Введение
Метод статистического тестирования гипотез
Statistical hypothesis testing method
Принцип Анны Карениной гласит, что недостаток хотя бы одного из ряда факторов обрекает предприятие на неудачу. Следовательно, успешное предприятие (подчиняющееся этому принципу) – это то, в котором удалось избежать всех возможных недостатков. Название принципа происходит от романа Льва Толстого «Анна Каренина» 1877 года, который начинается так:
The Anna Karenina principle states that a deficiency in any one of a number of factors dooms an endeavor to failure. Consequently, a successful endeavor (subject to this principle) is one for which every possible deficiency has been avoided. The name of the principle derives from Leo Tolstoy's 1877 novel Anna Karenina, which begins:
Иными словами: счастливые семьи объединены общим набором характеристик, ведущих к счастью, тогда как несчастье в семье может быть вызвано любым из множества факторов. Эта концепция была обобщена и применяется в различных областях знаний. В статистике термин «принцип Анны Карениной» используется для описания проверки статистической значимости: существует множество способов, которыми набор данных может противоречить нулевой гипотезе, и лишь один, в котором все предположения выполняются.
In other words: happy families share a common set of attributes which lead to happiness, while any of a variety of attributes can cause an unhappy family. This concept has been generalized to apply to several fields of study. In statistics, the term Anna Karenina principle is used to describe significance tests: there are any number of ways in which a dataset may violate the null hypothesis and only one in which all the assumptions are satisfied.
Неудачная одомашнивание
Принцип Анны Карениной был популяризирован Джаредом Даймондом в его книге 1997 года «Оружие, микробы и сталь». Даймонд использует этот принцип, чтобы проиллюстрировать, почему так мало диких животных были успешно одомашнены на протяжении истории: недостаток хотя бы одного из множества факторов может сделать вид неодомашненным. Таким образом, все успешно одомашненные виды таковыми являются не благодаря какой-то конкретной положительной черте, а из-за отсутствия ряда возможных отрицательных черт. В главе 9 определены шесть групп причин неудачной одомашнивания животных:
The Anna Karenina principle was popularized by Jared Diamond in his 1997 book Guns, Germs and Steel. Diamond uses this principle to illustrate why so few wild animals have been successfully domesticated throughout history, as a deficiency in any one of a great number of factors can render a species undomesticable. Therefore, all successfully domesticated species are not so because of a particular positive trait, but because of a lack of any number of possible negative traits. In chapter 9, six groups of reasons for failed domestication of animals are defined:
Diet – To be a candidate for domestication, a species must be easy to feed. Finicky eaters make poor candidates. Non finicky omnivores make the best candidates. Growth rate – The animal must grow fast enough to be economically feasible. Elephant farmers, for example, would have to wait perhaps twelve years for their herd to reach adult size. Captive breeding – The species must breed well in captivity. Species having mating rituals prohibiting breeding in a farm like environment make poor candidates for domestication. These rituals could include the need for privacy or long, protracted mating chases. Disposition – Some species are too ill tempered to be good candidates for domestication. Farmers must not be at risk of life or injury every time they enter the animal pen. The zebra is of special note in the book, as it was recognized by local cultures and Europeans alike as extremely valuable and useful to domesticate, but it proved impossible to tame. Horses in Africa proved to be susceptible to disease and attack by a wide variety of animals, while the very characteristics that made the zebra hardy and survivable in the harsh environment of Africa also made it fiercely independent. Tendency to panic – Species are genetically predisposed to react to danger in different ways. A species that immediately takes flight is a poor candidate for domestication. A species that freezes, or mingles with the herd for cover in the face of danger, is a good candidate. Deer in North America have proven almost impossible to domesticate and have difficulty breeding in captivity. In contrast, horses thrived from when they were re introduced to North America in the sixteenth century. Social structure – Species of lone, independent animals make poor candidates. A species that has a strong, well defined social hierarchy is more likely to be domesticated. A species that can imprint on a human as the head of the hierarchy is best. Different social groups must also be tolerant of one another.
