Порядок печеночников Metzgeriales: морфология, эволюция и распространение.

Order of liverwort plants
Automatic taxobox
| fossil range =
| image = Riccardia multifida (Vielspaltiges Riccardimoos) IMG 0162. jpg
| image caption = Riccardia multifida
| taxon = Metzgeriales
| authority = Chalaud, 1930
| subdivision ranks = Families
| subdivision ref = As a rule, simple thalloid liverworts do not have structures resembling leaves. However, a few genera, such as Fossombronia, and Symphyogyna, are "semileafy" and have a thallus that is very deeply lobed, thus giving the appearance of leafiness. The genus Phyllothallia has a more striking leafiness, with paired lobes of tissue spaced regularly at swollen nodes along a central, forked stem. The several semileafy groups within the Metzgeriales are not closely related to each other, and the currently accepted view is that the leafy condition evolved separately and independently in each of the groups where it occurs. As a result, the female reproductive organs, and the sporophytes that develop within them, are always located on the dorsal surface of the plant. Because these structures do not develop at the apex of the branch, their development in the Metzgeriales is described as anacrogynous, from Greek ἀν (an , "not") + ἄκρος (akros, "tip") + γυνή (gynē, “female”). The group was accordingly known as the Anacrogynae prior to being recognized as a separate order.

Although these plants are almost entirely restricted to regions with high humidity or readily available moisture, the group as a whole is widely distributed, and occurs on every continent except Antarctica. This species is a myco heterotroph that obtains its nutrients from fungi growing among its tissues. These plants grow in bogs and are typically found under peat moss near birch trees.

The beginning of modern liverwort nomenclature is marked with the 1753 publication of Linnaeus' Species Plantarum, and Dillenius (1741). Linnaeus included all 25 known species of liverworts, together with mosses, algae, and fungi, within a single class Cryptogamia. Linnaeus' system was heavily revised by workers in the early nineteenth century, so that by the time Endlicher published his Enchiridion Botanicum in 1841, five orders of liverworts were defined, and the "Frondosae" were segregated as a group that is congruent with the modern concept of the Metzgeriales. Endlicher's "Frondosae" included five subgroups (Metzgerieae, Aneureae, Haplolaeneae, Diplomitrieae, and Codonieae) with no assigned taxonomic rank, but these groups were termed Familien by Dědeček in 1886. The same five subgroups of "Frondosae", without significant change, were used in the Synopsis Hepaticarum of Gottsche, Lindenberg, and Nees. A more thorough understanding of the Metzgeriales was not achieved until the morphological and developmental work of Leitgeb in the late nineteenth century. Schiffner thus divided his "Jungermanniales" into two broad groups according to whether the archegonia were terminal on reproductive branches (Jungermanniales akrogynae) or sub terminal (Jungermanniales anakrogynae). This latter group included what are now recognized as the Metzgeriales, Sphaerocarpales, and Haplomitriales. The simple thalloids were not given ordinal status until 1930 by Chalaud. or the group was retained within the Jungermanniales as a suborder with either this name or the name "Metzgerineae". The highly influential and comprehensive 1966 classification found in Schuster's Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America and again in 1984. Although their system changed the rank and the Latin ending of the name, the composition was identical to the Metzgeriales of Schuster (1966), with only the addition of the Haplomitriales to its membership. Subsequent studies incorporating DNA sequence analysis have removed the Haplomitriales, Treubiales, and Blasiales and place those taxa elsewhere. The remnant of the group, after the removal of these taxa, consists of their Metzgeriales (7 families), Fossombroniales (4 families), and the Phyllothalliaceae.