Международный ботанический конгресс: история и современность
International Botanical Congress
Международный ботанический конгресс (IBC): встречи ботаников каждые 6 лет. Обсуждение и изменение Международного кодекса номенклатуры растений и грибов.
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Содержание
Введение
Международная встреча ботаников во всех областях науки проводится каждые шесть лет. Международный ботанический конгресс (МБК) — это международная встреча ботаников во всех областях науки, санкционированная Международной ассоциацией ботанических и микологических обществ (IABMS) и проводимая каждые шесть лет, при этом место проведения ротируется между разными континентами. Текущая система нумерации конгрессов ведется с 1900 года; XVIII МБК проходил в Мельбурне, Австралия, 24–30 июля 2011 года, а XIX МБК проходил в Шэньчжэне, Китай, 23–29 июля 2017 года. МБК обладает полномочиями изменять МКН (Международный кодекс номенклатуры водорослей, грибов и растений), который был переименован из Международного кодекса ботанической номенклатуры (МКБН) на XVIII МБК. Формально эти полномочия принадлежат пленарной сессии, но фактически она утверждает решения Номенклатурной секции. Номенклатурная секция собирается перед началом Конгресса и рассматривает все предложения по изменению Кодекса, включая ратификацию рекомендаций подкомитетов по сохранению. Чтобы снизить риск поспешного решения, Номенклатурная секция требует 60% большинства голосов для любого изменения, которое не было рекомендовано комитетом.
International meeting of botanists in all scientific fields held every six years
International Botanical Congress (IBC) is an international meeting of botanists in all scientific fields, authorized by the International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies (IABMS) and held every six years, with the location rotating between different continents. The current numbering system for the congresses starts from the year 1900; the XVIII IBC was held in Melbourne, Australia, 24–30 July 2011, and the XIX IBC was held in Shenzhen, China, 23–29 July 2017. The IBC has the power to alter the ICN (International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants), which was renamed from the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) at the XVIII IBC. Formally the power resides with the Plenary Session; in practice this approves the decisions of the Nomenclature Section. The Nomenclature Section meets before the actual Congress and deals with all proposals to modify the Code: this includes ratifying recommendations from sub committees on conservation. To reduce the risk of a hasty decision the Nomenclature Section adopts a 60% majority requirement for any change not already recommended by a committee.
История
До первого Международного ботанического конгресса местные конгрессы, посвященные естественным наукам, обычно становились очень большими, и более специализированная, но также международная встреча считалась желательной. Первая ежегодная IBC была проведена в 1864 году в Брюсселе в сочетании с международной выставкой садоводства. Принятые законы были основаны на тех, которые были подготовлены Альфонсом де Кандолем. Регулярные международные ботанические и/или садоводческие конгрессы проводились, но до 1892 года в номенклатуре не было внесено никаких изменений. Последующие встречи приведены в таблице ниже. В столбце "Код" указывается, был ли принят кодекс номенклатуры.
Prior to the first International Botanical Congress, local congresses concerned with natural sciences generally had grown to be very large, and a more specialized but also international meeting was considered desirable. The first annual IBC was held in 1864 in Brussels, in conjunction with an international horticultural exhibit. The laws adopted were based on those prepared by Alphonse de Candolle. Regular international botanical and/or horticultural congresses were held but made no further changes to nomenclature until the 1892 meeting in Genoa, Subsequent meetings are as follows in the table below. The "Code" column shows whether a code of nomenclature was adopted. Year City Country Code Major actions concerning nomenclature I 1900 Paris Decisions on nomenclature deferred. II 1905 Vienna Yes First binding Rules of Nomenclature; French became the official language of the meeting; requirement for Latin plant descriptions from 1908 onwards (not enforced); end of the Kew Rule. III 1910 Brussels Yes Separate starting dates for nomenclature of fungi established. IV 1926 Ithaca Decisions on nomenclature deferred. V 1930 Cambridge Yes The type method incorporated; Latin requirement deferred until 1932; "absolute homonym rule" accepted, or "once a later homonym always illegitimate (unless conserved)", which altered the status of many names, including many that had previously been conserved. The Cambridge Code was not published