Diet – To be a candidate for domestication, a species must be easy to feed. Finicky eaters make poor candidates. Non finicky omnivores make the best candidates. Growth rate – The animal must grow fast enough to be economically feasible. Elephant farmers, for example, would have to wait perhaps twelve years for their herd to reach adult size. Captive breeding – The species must breed well in captivity. Species having mating rituals prohibiting breeding in a farm like environment make poor candidates for domestication. These rituals could include the need for privacy or long, protracted mating chases. Disposition – Some species are too ill tempered to be good candidates for domestication. Farmers must not be at risk of life or injury every time they enter the animal pen. The zebra is of special note in the book, as it was recognized by local cultures and Europeans alike as extremely valuable and useful to domesticate, but it proved impossible to tame. Horses in Africa proved to be susceptible to disease and attack by a wide variety of animals, while the very characteristics that made the zebra hardy and survivable in the harsh environment of Africa also made it fiercely independent. Tendency to panic – Species are genetically predisposed to react to danger in different ways. A species that immediately takes flight is a poor candidate for domestication. A species that freezes, or mingles with the herd for cover in the face of danger, is a good candidate. Deer in North America have proven almost impossible to domesticate and have difficulty breeding in captivity. In contrast, horses thrived from when they were re introduced to North America in the sixteenth century. Social structure – Species of lone, independent animals make poor candidates. A species that has a strong, well defined social hierarchy is more likely to be domesticated. A species that can imprint on a human as the head of the hierarchy is best. Different social groups must also be tolerant of one another.
Диета – Чтобы быть кандидатом на одомашнивание, вид должен быть неприхотлив в еде. Капризные едоки – плохие кандидаты. Неприхотливые всеядные животные – лучшие кандидаты.
The Anna Karenina principle was popularized by Jared Diamond in his 1997 book Guns, Germs and Steel. Diamond uses this principle to illustrate why so few wild animals have been successfully domesticated throughout history, as a deficiency in any one of a great number of factors can render a species undomesticable. Therefore, all successfully domesticated species are not so because of a particular positive trait, but because of a lack of any number of possible negative traits. In chapter 9, six groups of reasons for failed domestication of animals are defined:
Diet – To be a candidate for domestication, a species must be easy to feed. Finicky eaters make poor candidates. Non finicky omnivores make the best candidates. Growth rate – The animal must grow fast enough to be economically feasible. Elephant farmers, for example, would have to wait perhaps twelve years for their herd to reach adult size. Captive breeding – The species must breed well in captivity. Species having mating rituals prohibiting breeding in a farm like environment make poor candidates for domestication. These rituals could include the need for privacy or long, protracted mating chases. Disposition – Some species are too ill tempered to be good candidates for domestication. Farmers must not be at risk of life or injury every time they enter the animal pen. The zebra is of special note in the book, as it was recognized by local cultures and Europeans alike as extremely valuable and useful to domesticate, but it proved impossible to tame. Horses in Africa proved to be susceptible to disease and attack by a wide variety of animals, while the very characteristics that made the zebra hardy and survivable in the harsh environment of Africa also made it fiercely independent. Tendency to panic – Species are genetically predisposed to react to danger in different ways. A species that immediately takes flight is a poor candidate for domestication. A species that freezes, or mingles with the herd for cover in the face of danger, is a good candidate. Deer in North America have proven almost impossible to domesticate and have difficulty breeding in captivity. In contrast, horses thrived from when they were re introduced to North America in the sixteenth century. Social structure – Species of lone, independent animals make poor candidates. A species that has a strong, well defined social hierarchy is more likely to be domesticated. A species that can imprint on a human as the head of the hierarchy is best. Different social groups must also be tolerant of one another.
