Формат киноплёнки Super 35: история и применение

Motion picture film format

Super 35 (originally known as Superscope 235) is a motion picture film format that uses exactly the same film stock as standard 35 mm film, but puts a larger image frame on that stock by using the space normally reserved for the optical analog sound track.

Super 35 was revived from a similar Superscope variant known as Superscope 235, which was originally developed by the Tushinsky Brothers (who founded Superscope Inc. in 1954) for RKO in 1954. The first film to be shot in Superscope was Vera Cruz, a western film produced by Hecht Lancaster Productions and distributed through United Artists. When cameraman Joe Dunton was preparing to shoot Dance Craze in 1980, he chose to revive the Superscope format by using a full silent standard gate and slightly optically recentering the lens port (to adjust for the inclusion of the area of the optical soundtrack – the gray track on left side of the illustration). These two characteristics are central to the format. It was adopted by Hollywood starting with Greystoke in 1984, under the format name Super Techniscope. It also received much early publicity for making the cockpit shots in Top Gun possible, since it was otherwise impossible to fit 35 mm cameras with large anamorphic lenses into the small free space in the cockpit. Later, as other camera rental houses and labs started to embrace the format, Super 35 became popular in the mid 1990s, and soon thereafter became a ubiquitous production format particularly among visual effects driven films, as the unused frame area allowed greater flexibility in motion tracking and CGI related tasks.

When composing for 1.85:1, it is known as Super 1.85, since it was larger than standard 1.85. When composing for 2.39:1, there are two methods most frequently used: common center, which keeps the 2.39 extraction area at the center of the film, and common top, which shifts the 2.39 extraction area upwards on the film so that it shares a common top line with a centered 1.85:1 frame. Proponents of the common top method have included James Cameron, Martin Scorsese and Gore Verbinski, as it allowed 4:3 home video versions to be made with similar framing. This method did present minor issues, such as necessitating tilting during zooms, and could also result in off center lens flares. As 16:9 televisions increased in popularity, it became more practical for productions to use the common center method.

Many of the first digital cinema cameras used Super 35 sized sensors, as it allowed compatibility with existing cinema lenses. Today, many of the most widely used digital cinema cameras have Super 35 sized sensors, including the Red Epic and Arri Alexa.

Super 35 is a production format. Theatres do not receive or project Super 35 prints. Rather, films are shot in a Super 35 format but are then – either through optical blowdown/matting or digital intermediate – converted into one of the standard formats to make release prints. Because of this, often productions also use Super 35's width in conjunction with a 3 perf negative pulldown to save costs on "wasted" frame area shot and accommodate camera magazines that could shoot 33% longer in time with the same length of film. If using 4 perf, the Super 35 exposure area is 24.89 mm × 18.66 mm (0.980 in × 0.735 in), compared to the standard Academy 35 mm film size of 21.95 mm × 16.00 mm (0.864 in × 0.630 in) and thus provides 32% more image area than the standard 35 mm format. 4 perf Super 35 is simply the original frame size that was used in 35 mm silent films. That is, it is a return to the way the film stock was used before the frame size was cropped to allow room for a soundtrack. Super 35 competes with the use of the standard 35 mm format used with an anamorphic lens. In this comparison, advocates of Super 35 claim an advantage in production costs and flexibility; when used to make 2.39:1 theatrical prints and the ability to format the film for TV, detractors complain of a loss in quality, due to less negative area used and more lab intermediate steps (if done optically).