until 1935. VI 1935 Amsterdam English became the official language of the Congress, replacing French. No formal Code was published. IX 1959 Montreal Yes Presentation of a completely reworked list of conserved and rejected names necessitated by changes made at the 1930 congress, Preface by J. Lanjouw Decision that rules of priority do not apply above the rank of family. XI 1969 Seattle Yes Established the International Association of Bryologists. XII 1975 Leningrad Yes Official versions of the code in English, French, and German (the English version to take precedence in case of discrepancy); rejection of species names allowed in a few special cases; organ genera for fossil plants are eliminated, replaced by form genera. XIII 1981 Sydney Yes Official versions of the code in English, French, and German (the English version to take precedence in case of discrepancy); conservation procedure (and rejection) extended to species names "of major economic importance"; fungi starting date restored to 1753 with sanctioned name status established; the types of genera and higher categories become the types of species (i. e., the taxa themselves are no longer types, only specimens or illustrations). XIV 1987 Berlin Yes Official version of the code only in (British) English; later translations in French, German, and Japanese; conservation extended to species names that represent the type of a conserved generic name. XV 1993 Tokyo Yes Moves towards registration of plant names; extensive re arrangement of the nomenclature code; official version of the code only in (British) English; later translations in Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, and Slovak; conservation extended to all species names; rejection permitted for any name that would cause a disadvantageous nomenclatural change; epitype concept introduced. XVI 1999 St. Louis Yes Refinement of type requirements; illustrations as types mostly forbidden from 1958; morphotaxa for fossils. Proposals defeated included the BioCode and registration of plant names. XVII 2005 Vienna Yes Morphotaxa and regular taxa for fossils; illustrations as types mostly forbidden from 2007; glossary added to the code of nomenclature. XVIII 2011 Melbourne Yes Electronic publication permitted; registration of fungal names; English or Latin descriptions (or diagnoses) from 2012; the concepts of anamorph and teleomorph (for fungi) and morphotaxa (for fossils) eliminated. XIX 2017 Shenzhen Yes XX 2024 Madrid
Spain The 2023 IBC in Brazil was cancelled due to the pandemic. It will be held in Madrid in July 2024. Details to follow soon.
Год Город Страна Код Основные действия, касающиеся номенклатуры
I 1900 Париж – Решения по номенклатуре отложены.
II 1905 Вена Да Первые обязательные правила номенклатуры; французский стал официальным языком конгресса; требование латинских описаний растений с 1908 года (не применялось); отмена правила Кью.
III 1910 Брюссель Да Установлены отдельные даты начала номенклатуры грибов.
IV 1926 Итака – Решения о номенклатуре отложены.
V 1930 Кембридж Да Внедрен метод типофикации; латинское требование отложено до 1932 года; принято "правило абсолютных омонимов" или "однажды более позднее омоним всегда нелегитимный (если не сохранен)", что изменило статус многих названий, включая многие, которые ранее были сохранены. Кембриджский кодекс был опубликован только в 1935 году.
VI 1935 Амстердам – Английский язык стал официальным языком конгресса, заменив французский. Официальный кодекс не был опубликован.
IX 1959 Монреаль Да Представлен полностью переработанный список сохраненных и отклоненных названий, обусловленный изменениями, внесенными на конгрессе 1930 года; предисловие Дж. Ланжу; принято решение, что правила приоритета не применяются выше ранга семейства.
XI 1969 Сиэтл Да Основана Международная ассоциация бриологов.
XII 1975 Ленинград Да Официальные версии кодекса на английском, французском и немецком языках (английская версия имеет приоритет в случае расхождений); отказ от названий видов разрешен в некоторых особых случаях; роды органов для ископаемых растений исключены, заменены формальными родами.
XIII 1981 Сидней Да Официальные версии кодекса на английском, французском и немецком языках (английская версия имеет приоритет в случае расхождений); процедура сохранения (и отклонения) распространена на названия видов "имеющих важное экономическое значение"; дата начала номенклатуры грибов восстановлена до 1753 года с установлением статуса санкционированного названия; типы родов и высших категорий становятся типами видов (т.е. сами таксоны больше не являются типами, а только образцы или иллюстрации).
XIV 1987 Берлин Да Официальная версия кодекса только на (британском) английском языке; последующие переводы на французский, немецкий и японский языки; сохранение распространяется на названия видов, представляющих собой тип сохраненного родового названия.