Diet – To be a candidate for domestication, a species must be easy to feed. Finicky eaters make poor candidates. Non finicky omnivores make the best candidates. Growth rate – The animal must grow fast enough to be economically feasible. Elephant farmers, for example, would have to wait perhaps twelve years for their herd to reach adult size. Captive breeding – The species must breed well in captivity. Species having mating rituals prohibiting breeding in a farm like environment make poor candidates for domestication. These rituals could include the need for privacy or long, protracted mating chases. Disposition – Some species are too ill tempered to be good candidates for domestication. Farmers must not be at risk of life or injury every time they enter the animal pen. The zebra is of special note in the book, as it was recognized by local cultures and Europeans alike as extremely valuable and useful to domesticate, but it proved impossible to tame. Horses in Africa proved to be susceptible to disease and attack by a wide variety of animals, while the very characteristics that made the zebra hardy and survivable in the harsh environment of Africa also made it fiercely independent. Tendency to panic – Species are genetically predisposed to react to danger in different ways. A species that immediately takes flight is a poor candidate for domestication. A species that freezes, or mingles with the herd for cover in the face of danger, is a good candidate. Deer in North America have proven almost impossible to domesticate and have difficulty breeding in captivity. In contrast, horses thrived from when they were re introduced to North America in the sixteenth century. Social structure – Species of lone, independent animals make poor candidates. A species that has a strong, well defined social hierarchy is more likely to be domesticated. A species that can imprint on a human as the head of the hierarchy is best. Different social groups must also be tolerant of one another.
Скорость роста – Животное должно расти достаточно быстро, чтобы одомашнивание было экономически целесообразным. Например, фермерам, разводящим слонов, возможно, придется ждать двенадцать лет, пока их стадо достигнет взрослого размера.
The Anna Karenina principle was popularized by Jared Diamond in his 1997 book Guns, Germs and Steel. Diamond uses this principle to illustrate why so few wild animals have been successfully domesticated throughout history, as a deficiency in any one of a great number of factors can render a species undomesticable. Therefore, all successfully domesticated species are not so because of a particular positive trait, but because of a lack of any number of possible negative traits. In chapter 9, six groups of reasons for failed domestication of animals are defined:
Diet – To be a candidate for domestication, a species must be easy to feed. Finicky eaters make poor candidates. Non finicky omnivores make the best candidates. Growth rate – The animal must grow fast enough to be economically feasible. Elephant farmers, for example, would have to wait perhaps twelve years for their herd to reach adult size. Captive breeding – The species must breed well in captivity. Species having mating rituals prohibiting breeding in a farm like environment make poor candidates for domestication. These rituals could include the need for privacy or long, protracted mating chases. Disposition – Some species are too ill tempered to be good candidates for domestication. Farmers must not be at risk of life or injury every time they enter the animal pen. The zebra is of special note in the book, as it was recognized by local cultures and Europeans alike as extremely valuable and useful to domesticate, but it proved impossible to tame. Horses in Africa proved to be susceptible to disease and attack by a wide variety of animals, while the very characteristics that made the zebra hardy and survivable in the harsh environment of Africa also made it fiercely independent. Tendency to panic – Species are genetically predisposed to react to danger in different ways. A species that immediately takes flight is a poor candidate for domestication. A species that freezes, or mingles with the herd for cover in the face of danger, is a good candidate. Deer in North America have proven almost impossible to domesticate and have difficulty breeding in captivity. In contrast, horses thrived from when they were re introduced to North America in the sixteenth century. Social structure – Species of lone, independent animals make poor candidates. A species that has a strong, well defined social hierarchy is more likely to be domesticated. A species that can imprint on a human as the head of the hierarchy is best. Different social groups must also be tolerant of one another.