Director Year Title Notes James Cameron 1989 The Abyss Common top 1991 Terminator 2: Judgment Day 1994 True Lies 1997 Titanic Katheryn Bigelow 1991 Point Break 1995 Strange Days 2002 K 19: The Widowmaker Claude Lelouch 1981 Les Uns et les Autres 1983 Edith et Marcel 1984 Viva la vie 1985 Partir Revenir 1986 Un homme et une femme 20 ans déjà 1987 Attention Bandit 1988 Itinéraire d'un enfant gâté 1990 Il y a des jours et des lunes 1992 La Belle Histoire 1993 Tout ça pour ça 1994 Les misérables Lawrence Kasdan 1985 Silverado 2003 Dreamcatcher Tony Scott 1986 Top Gun 1987 Beverly Hills Cop II 2004 Man on Fire 2005 Domino 2006 Déjà Vu Scenes that were not shot on Panavision Genesis 2009 The Taking of Pelham 123 2010 Unstoppable Ridley Scott 1989 Black Rain 2000 Gladiator 2001 Black Hawk Down 2005 Kingdom of Heaven 2006 A Good Year 2008 Body of Lies 2010 Robin Hood Wolfgang Petersen 1985 Enemy Mine 1997 Air Force One Common top 2004 Troy 2006 Poseidon John Hughes 1986 Ferris Bueller's Day Off Common top John Badham 1990 Bird on a Wire Jack Nicholson 1990 The Two Jakes Super 1.85 Francis Ford Coppola 1990 The Godfather Part III The Wachowskis 1999 The Matrix 2003 The Matrix Reloaded The Matrix Revolutions 2005 V for Vendetta 3 perf 2012 Cloud Atlas Ron Howard 1991 Backdraft Common top 1995 Apollo 13 2003 The Missing 2005 Cinderella Man 2006 The Da Vinci Code 2008 Frost/Nixon 2009 Angels & Demons 2011 The Dilemma John Milius 1991 Flight of the Intruder Nicholas Meyer 1991 Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country Quentin Tarantino 1992 Reservoir Dogs 2003 Kill Bill: Volume 1 3 perf 2004 Kill Bill: Volume 2 2007 Death Proof 2019 Once Upon a Time in Hollywood "The 14 Fists of McCluskey" sequenceSuper 1.85 3 perf James Ivory 1992 Howards End 1993 The Remains of the Day Martin Scorsese 1993 The Age of Innocence Common top 1995 Casino 1997 Kundun 2002 Gangs of New York 2004 The Aviator 3 perf 2006 The Departed Common top 2010 Shutter Island 3 perf 2013 The Wolf of Wall Street Scenes not filmed in anamorphic 35mm 2019 The Irishman Super 1.85 3 perf Peter Jackson 1994 Heavenly Creatures 1996 The Frighteners Common top 2001 The Fellowship of the Ring 2002 The Two Towers 2003 The Return of the King 2005 King Kong 2009 The Lovely Bones Bryan Singer 1995 The Usual Suspects 1998 Apt Pupil 2003 X2: X Men United Common top 2008 Valkyrie Super 1.85 Paul Verhoeven 1995 Showgirls Common top 2006 Black Book John Woo 1996 Broken Arrow 2002 Windtalkers 2008 2009 Red Cliff Michael Bay 1996 The Rock 2003 Bad Boys IIWoody Allen 2011 Midnight in Paris Super 1.85 3 perf 2012 To Rome with Love Super 1.85 Sylvester Stallone 2008 Rambo 2010 The Expendables 3 perf Roland Emmerich 1996 Independence Day Common top 1998 Godzilla 2000 The Patriot 2004 The Day After TomorrowCommon third 2008 10,000 BC 2009 2012 Scenes that were not shot on Panavision Genesis Paul Thomas Anderson 1996 Hard Eight Roger Donaldson 1997 Dante's Peak 2003 The Recruit Gregory Nava 1997 Selena Curtis Hanson 1997 L. A. Confidential 2000 Wonder Boys 2002 8 Mile 2005 In Her Shoes 2007 Lucky You Oliver Stone 1999 Any Given Sunday 2004 Alexander 2006 World Trade Center Super 1.85 2008 W. 3 perf 2010Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps John Singleton 2000 Shaft 2003 2 Fast 2 Furious 2005 Four Brothers 2011 Abduction The Coen Brothers 2000 O Brother, Where Art Thou?2001 The Man Who Wasn't There 2007 No Country for Old Men 2009 A Serious Man Super 1.85 3 perf 2010 True Grit 3 perf 2016 Hail, Caesar! Super 1.85 3 perf Roman Polanski 1999 The Ninth Gate 2005 Oliver Twist 2010 The Ghost Writer 2011 Carnage 3 perf Lars von Trier 1996 Breaking the Waves Ang Lee 2000 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Antoine Fuqua 1998 The Replacement Killers 2000 Bait2004 King Arthur2009 Brooklyn's Finest 3 perf2013 Olympus Has Fallen McG 2000 Charlie's Angels 2003 Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle2006 We Are Marshall2009 Terminator Salvation2012 This Means War D. J. Caruso 2004 Taking Lives 2005 Two for the Money2008 Eagle Eye Common top2011 I Am Number FourSuper 1.85 Baz Luhrmann 2001 Moulin Rouge!Visual effects 2008 Australia Luc Besson 1997 The Fifth Element 1999 The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc 2005 Angel A 2006 Arthur and the Invisibles 2009 Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard 2010 The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc Sec 3 perf Arthur 3: The War of the Two Worlds 2011 The Lady Sam Mendes 1999 American Beauty 2002 Road to Perdition 2005 Jarhead 2008 Revolutionary Road 2009 Away We Go Steven Spielberg 2002 Minority Report 2005 Munich 2011 War Horse 2012 