Японская история: глоссарий основных терминов и событий.

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This is the glossary of Japanese history including the major terms, titles and events the casual (or brand new) reader might find useful in understanding articles on the subject.

ashigaru (足軽) – feudal foot soldiers drawn from the peasant or commoner class, rather than from the samurai hereditary warrior class. Ashikaga – bushi clan from Kamakura whose members ruled as shōguns over Japan from 1336 to 1573.

bakufu (幕府) – a shōguns government; commonly called "shogunate" in English. bettō (別当) – the head of a civilian, military or religious institution. bugyō (奉行) – a magistrate. Examples include the Edo period machibugyō who administered the city during the Edo period. bushi (武士) – a member of the warrior class (a samurai). bushidō (武士道) – purported warrior code of honor, analogous to Western chivalry.

chōnin (町人, "townsman") a social class that emerged in Japan during the early years of the Tokugawa period. The majority of chōnin were merchants, but some were craftsmen, as well.

daimyō (大名) – a feudal lord during the later Muromachi period, Sengoku period, Azuchi–Momoyama period and Edo period.

Edo (江戸) – the old name of Tokyo when it was the seat of the Tokugawa shogunate. Alternate, outdated spellings include Yedo and Yeddo. Eikyō Rebellion (永享の乱 Eikyō no Ran) – Ashikaga Mochiuji's 1439 rebellion against the Ashikaga shogunate. See also the article Kantō kubō.

fudai daimyō (譜代) – a daimyō who was a hereditary vassal of the Tokugawa before the Battle of Sekigahara (1600). See also tozama daimyō.

jitō (地頭) – shōgun appointed officials that managed shōen (manors) during the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates. Jōkyū War (承久の乱 Jōkyū no Ran) – a 1221 war between Emperor Go Toba and the Kamakura shogunate.

kaikin (海禁) – "maritime prohibitions" imposed by the Tokugawa shogunate from roughly 1635 to 1853. See also hai jin, sakoku. Kami (神) are the spirits or phenomena that are worshipped in the religion of Shinto. Kamikaze (神風) – were a part of the Japanese Special Attack Units of military aviators who initiated suicide attacks for the Empire of Japan. It also means "divine wind" or "spirit wind". kampaku (関白) – an Imperial regent who served a number of functions, including chief advisor and secretary. Kannō disturbance (観応擾乱, Kannō Jōran), also called Kannō incident – a 1350 factional struggle with serious consequences pitting Ashikaga Tadayoshi, Takauji's brother, against the Kō brothers, Moronao and Moroyasu. See also the article Nanboku chō period. kanrei (管領) a high political post (shōguns deputy) of the Kamakura and Ashikaga shogunates. Originally called shitsuji. kenin (家人) – one of the lower castes under the ritsuryō system (see below). Also a direct vassal of the shōgun during the Kamakura period (see "gokenin" above). Kentō shi (遣唐使) – mission to Tang China (唐) for importing the technologies and culture of China to Japan. Kenzui shi (遣隋使) – mission to Sui China (隋) for importing the technologies and culture of China to Japan. koku (石) – an amount of rice equal to the amount one man eats in a year; used in feudal times as a measurement of income and of wealth. Koga kubō (古河公方) – title arbitrarily assumed by Ashikaga Shigeuji after his escape from Kamakura to the city of Koga, Ibaraki. kubō (公方) – shōgun. Title later also assumed by the Kantō kanrei, who became known as Kantō kubō. kugyō (公卿) – a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre Meiji eras. Kyōtoku Incident (享徳の乱, Kyōtoku no Ran) – a long series of skirmishes and conflicts fought for control of the Kantō region of Japan in the 15th century.

Later Hōjō clan (後北条氏) – also known as Odawara Hōjō clan. A powerful warrior clan of the Sengoku period, it had renamed itself after the original Hōjō clan from Kamakura (see above).

Meiji Restoration – The 1867 restoration of the Emperor to being the true ruler of the country, in practice as well as name, and the downfall of the last shogunate. Minamoto – the Minamoto clan defeated the rival Taira clan in 1185, establishing the first shogunate.

Nagaoka kyō (長岡京) – the capital of Japan from 784 to 794 (after Nara, before Kyoto).

Ōnin War (応仁の乱, Ōnin no Ran) – a civil war that lasted from 1467 to 1477 during the Muromachi period.

rensho (連署) – "co signatory", the rensho was the assistant to the regent of the Kamakura shogunate. ritsuryō (律令) – the East Asian historical law system based on the philosophies of Confucianism and Chinese Legalism. In Japan, ritsuryō was in effect during the late Asuka period, the Nara period and the early Heian period. The Taihō ritsuryō (大宝律令, Code of Taihō) was a key element of the ritsuryō. rōjū (老中) – one of the highest ranking government posts in the Tokugawa shogunate. There were usually four or five rōjū. rōnin (浪人) – a samurai without a lord or master during the feudal period (1185–1868) of Japan.

taikō (太閤) – a title frequently taken on by retired kampaku (Imperial regents). The term is most commonly used in reference to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. tairō (大老) – the highest ranking government post of the Tokugawa shogunate. There was usually only one tairō, or, at times, none. tandai (探題) – during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, tandai was a colloquialism for a high ranking official (for example a shikken or rensho) with governmental, judiciary or military responsibilities within a certain area. Tokugawa (徳川) – Tokugawa Ieyasu united Japan through force, becoming its shōgun in 1603. His family ruled in that position until 1867.
tokusō (得宗) – the head of the mainline Hōjō clan, who monopolized the position of shikken (see above) during the Kamakura shogunate. tozama daimyō (外様) – a daimyō who had become a vassal of Tokugawa Ieyasu after the Battle of Sekigahara (see fudai). There were tozama who had fought both for and against Ieyasu.

udaijin (右大臣) – Junior Minister of State overseeing all branches of the Department of State during the late Nara and Heian periods, deputy of the sadaijin (see above). Uesugi clan (上杉氏, Uesugi shi) – a clan, descended from the Fujiwara clan, important for its power in the Muromachi and Sengoku periods (roughly 14th–17th centuries). Uesugi Zenshū's rebellion (上杉禅秀の乱 Uesugi Zenshū no Ran) – Uesugi Zenshū's 1416 rebellion against Ashikaga Mochiuji.

Yūki War (結城合戦) – 15th century rebellion by the Yūki clan against the Ashikaga shogunate.