Diet – To be a candidate for domestication, a species must be easy to feed. Finicky eaters make poor candidates. Non finicky omnivores make the best candidates. Growth rate – The animal must grow fast enough to be economically feasible. Elephant farmers, for example, would have to wait perhaps twelve years for their herd to reach adult size. Captive breeding – The species must breed well in captivity. Species having mating rituals prohibiting breeding in a farm like environment make poor candidates for domestication. These rituals could include the need for privacy or long, protracted mating chases. Disposition – Some species are too ill tempered to be good candidates for domestication. Farmers must not be at risk of life or injury every time they enter the animal pen. The zebra is of special note in the book, as it was recognized by local cultures and Europeans alike as extremely valuable and useful to domesticate, but it proved impossible to tame. Horses in Africa proved to be susceptible to disease and attack by a wide variety of animals, while the very characteristics that made the zebra hardy and survivable in the harsh environment of Africa also made it fiercely independent. Tendency to panic – Species are genetically predisposed to react to danger in different ways. A species that immediately takes flight is a poor candidate for domestication. A species that freezes, or mingles with the herd for cover in the face of danger, is a good candidate. Deer in North America have proven almost impossible to domesticate and have difficulty breeding in captivity. In contrast, horses thrived from when they were re introduced to North America in the sixteenth century. Social structure – Species of lone, independent animals make poor candidates. A species that has a strong, well defined social hierarchy is more likely to be domesticated. A species that can imprint on a human as the head of the hierarchy is best. Different social groups must also be tolerant of one another.
Разведение в неволе – Вид должен хорошо размножаться в неволе. Виды, имеющие брачные ритуалы, препятствующие размножению в условиях фермы, являются плохими кандидатами для одомашнивания. Эти ритуалы могут включать потребность в уединении или длительные, утомительные брачные погони.
The Anna Karenina principle was popularized by Jared Diamond in his 1997 book Guns, Germs and Steel. Diamond uses this principle to illustrate why so few wild animals have been successfully domesticated throughout history, as a deficiency in any one of a great number of factors can render a species undomesticable. Therefore, all successfully domesticated species are not so because of a particular positive trait, but because of a lack of any number of possible negative traits. In chapter 9, six groups of reasons for failed domestication of animals are defined:
Diet – To be a candidate for domestication, a species must be easy to feed. Finicky eaters make poor candidates. Non finicky omnivores make the best candidates. Growth rate – The animal must grow fast enough to be economically feasible. Elephant farmers, for example, would have to wait perhaps twelve years for their herd to reach adult size. Captive breeding – The species must breed well in captivity. Species having mating rituals prohibiting breeding in a farm like environment make poor candidates for domestication. These rituals could include the need for privacy or long, protracted mating chases. Disposition – Some species are too ill tempered to be good candidates for domestication. Farmers must not be at risk of life or injury every time they enter the animal pen. The zebra is of special note in the book, as it was recognized by local cultures and Europeans alike as extremely valuable and useful to domesticate, but it proved impossible to tame. Horses in Africa proved to be susceptible to disease and attack by a wide variety of animals, while the very characteristics that made the zebra hardy and survivable in the harsh environment of Africa also made it fiercely independent. Tendency to panic – Species are genetically predisposed to react to danger in different ways. A species that immediately takes flight is a poor candidate for domestication. A species that freezes, or mingles with the herd for cover in the face of danger, is a good candidate. Deer in North America have proven almost impossible to domesticate and have difficulty breeding in captivity. In contrast, horses thrived from when they were re introduced to North America in the sixteenth century. Social structure – Species of lone, independent animals make poor candidates. A species that has a strong, well defined social hierarchy is more likely to be domesticated. A species that can imprint on a human as the head of the hierarchy is best. Different social groups must also be tolerant of one another.
