Орехово-Зуево: История и промышленность города

City in Moscow Oblast, Russia

Orekhovo Zuyevo (Оре́хово Зу́ево, ) is an industrial city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located east of Moscow in a forested area on the Klyazma River (a tributary of the Oka). Orekhovo (Оре́хово), often pronounced only as Orekh, is a Russian word which means "nut". The city was established in 1917 when three villages (Orekhovo, Zuevo, and Nikolskoye) were merged, hence its name. Population:

The first known facts about what now is Orekhovo Zuyevo date back to 1209. The place was mentioned in the Moscow Chronicles as the place called "Volochok" where the battle between Vladimir's prince Yury and Ryazan's prince Izyaslav took place. The name "Volochok" (or, as it was later called, "Zuyev Volochok") is derived from the Slavic word for "portage": a place where wooden ships were carried by land from one river to another. In this place in particular, the ships were usually moved by land between the Klyazma and Nerskaya Rivers. The villages Orekhovo and Zuyevo were mentioned in the chronicle several more times during the Middle Ages. In 1797, serf peasant Savva Vasilyevich Morozov opened his first silk factory in Zuyevo. Later he shifted from silk to wool. In 1823, profits from his business allowed him to buy the freedom of himself and his sons from serfdom. His family, the Morozovs became one of the major entrepreneurial families in late Imperial Russia. In 1830, he moved his factories to the opposite bank of the Klyazma River to the place that was later named Nikolskoye. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, Orekhovo and Zuyevo were the third largest textile production area in Russia after Moscow and St. Petersburg. The first and largest Russian strike occurred in 1885 at Morozov's textile factories in Orekhovo Zuyevo. Starting on January 7, 1885, at 10 o'clock in the morning, Vasily Volkov raised his hand and a red flag symbolizing victory for the workers and for all to follow him. On the fifth day of the strike, soldiers with their bayonets fixed arrived to arrest the leaders, Volkov and F. Shelukhin, at which time they shouted to their comrades and brothers, "Remember, one for all and all for one!" This strike lasted several weeks and created the momentum for the revolutionary movement in Russia. Sometimes abbreviated as Orekh (Оре́х), a walnut or Orekhovo (Оре́хово) flavored brandy is often drank to remember the sacrifices that these strikers in 1885 went through to standup and improve the lives of workers throughout the world. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as Orekhovo Zuyevo City Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.

For almost two centuries the economy of Orekhovo Zuyevo was built on the textile industry, growing up around Savva Vasilievich Morozov's textile production. Cotton production in Orekhovo Zuyevo made the city the third largest industrial center in Russia at the turn of the 20th century. After the Revolution of 1917, Morozov's textile mills were nationalized, becoming known as "Orekhovo Zuyevsky Khlopchato Bumazhny Kombinat" (the Orekhovo Zuyevo Cotton Center). Textile production continued until the 1990s, when the Soviet textile industry collapsed due to poor management and the inability to compete with imported textiles, which were of better quality and cost less. Almost all production was shut down, and the factory halls were turned into market areas and trading centers.

The city is the home of the oldest association football team in Russia. The first football team in Orekhovo Zuyevo was organized by an English engineer Clement Charnock, the vice president of the Moscow Football League. It has played under several different names. In the early years it was known as "Morozovtsy" (named after the Morozov family which owned the textile production in the city). During the Soviet era, the team played under the name Znamya Truda (lit. the Banner of Labor). After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the team was purchased by Spartak Moscow and became one of Spartak's farm teams, known as "Spartak Orekhovo". In 2003, the team changed its name back to Znamya Truda. In 1962, Znamya Truda reached the USSR Cup finals, losing 0:2 to Shakhtar Donetsk. In the 2007 season, Znamya Truda played in the Central Zone of the Second Division.

Olympic medalist and Junior European champion Anna Pavlova was born in Orekhovo Zuyevo.

Orekhovo Zuyevo is famous for its badminton school. The city usually hosts the All Russian badminton championships.

There are three athletic/football stadiums in the city: "Znamya Truda", "Torpedo", and "Khimik". The swimming complex "Neptun" is adjacent to the "Znamya Truda" stadium. The swimming pool has lanes. A new sport complex facility "Vostok" was opened in 2007 by Boris Gromov, the then Governor of Moscow Oblast.