Lincoln 3 perf 2017 The Post Super 1.85 3 perf 2022 The Fabelmans Peter Berg 2003 The Rundown 2004 Friday Night Lights 2007 The Kingdom 2008 Hancock 2012 BattleshipVisual effects Sam Raimi 2004 Spider Man 2 2007 Spider Man 3 2009 Drag Me to Hell Common top Sean McNamara 2004 Raise Your Voice 2007 Bratz: The Movie 2011 Soul Surfer Guy Ritchie 2005 Revolver 2009 Sherlock Holmes Super 1.85 2011 Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows Tim Burton 2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Super 1.85 2007 Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street 2010 Alice in Wonderland Opening and closing bookendsSuper 1.85 2012 Dark Shadows Super 1.85 Chris Columbus 2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone 2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2005 Rent 2010 Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief Alfonso Cuarón 2004 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 2006 Children of Men Super 1.85 Mike Newell 1997 Donnie Brasco Common Top 1999 Pushing Tin 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2007 Love in the Time of Cholera 3 perf 2010 Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time (film) David Yates 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2009 Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince 2010 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 Zack Snyder 2004 Dawn of the Dead 2006 300 2009 Watchmen 2011 Sucker Punch 2017 Justice League Super 1.852021 Zack Snyder's Justice League Director's cut of the theatrical film, presented full frame. Paul Feig 2006 Unaccompanied Minors 2011 Bridesmaids 2013 The Heat3 perf Jon Favreau 2008 Iron Man 2010 Iron Man 2 Trey Parker 2004 Team America: World Police Joe Johnston 2010 The Wolfman Super 1.85 2011 Captain America: The First Avenger Scenes that were not shot on Panavision Genesis 2018 The Nutcracker and the Four Realms ReshootsSuper 1.85 3 perfShots that were not Filmed in Panavision Super 70mm Rupert Sanders 2012 Snow White and the Huntsman Visual effects David Fincher 1995 Se7en 1997 The Game Fincher third 1999 Fight Club 2002 Panic Room Fincher third3 perf Jonathan Mostow1997 Breakdown Common top2000 U 5712003 Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines Common top2009 Surrogates Andrew Adamson 2005 The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe 2008 The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian Judd Apatow2015 Trainwreck 3 perf2020 The King of Staten Island Patty Jenkins2017 Wonder Woman2020 Wonder Woman 1984 Scenes that were not shot on IMAX film Joel Schumacher 2002 Bad Company Common top Phone Booth2003 Veronica Guerin Joss Whedon2005 Serenity2012 Marvel's The Avengers High speed shotsSuper 1.85 Tim Hill2007 Alvin and the Chipmunks Super 1.852011 Hop Mimi Leder1997 The Peacemaker1998 Deep Impact Spike Lee2002 25th Hour2006 Inside Man2008 Miracle at St. Anna Richard Curtis2003 Love Actually2009 The Boat That Rocked Park Chan wook2000 Joint Security Area2002 Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance2003 Oldboy2005 Lady Vengeance2009 Thirst2013 Stoker 3 perf Jean Pierre Jeunet1997 Alien Resurrection2001 Amélie2004 A Very Long Engagement2009 Micmacs 3 perf Martin McDonagh 2008 In Bruges 2012 Seven Psychopaths Ben Affleck2010 The Town2012 Argo Some scenes Gore Verbinski2001 The Mexican Common top2003 Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl2006 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest2007 Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End Steven Soderbergh 2001 Ocean's Eleven 2004 Ocean's Twelve 2007 Ocean's Thirteen Alex Proyas1998 Dark City2004 I, Robot Danny Boyle 1997 A Life Less Ordinary 2000 The Beach 2007 Sunshine Some scenes 2008 Slumdog Millionaire 3 perf 2015 Steve Jobs 3 perf, some scenes Kevin Smith 1999 Dogma Common top 2001 Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back Ben Stiller 1996 The Cable Guy Common top 2001 Zoolander 2008 Tropic Thunder 2013 The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Some scenes Jon Turteltaub2004 National Treasure2007 National Treasure: Book of Secrets2010 The Sorcerer's Apprentice Jay Roach 1997 Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery 1999 Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me Common third 2002 Austin Powers in Goldmember Common top

Franchises that used the Super 35 format include The Matrix, The Fast and the Furious, Harry Potter, Bourne, the first three Pirates of the Caribbean movies, National Treasure, the first two The Chronicles of Narnia movies, the first three live action Alvin and the Chipmunks movies (Super 1.85), and The Twilight Saga.