Diet – To be a candidate for domestication, a species must be easy to feed. Finicky eaters make poor candidates. Non finicky omnivores make the best candidates. Growth rate – The animal must grow fast enough to be economically feasible. Elephant farmers, for example, would have to wait perhaps twelve years for their herd to reach adult size. Captive breeding – The species must breed well in captivity. Species having mating rituals prohibiting breeding in a farm like environment make poor candidates for domestication. These rituals could include the need for privacy or long, protracted mating chases. Disposition – Some species are too ill tempered to be good candidates for domestication. Farmers must not be at risk of life or injury every time they enter the animal pen. The zebra is of special note in the book, as it was recognized by local cultures and Europeans alike as extremely valuable and useful to domesticate, but it proved impossible to tame. Horses in Africa proved to be susceptible to disease and attack by a wide variety of animals, while the very characteristics that made the zebra hardy and survivable in the harsh environment of Africa also made it fiercely independent. Tendency to panic – Species are genetically predisposed to react to danger in different ways. A species that immediately takes flight is a poor candidate for domestication. A species that freezes, or mingles with the herd for cover in the face of danger, is a good candidate. Deer in North America have proven almost impossible to domesticate and have difficulty breeding in captivity. In contrast, horses thrived from when they were re introduced to North America in the sixteenth century. Social structure – Species of lone, independent animals make poor candidates. A species that has a strong, well defined social hierarchy is more likely to be domesticated. A species that can imprint on a human as the head of the hierarchy is best. Different social groups must also be tolerant of one another.
Темперамент – Некоторые виды слишком агрессивны, чтобы быть хорошими кандидатами для одомашнивания. Фермеры не должны рисковать жизнью или получить травму каждый раз, когда они заходят в загон к животным. В книге особое внимание уделяется зебре, поскольку как местные культуры, так и европейцы признавали ее чрезвычайно ценной и полезной для одомашнивания, но приручить ее оказалось невозможно. Лошади в Африке оказались восприимчивы к болезням и атакам различных животных, в то время как те же характеристики, которые делали зебру выносливой и способной выживать в суровых условиях Африки, также делали ее чрезвычайно независимой.
The Anna Karenina principle was popularized by Jared Diamond in his 1997 book Guns, Germs and Steel. Diamond uses this principle to illustrate why so few wild animals have been successfully domesticated throughout history, as a deficiency in any one of a great number of factors can render a species undomesticable. Therefore, all successfully domesticated species are not so because of a particular positive trait, but because of a lack of any number of possible negative traits. In chapter 9, six groups of reasons for failed domestication of animals are defined:
Diet – To be a candidate for domestication, a species must be easy to feed. Finicky eaters make poor candidates. Non finicky omnivores make the best candidates. Growth rate – The animal must grow fast enough to be economically feasible. Elephant farmers, for example, would have to wait perhaps twelve years for their herd to reach adult size. Captive breeding – The species must breed well in captivity. Species having mating rituals prohibiting breeding in a farm like environment make poor candidates for domestication. These rituals could include the need for privacy or long, protracted mating chases. Disposition – Some species are too ill tempered to be good candidates for domestication. Farmers must not be at risk of life or injury every time they enter the animal pen. The zebra is of special note in the book, as it was recognized by local cultures and Europeans alike as extremely valuable and useful to domesticate, but it proved impossible to tame. Horses in Africa proved to be susceptible to disease and attack by a wide variety of animals, while the very characteristics that made the zebra hardy and survivable in the harsh environment of Africa also made it fiercely independent. Tendency to panic – Species are genetically predisposed to react to danger in different ways. A species that immediately takes flight is a poor candidate for domestication. A species that freezes, or mingles with the herd for cover in the face of danger, is a good candidate. Deer in North America have proven almost impossible to domesticate and have difficulty breeding in captivity. In contrast, horses thrived from when they were re introduced to North America in the sixteenth century. Social structure – Species of lone, independent animals make poor candidates. A species that has a strong, well defined social hierarchy is more likely to be domesticated. A species that can imprint on a human as the head of the hierarchy is best. Different social groups must also be tolerant of one another.
