Введение
Роман Густава Фрейтага, фильм 1924 года.
the 1924 film
Debit and Credit (Soll und Haben, 1855) is a novel in six volumes by Gustav Freytag. It was one of the most popular and widely read German novels of the 19th century. It was translated into English as Debit and Credit by Georgiana Malcolm née Harcourt in 1857. The novel concerns a Polish uprising against German colonization in Prussian Poland, where German settlers are seen as displacing the ethnically Slavic Polish inhabitants. Freytag unequivocally endorses this displacement, espousing ardent Anti Polish sentiment and German racial superiority, stating that "there is an old warfare between [Germans] and the Slavonic tribes; and [Germans] feel with pride that culture, industry, and credit are [their] side. Whatever the Polish proprietors around [them] may now be—and there are many rich and intelligent men among them—every dollar that [these proprietors] can spend, they have made, directly or indirectly, by German intelligence. Their wild flocks are improved by [German] breeds; [who] erect the machinery that fills their spirit casks." The novel, a Zeitroman or "social novel", deals with interactions among broad segments of German society during the 19th century. The classes represented are the mercantile or bourgeois class, the nobility, and the Jews:
The bourgeois Schröter family represents Freytag's view of the ideal bourgeois type, invested in order, honesty, and solid virtue. The noble Rothsattel family represents the old nobility, who try to preserve their privileges in a changing society. Their struggle to avoid their impending financial ruin portrays this dynamic. The Jewish Ehrenthal family are money lenders and speculators. Veitel Itzig is a criminal employee of the family. In 1977, the novel came close to being filmed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, but after a debate about its alleged anti semitic content this project was abandoned.
«Дебет и кредит» (Soll und Haben, 1855) – роман в шести томах Густава Фрейтага. Это был один из самых популярных и широко читаемых немецких романов XIX века. В 1857 году он был переведён на английский язык как Debit and Credit Джорджианой Малкольм, урождённой Харкорт. Роман повествует о польском восстании против немецкой колонизации в Прусской Польше, где немецкие поселенцы рассматриваются как вытесняющие этнически славянское польское население. Фрейтаг однозначно поддерживает это вытеснение, выражая резкую антипольскую позицию и веру в расовое превосходство немцев, утверждая, что «между [немцами] и славянскими племенами идёт давняя война, и [немцы] с гордостью осознают, что культура, промышленность и кредитоспособность – на их стороне. Какими бы ни были польские землевладельцы вокруг них – а среди них немало богатых и умных людей – каждый доллар, который они тратят, они заработали прямо или косвенно благодаря немецкой предприимчивости. Их дикие стада улучшаются [немецкими] породами; [те], кто создаёт машины, наполняющие их бочки спиртным». Роман, являясь Zeitroman или «социальным романом», посвящён взаимодействию различных слоёв немецкого общества в XIX веке. Представленные классы – это купечество или буржуазия, дворянство и евреи:
the 1924 film
Debit and Credit (Soll und Haben, 1855) is a novel in six volumes by Gustav Freytag. It was one of the most popular and widely read German novels of the 19th century. It was translated into English as Debit and Credit by Georgiana Malcolm née Harcourt in 1857. The novel concerns a Polish uprising against German colonization in Prussian Poland, where German settlers are seen as displacing the ethnically Slavic Polish inhabitants. Freytag unequivocally endorses this displacement, espousing ardent Anti Polish sentiment and German racial superiority, stating that "there is an old warfare between [Germans] and the Slavonic tribes; and [Germans] feel with pride that culture, industry, and credit are [their] side. Whatever the Polish proprietors around [them] may now be—and there are many rich and intelligent men among them—every dollar that [these proprietors] can spend, they have made, directly or indirectly, by German intelligence. Their wild flocks are improved by [German] breeds; [who] erect the machinery that fills their spirit casks." The novel, a Zeitroman or "social novel", deals with interactions among broad segments of German society during the 19th century. The classes represented are the mercantile or bourgeois class, the nobility, and the Jews:
The bourgeois Schröter family represents Freytag's view of the ideal bourgeois type, invested in order, honesty, and solid virtue. The noble Rothsattel family represents the old nobility, who try to preserve their privileges in a changing society. Their struggle to avoid their impending financial ruin portrays this dynamic. The Jewish Ehrenthal family are money lenders and speculators. Veitel Itzig is a criminal employee of the family. In 1977, the novel came close to being filmed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, but after a debate about its alleged anti semitic content this project was abandoned.
Буржуазная семья Шрётер представляет собой взгляд Фрейтага на идеальный буржуазный тип, ценящий порядок, честность и непоколебимую добродетель. Дворянская семья Ротсаттель воплощает старое дворянство, стремящееся сохранить свои привилегии в меняющемся обществе. Их борьба за предотвращение неминуемого финансового краха отражает эту динамику. Еврейская семья Эренталь занимается ростовщичеством и спекуляциями. Вейтель Ицциг – преступный служащий этой семьи. В 1977 году роман был близок к экранизации Райнером Вернером Фассбиндером, но проект был отменён после дебатов о его предполагаемом антисемитском содержании.
the 1924 film
Debit and Credit (Soll und Haben, 1855) is a novel in six volumes by Gustav Freytag. It was one of the most popular and widely read German novels of the 19th century. It was translated into English as Debit and Credit by Georgiana Malcolm née Harcourt in 1857. The novel concerns a Polish uprising against German colonization in Prussian Poland, where German settlers are seen as displacing the ethnically Slavic Polish inhabitants. Freytag unequivocally endorses this displacement, espousing ardent Anti Polish sentiment and German racial superiority, stating that "there is an old warfare between [Germans] and the Slavonic tribes; and [Germans] feel with pride that culture, industry, and credit are [their] side. Whatever the Polish proprietors around [them] may now be—and there are many rich and intelligent men among them—every dollar that [these proprietors] can spend, they have made, directly or indirectly, by German intelligence. Their wild flocks are improved by [German] breeds; [who] erect the machinery that fills their spirit casks." The novel, a Zeitroman or "social novel", deals with interactions among broad segments of German society during the 19th century. The classes represented are the mercantile or bourgeois class, the nobility, and the Jews:
The bourgeois Schröter family represents Freytag's view of the ideal bourgeois type, invested in order, honesty, and solid virtue. The noble Rothsattel family represents the old nobility, who try to preserve their privileges in a changing society. Their struggle to avoid their impending financial ruin portrays this dynamic. The Jewish Ehrenthal family are money lenders and speculators. Veitel Itzig is a criminal employee of the family. In 1977, the novel came close to being filmed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, but after a debate about its alleged anti semitic content this project was abandoned.
Сюжет
После смерти отца молодой Антон Вольфарт начинает ученичество в конторе купца Т. О. Шрётера в Бреслау. Антон быстро преуспевает благодаря честному и усердному труду, достигая достойного буржуазного положения. Он приобретает разнообразный опыт в общении с семьей Шрётер и с родовитым семейством Ротсаттелей. Позже он оказывается вовлечен в ликвидацию имения семьи Ротсаттель, что является явным символом упадка дворянства и его столкновения с восходящими капиталистическими силами. Антон неоднократно взаимодействует с двумя другими молодыми людьми: евреем Вейтелем Ицигом, которого он знал еще в родном городе Остраве, и молодым дворянином, герром фон Финком, работающим в фирме Шрётера.
Интерпретация
Антон Вулфарт – восходящая звезда. Благодаря своему многогранному опыту он формирует трезвое и добродетельное мировоззрение (Weltanschauung).