XV 1993 Токио Да Переход к регистрации названий растений; обширная перестройка кодекса номенклатуры; официальная версия кодекса только на (британском) английском языке; последующие переводы на китайский, французский, немецкий, итальянский, японский, русский и словацкий языки; охват охраной всех названий видов; разрешение на отклонение любого названия, которое вызовет неблагоприятное номенклатурное изменение; введено понятие эпитипа.
XVI 1999 Сент-Луис Да Уточнение требований к типам; иллюстрации в качестве типов в основном запрещены с 1958 года; морфотакса для ископаемых. Среди предложений, которые были отклонены, – BioCode и регистрация названий растений.
XVII 2005 Вена Да Морфотакса и регулярные таксоны для ископаемых; иллюстрации в качестве типов в основном запрещены с 2007 года; к кодексу номенклатуры добавлен глоссарий.
XVIII 2011 Мельбурн Да Разрешена электронная публикация; регистрация названий грибов; английские или латинские описания (или диагнозы) с 2012 года; концепции анаморфных и телеморфных (для грибов) и морфотаксов (для ископаемых) исключены.
XIX 2017 Шэньчжэнь Да
XX 2024 Мадрид Испания
Prior to the first International Botanical Congress, local congresses concerned with natural sciences generally had grown to be very large, and a more specialized but also international meeting was considered desirable. The first annual IBC was held in 1864 in Brussels, in conjunction with an international horticultural exhibit. The laws adopted were based on those prepared by Alphonse de Candolle. Regular international botanical and/or horticultural congresses were held but made no further changes to nomenclature until the 1892 meeting in Genoa, Subsequent meetings are as follows in the table below. The "Code" column shows whether a code of nomenclature was adopted. Year City Country Code Major actions concerning nomenclature I 1900 Paris Decisions on nomenclature deferred. II 1905 Vienna Yes First binding Rules of Nomenclature; French became the official language of the meeting; requirement for Latin plant descriptions from 1908 onwards (not enforced); end of the Kew Rule. III 1910 Brussels Yes Separate starting dates for nomenclature of fungi established. IV 1926 Ithaca Decisions on nomenclature deferred. V 1930 Cambridge Yes The type method incorporated; Latin requirement deferred until 1932; "absolute homonym rule" accepted, or "once a later homonym always illegitimate (unless conserved)", which altered the status of many names, including many that had previously been conserved. The Cambridge Code was not published until 1935. VI 1935 Amsterdam English became the official language of the Congress, replacing French. No formal Code was published. IX 1959 Montreal Yes Presentation of a completely reworked list of conserved and rejected names necessitated by changes made at the 1930 congress, Preface by J. Lanjouw Decision that rules of priority do not apply above the rank of family. XI 1969 Seattle Yes Established the International Association of Bryologists. XII 1975 Leningrad Yes Official versions of the code in English, French, and German (the English version to take precedence in case of discrepancy); rejection of species names allowed in a few special cases; organ genera for fossil plants are eliminated, replaced by form genera. XIII 1981 Sydney Yes Official versions of the code in English, French, and German (the English version to take precedence in case of discrepancy); conservation procedure (and rejection) extended to species names "of major economic importance"; fungi starting date restored to 1753 with sanctioned name status established; the types of genera and higher categories become the types of species (i. e., the taxa themselves are no longer types, only specimens or illustrations). XIV 1987 Berlin Yes Official version of the code only in (British) English; later translations in French, German, and Japanese; conservation extended to species names that represent the type of a conserved generic name. XV 1993 Tokyo Yes Moves towards registration of plant names; extensive re arrangement of the nomenclature code; official version of the code only in (British) English; later translations in Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, and Slovak; conservation extended to all species names; rejection permitted for any name that would cause a disadvantageous nomenclatural change; epitype concept introduced. XVI 1999 St. Louis Yes Refinement of type requirements; illustrations as types mostly forbidden from 1958; morphotaxa for fossils. Proposals defeated included the BioCode and registration of plant names. XVII 2005 Vienna Yes Morphotaxa and regular taxa for fossils; illustrations as types mostly forbidden from 2007; glossary added to the code of nomenclature. XVIII 2011 Melbourne Yes Electronic publication permitted; registration of fungal names; English or Latin descriptions (or diagnoses) from 2012; the concepts of anamorph and teleomorph (for fungi) and morphotaxa (for fossils) eliminated. XIX 2017 Shenzhen Yes XX 2024 Madrid
Spain The 2023 IBC in Brazil was cancelled due to the pandemic. It will be held in Madrid in July 2024. Details to follow soon.