Diet – To be a candidate for domestication, a species must be easy to feed. Finicky eaters make poor candidates. Non finicky omnivores make the best candidates. Growth rate – The animal must grow fast enough to be economically feasible. Elephant farmers, for example, would have to wait perhaps twelve years for their herd to reach adult size. Captive breeding – The species must breed well in captivity. Species having mating rituals prohibiting breeding in a farm like environment make poor candidates for domestication. These rituals could include the need for privacy or long, protracted mating chases. Disposition – Some species are too ill tempered to be good candidates for domestication. Farmers must not be at risk of life or injury every time they enter the animal pen. The zebra is of special note in the book, as it was recognized by local cultures and Europeans alike as extremely valuable and useful to domesticate, but it proved impossible to tame. Horses in Africa proved to be susceptible to disease and attack by a wide variety of animals, while the very characteristics that made the zebra hardy and survivable in the harsh environment of Africa also made it fiercely independent. Tendency to panic – Species are genetically predisposed to react to danger in different ways. A species that immediately takes flight is a poor candidate for domestication. A species that freezes, or mingles with the herd for cover in the face of danger, is a good candidate. Deer in North America have proven almost impossible to domesticate and have difficulty breeding in captivity. In contrast, horses thrived from when they were re introduced to North America in the sixteenth century. Social structure – Species of lone, independent animals make poor candidates. A species that has a strong, well defined social hierarchy is more likely to be domesticated. A species that can imprint on a human as the head of the hierarchy is best. Different social groups must also be tolerant of one another.
Склонность к панике – Виды генетически предрасположены по-разному реагировать на опасность. Вид, который немедленно убегает, – плохой кандидат для одомашнивания. Вид, который замирает или прячется в стаде, – хороший кандидат. Олени в Северной Америке оказались почти невозможными для одомашнивания и с трудом размножаются в неволе. В отличие от них, лошади процветали после повторного заселения Северной Америки в шестнадцатом веке.
The Anna Karenina principle was popularized by Jared Diamond in his 1997 book Guns, Germs and Steel. Diamond uses this principle to illustrate why so few wild animals have been successfully domesticated throughout history, as a deficiency in any one of a great number of factors can render a species undomesticable. Therefore, all successfully domesticated species are not so because of a particular positive trait, but because of a lack of any number of possible negative traits. In chapter 9, six groups of reasons for failed domestication of animals are defined:
Diet – To be a candidate for domestication, a species must be easy to feed. Finicky eaters make poor candidates. Non finicky omnivores make the best candidates. Growth rate – The animal must grow fast enough to be economically feasible. Elephant farmers, for example, would have to wait perhaps twelve years for their herd to reach adult size. Captive breeding – The species must breed well in captivity. Species having mating rituals prohibiting breeding in a farm like environment make poor candidates for domestication. These rituals could include the need for privacy or long, protracted mating chases. Disposition – Some species are too ill tempered to be good candidates for domestication. Farmers must not be at risk of life or injury every time they enter the animal pen. The zebra is of special note in the book, as it was recognized by local cultures and Europeans alike as extremely valuable and useful to domesticate, but it proved impossible to tame. Horses in Africa proved to be susceptible to disease and attack by a wide variety of animals, while the very characteristics that made the zebra hardy and survivable in the harsh environment of Africa also made it fiercely independent. Tendency to panic – Species are genetically predisposed to react to danger in different ways. A species that immediately takes flight is a poor candidate for domestication. A species that freezes, or mingles with the herd for cover in the face of danger, is a good candidate. Deer in North America have proven almost impossible to domesticate and have difficulty breeding in captivity. In contrast, horses thrived from when they were re introduced to North America in the sixteenth century. Social structure – Species of lone, independent animals make poor candidates. A species that has a strong, well defined social hierarchy is more likely to be domesticated. A species that can imprint on a human as the head of the hierarchy is best. Different social groups must also be tolerant of one another.
