Зимняя гора: История, виды и археологические находки в сердце Северной Англии.

Winter Hill is a hill on which the three boroughs of Chorley, Blackburn with Darwen and Bolton meet in North West England. It is located on Rivington Moor, Chorley and is 1496 feet (456 m) high. Part of the West Pennine Moors, it is a popular walking area, and has been the site of mining activity, aeroplane disasters and murders. Its prominent position made it the ideal site for the Winter Hill TV Mast, transmitting to a large part of North West England. There is also a number of other telecommunication masts and towers around the summit and side of the hill for mobile phones, Professional Mobile Radio users and emergency services. Lancashire Constabulary was the first to use the site for one of their base stations in 1950; they had to build the road and it is said to have been built by policemen. Paths to the summit lead from Belmont (in Blackburn with Darwen), Rivington (in Chorley), and Horwich and Blackrod (in Bolton). The summit can also be reached via a short walk from the top of a road pass west of Belmont. The hill is a prominent natural landmark on the skyline for the most of Chorley and further afield. Winter Hill's topographic prominence results in it being classified as a Marilyn. The trig point on its summit marks the highest point in Blackburn with Darwen whereas the highest point in Bolton is away on its south east slope at 1467 feet (447 m) above sea level. It provides views over Lancashire, Cheshire, Merseyside and Greater Manchester, including Manchester city centre, Salford, Werneth Low, Wigan and Bolton. In clear weather conditions, locations such as Blackpool Tower, the Dream in Sutton, St Helens, Jodrell Bank Observatory, Snaefell in the Isle of Man, the Cumbrian mountains, Snowdonia in North Wales, Liverpool, Southport, the Irish Sea, the Pennines and much of the North West of England, can be seen. On a clear day, views from the summit include four national parks: the Lake District, Yorkshire Dales, Peak District and Snowdonia.

The bare hilltop was once covered by woodland that may have been destroyed by fire and it is thought that the hill was once inhabited, though no remains have been found. There is a Bronze Age round cairn dating from 1600–1400 BC on the hill. In 1883, a local historian recorded the old name for Winter Hill as Edgar Hill, named in connection to Saxon King Edgar

Two burial mounds dating from the Bronze Age are located near the peak. On 24 March 1957, two men discovered "curved lines of stones" sticking out of the peat forming a two feet high wall which surrounded a raised area in the middle. In July 1958, a group from the University of Manchester excavated the central mound only to find it had been excavated 250 years earlier. The site was thought to have originated from 1500 BC in the Middle Bronze Age. The second mound was found higher up the hill on the southern edge of Noon Hill. The site was excavated in August 1958 by the Bolton & District Archaeological Society, revealing two lines of stones and human remains.

Two memorial cairns on the hill are known as Wilder Lads or Two Lads. There was a large third cairn built in the 20th century, the remains of the originals are nearby. The site was originally known as 'Wilder Lads', originally united by a circular mound. The cairns height had been increased by a landowner, noted by local historian Thomas Hampson in 1883, at the time the cairns were thought to be Saxon. Hampson described the original Two Lads as the graves of two children of a Saxon king, Edgar, and recorded that Winter Hill was previously known as Edgar Hill. In 1953/54 John Winstanley, Archaeologist had recorded Roman finds near this site, he concluded the site was once a Roman encampment. Flint chippings were found indicating much earlier use of this site. Scotsman's Stump was celebrated in a poem entitled 'Scotchman's Stump' by Bolton poet John Cassidy. It was published in his collection Night Cries, published by Bloodaxe in 1982.

Aircraft crashes around Winter Hill include a two seater aircraft in the 1920s. During World War II an American Fairchild UC 61 Forwarder (41 54885) of 5th Air Depot Group crashed on 7 August 1942. There is a memorial plaque to the accident at the site. In September 1965 a RAF De Havilland Chipmunk flew into the hill in cloud, without serious injury to the crew. and caused a major incident to be declared. A man was later arrested for arson on suspicion of causing the wildfire. The fire, along with the Saddleworth Moor fire (which also burned over 7 square miles of land) has been described by local councillor Brenda Warrington as the "worst series of moor fires in living memory". It has affected local wildlife, killing both flora and fauna in an "internationally important ecosystem" as described by the Woodland Trust. The fire destroyed over a fifth of the moorland on the hill, and it may take a decade to recover fully. Concerns were raised in 2011 to Natural England regarding moorland management with warnings of increased fire risk due to policy of United Utilities to reduce grazing, whilst not using other land management measures including cutting or controlled burning to reduce fire risks.

The area is popular with walkers and footpaths and bridleways provide access to the hillside and surrounding moorland. Winter Hill was the site of a mass trespass in 1896 when 10,000 people marched from Bolton to the open countryside in a mass demonstration after the owner of the Smithills Hall estate, Colonel Richard Henry Ainsworth tried to stop public access, the demonstrators repeated the march the following week and were met with no opposition to them accessing the moors, it is considered an early forerunner of the Kinder Scout mass trespass. The demonstration is commemorated by a memorial stone on Coal Pit Road, below Smithills Moor. The hill and surrounding moorland area is open access land with a legally protected right to roam.

UFOs have been reported on Winter Hill. In 1950, a witness described a "dark flat iron shaped object hovering close to the ground" and an encounter with a being that returned to a craft before disappearing. In 1999, in what became known as the "Murphy Incident", a farmer said he saw an object hovering over his cattle field. On investigation, the object moved away and the farmer reported the incident to the police. The farmer returned to the field, wearing just a cardigan, and discovered the object had reappeared. He reported the incident to the Manchester Aerial Phenomena Investigation Team (MAPIT), who investigated it. The farmer reported that he was warned by officials from the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food but has not been traced since the incident, and the current owner has not spoken about it.

The song "Winter Hill" on A Certain Ratio's 1981 album To Each , consists of drumming, whistling and a low pitched drone alternating between two notes a tone apart for its entire length. On a visit to Winter Hill in 1988, a piece of electronic equipment was found which made a high pitched drone and alternated between two notes a tone apart. The song "Winter Hill" on Doves' 2009 album Kingdom of Rust, also references the site.

A metal plaque shows the direction for Two Lads Cairn, Winter Hill TV mast, Smithills Moor, Brown Lowe, Scout Moor Wind Farm, Knowl Hill, Walker Fold Woods, Saddleworth Moor, Peak District, Kinder Scout, Manchester and Salford Quays. The image on the left shows Winter Hill and the TV mast along with Holdens Farm. On the plinth is a metal memorial plate which reads "In loving memory to Joan and Bartle Hodgkiss ". The plaque is on a continuing path along Burnt Edge Lane, 200m past Slack Hall and overlooking Burnt Edge at .

Name Locality Elevation OS grid reference Winter Hill † Rivington Counting Hill Smithills/Belmont Two Lads Hill † Horwich Noon Hill † Rivington Crooked Edge Hill Horwich Rivington Pike Rivington Adam Hill Horwich White Brow Horwich Whimberry Hill Belmont Egg Hillock Belmont Brown Hill Rivington Brown Lowe Smithills Burnt Edge Horwich † Denotes walker's cairn or similar.