59 дюймов) (37 Гц). 20-дюймовый кольцевой свисток (“Ultrawhistle”), запатентованный и производимый Ричардом Вайзенбергером, издавал звук в 124 децибела на расстоянии 100 футов. Паровой свисток с переменным тоном на предприятии New York Wire Company в Йорке, штат Пенсильвания, в 2002 году был занесен в Книгу рекордов Гиннеса как самый громкий паровой свисток, зарегистрированный на уровне 124,1 дБА (по измерениям Guinness). Уровень звука йоркского свистка также измерялся в 134,1 децибела с расстояния 23 фута. Среди других известных крупных свистков – упоминание 1893 года об активации президентом США Гровером Кливлендом "самого большого парового свистка в мире", который, по утверждениям, имел диаметр "пять футов" на Всемирной выставке в Чикаго. Звуковая камера свистка, установленного в 1924 году на предприятии Long Bell Lumber Company в Лонгвью, штат Вашингтон, имела размеры 16 дюймов в диаметре и 49 дюймов в длину. Диаметр свистковых колоколов многоколокольных установок, использовавшихся на океанских лайнерах, таких как RMS Titanic, составлял 9, 12 и 15 дюймов. Диаметр свистковых колоколов канадских пароходов Assiniboia и Keewatin составлял 12 дюймов, а длина колокола Keewatin – 60 дюймов. Многоколокольная свистковая установка, установленная на предприятии Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company в 1926 году, состояла из пяти отдельных свистковых колоколов размерами 5 x 15, 7 x 21, 8 x 24, 10 x 30 и 12 x 36 дюймов, соединенных с паровой трубой диаметром пять дюймов. Компания Union Water Meter Company из Ворчестера, штат Массачусетс, производила установку, состоящую из трех колоколов размерами 8 x 9 3/4, 12 x 15 и 12 x 25 дюймов. Паровые свистки диаметром 12 дюймов широко использовались на маяках в XIX веке. Утверждалось, что уровень звука Ultrawhistle значительно превышает уровень звука обычного свистка, однако сравнительные испытания крупных свистков не проводились. Испытания небольших Ultrawhistle не показали более высокого уровня звука по сравнению с обычными свистками того же диаметра.