Diet – To be a candidate for domestication, a species must be easy to feed. Finicky eaters make poor candidates. Non finicky omnivores make the best candidates. Growth rate – The animal must grow fast enough to be economically feasible. Elephant farmers, for example, would have to wait perhaps twelve years for their herd to reach adult size. Captive breeding – The species must breed well in captivity. Species having mating rituals prohibiting breeding in a farm like environment make poor candidates for domestication. These rituals could include the need for privacy or long, protracted mating chases. Disposition – Some species are too ill tempered to be good candidates for domestication. Farmers must not be at risk of life or injury every time they enter the animal pen. The zebra is of special note in the book, as it was recognized by local cultures and Europeans alike as extremely valuable and useful to domesticate, but it proved impossible to tame. Horses in Africa proved to be susceptible to disease and attack by a wide variety of animals, while the very characteristics that made the zebra hardy and survivable in the harsh environment of Africa also made it fiercely independent. Tendency to panic – Species are genetically predisposed to react to danger in different ways. A species that immediately takes flight is a poor candidate for domestication. A species that freezes, or mingles with the herd for cover in the face of danger, is a good candidate. Deer in North America have proven almost impossible to domesticate and have difficulty breeding in captivity. In contrast, horses thrived from when they were re introduced to North America in the sixteenth century. Social structure – Species of lone, independent animals make poor candidates. A species that has a strong, well defined social hierarchy is more likely to be domesticated. A species that can imprint on a human as the head of the hierarchy is best. Different social groups must also be tolerant of one another.
Социальная структура – Виды одиночных, независимых животных – плохие кандидаты. Вид, имеющий сильную, четко выраженную социальную иерархию, с большей вероятностью будет одомашнен. Лучше всего, если вид способен воспринимать человека как главу иерархии. Различные социальные группы также должны быть терпимы друг к другу.
The Anna Karenina principle was popularized by Jared Diamond in his 1997 book Guns, Germs and Steel. Diamond uses this principle to illustrate why so few wild animals have been successfully domesticated throughout history, as a deficiency in any one of a great number of factors can render a species undomesticable. Therefore, all successfully domesticated species are not so because of a particular positive trait, but because of a lack of any number of possible negative traits. In chapter 9, six groups of reasons for failed domestication of animals are defined:
Diet – To be a candidate for domestication, a species must be easy to feed. Finicky eaters make poor candidates. Non finicky omnivores make the best candidates. Growth rate – The animal must grow fast enough to be economically feasible. Elephant farmers, for example, would have to wait perhaps twelve years for their herd to reach adult size. Captive breeding – The species must breed well in captivity. Species having mating rituals prohibiting breeding in a farm like environment make poor candidates for domestication. These rituals could include the need for privacy or long, protracted mating chases. Disposition – Some species are too ill tempered to be good candidates for domestication. Farmers must not be at risk of life or injury every time they enter the animal pen. The zebra is of special note in the book, as it was recognized by local cultures and Europeans alike as extremely valuable and useful to domesticate, but it proved impossible to tame. Horses in Africa proved to be susceptible to disease and attack by a wide variety of animals, while the very characteristics that made the zebra hardy and survivable in the harsh environment of Africa also made it fiercely independent. Tendency to panic – Species are genetically predisposed to react to danger in different ways. A species that immediately takes flight is a poor candidate for domestication. A species that freezes, or mingles with the herd for cover in the face of danger, is a good candidate. Deer in North America have proven almost impossible to domesticate and have difficulty breeding in captivity. In contrast, horses thrived from when they were re introduced to North America in the sixteenth century. Social structure – Species of lone, independent animals make poor candidates. A species that has a strong, well defined social hierarchy is more likely to be domesticated. A species that can imprint on a human as the head of the hierarchy is best. Different social groups must also be tolerant of one another.
Diet – To be a candidate for domestication, a species must be easy to feed. Finicky eaters make poor candidates. Non finicky omnivores make the best candidates. Growth rate – The animal must grow fast enough to be economically feasible. Elephant farmers, for example, would have to wait perhaps twelve years for their herd to reach adult size. Captive breeding – The species must breed well in captivity. Species having mating rituals prohibiting breeding in a farm like environment make poor candidates for domestication. These rituals could include the need for privacy or long, protracted mating chases. Disposition – Some species are too ill tempered to be good candidates for domestication. Farmers must not be at risk of life or injury every time they enter the animal pen. The zebra is of special note in the book, as it was recognized by local cultures and Europeans alike as extremely valuable and useful to domesticate, but it proved impossible to tame. Horses in Africa proved to be susceptible to disease and attack by a wide variety of animals, while the very characteristics that made the zebra hardy and survivable in the harsh environment of Africa also made it fiercely independent. Tendency to panic – Species are genetically predisposed to react to danger in different ways. A species that immediately takes flight is a poor candidate for domestication. A species that freezes, or mingles with the herd for cover in the face of danger, is a good candidate. Deer in North America have proven almost impossible to domesticate and have difficulty breeding in captivity. In contrast, horses thrived from when they were re introduced to North America in the sixteenth century. Social structure – Species of lone, independent animals make poor candidates. A species that has a strong, well defined social hierarchy is more likely to be domesticated. A species that can imprint on a human as the head of the hierarchy is best. Different social groups must also be tolerant of one another.
Порядок в хаосе неудачной адаптации
Многие эксперименты и наблюдения за группами людей, животных, деревьев, травянистых растений, ценами на бирже и изменениями в банковском секторе подтвердили модифицированный принцип Анны Карениной. Изучая динамику корреляции и дисперсии во многих системах, сталкивающихся с внешними или средовыми факторами, мы обычно можем, даже до появления очевидных симптомов кризиса, предсказать его возникновение, поскольку корреляция между элементами системы возрастает, а одновременно с этим увеличивается дисперсия (и волатильность). Все хорошо адаптированные системы похожи, а все неадаптированные системы испытывают дезадаптацию по-своему, но в хаосе дезадаптации существует порядок. Парадоксально, но по мере того, как системы становятся более различными, они в определенных пределах фактически становятся более коррелированными. Этот эффект доказан для многих систем: от адаптации здоровых людей к изменению климатических условий до анализа летальных исходов в онкологических и кардиологических клиниках. Тот же эффект наблюдается на фондовом рынке. Исследовалась применимость этих двух статистических индикаторов стресса – одновременного увеличения дисперсии и корреляции – для диагностики социального стресса в больших группах в течение продолжительного периода стресса, предшествовавшего экономическому и политическому кризису в Украине в 2014 году. В предкризисные годы одновременно увеличилась общая корреляция между 19 основными общественными страхами в украинском обществе (примерно на 64%) и их статистическая дисперсия (на 29%).
Many experiments and observations of groups of humans, animals, trees, grassy plants, stockmarket prices, and changes in the banking sector proved the modified Anna Karenina principle. By studying the dynamics of correlation and variance in many systems facing external, or environmental, factors, we can typically, even before obvious symptoms of crisis appear, predict when one might occur, as correlation between individuals increases, and, at the same time, variance (and volatility) goes up All well adapted systems are alike, all non adapted systems experience maladaptation in their own way, But in the chaos of maladaptation, there is an order. It seems, paradoxically, that as systems become more different they actually become more correlated within limits. This effect is proved for many systems: from the adaptation of healthy people to a change in climate conditions to the analysis of fatal outcomes in oncological and cardiological clinics. The same effect is found in the stock market. The applicability of these two statistical indicators of stress, simultaneous increase of variance and correlations, for diagnosis of social stress in large groups was examined in the prolonged stress period preceding the 2014 Ukrainian economic and political crisis. There was a simultaneous increase in the total correlation between the 19 major public fears in the Ukrainian society (by about 64%) and also in their statistical dispersion (by 29%) during the pre crisis years.