IBC 2023 года в Бразилии был отменен из-за пандемии. Он состоится в Мадриде в июле 2024 года. Детали будут опубликованы в ближайшее время.
Prior to the first International Botanical Congress, local congresses concerned with natural sciences generally had grown to be very large, and a more specialized but also international meeting was considered desirable. The first annual IBC was held in 1864 in Brussels, in conjunction with an international horticultural exhibit. The laws adopted were based on those prepared by Alphonse de Candolle. Regular international botanical and/or horticultural congresses were held but made no further changes to nomenclature until the 1892 meeting in Genoa, Subsequent meetings are as follows in the table below. The "Code" column shows whether a code of nomenclature was adopted. Year City Country Code Major actions concerning nomenclature I 1900 Paris Decisions on nomenclature deferred. II 1905 Vienna Yes First binding Rules of Nomenclature; French became the official language of the meeting; requirement for Latin plant descriptions from 1908 onwards (not enforced); end of the Kew Rule. III 1910 Brussels Yes Separate starting dates for nomenclature of fungi established. IV 1926 Ithaca Decisions on nomenclature deferred. V 1930 Cambridge Yes The type method incorporated; Latin requirement deferred until 1932; "absolute homonym rule" accepted, or "once a later homonym always illegitimate (unless conserved)", which altered the status of many names, including many that had previously been conserved. The Cambridge Code was not published until 1935. VI 1935 Amsterdam English became the official language of the Congress, replacing French. No formal Code was published. IX 1959 Montreal Yes Presentation of a completely reworked list of conserved and rejected names necessitated by changes made at the 1930 congress, Preface by J. Lanjouw Decision that rules of priority do not apply above the rank of family. XI 1969 Seattle Yes Established the International Association of Bryologists. XII 1975 Leningrad Yes Official versions of the code in English, French, and German (the English version to take precedence in case of discrepancy); rejection of species names allowed in a few special cases; organ genera for fossil plants are eliminated, replaced by form genera. XIII 1981 Sydney Yes Official versions of the code in English, French, and German (the English version to take precedence in case of discrepancy); conservation procedure (and rejection) extended to species names "of major economic importance"; fungi starting date restored to 1753 with sanctioned name status established; the types of genera and higher categories become the types of species (i. e., the taxa themselves are no longer types, only specimens or illustrations). XIV 1987 Berlin Yes Official version of the code only in (British) English; later translations in French, German, and Japanese; conservation extended to species names that represent the type of a conserved generic name. XV 1993 Tokyo Yes Moves towards registration of plant names; extensive re arrangement of the nomenclature code; official version of the code only in (British) English; later translations in Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, and Slovak; conservation extended to all species names; rejection permitted for any name that would cause a disadvantageous nomenclatural change; epitype concept introduced. XVI 1999 St. Louis Yes Refinement of type requirements; illustrations as types mostly forbidden from 1958; morphotaxa for fossils. Proposals defeated included the BioCode and registration of plant names. XVII 2005 Vienna Yes Morphotaxa and regular taxa for fossils; illustrations as types mostly forbidden from 2007; glossary added to the code of nomenclature. XVIII 2011 Melbourne Yes Electronic publication permitted; registration of fungal names; English or Latin descriptions (or diagnoses) from 2012; the concepts of anamorph and teleomorph (for fungi) and morphotaxa (for fossils) eliminated. XIX 2017 Shenzhen Yes XX 2024 Madrid
Spain The 2023 IBC in Brazil was cancelled due to the pandemic. It will be held in Madrid in July 2024. Details to follow soon.
Комитет по номенклатуре грибов
Комитет по номенклатуре грибов (NCF) — это постоянный комитет Международного ботанического конгресса (IBC), назначенный для обсуждения международных правил, применяемых к грибам, в особенности их таксономии. Члены NCF избираются каждые шесть лет. Международно согласованные правила, регулирующие наименование грибов, рассматриваются и пересматриваются на каждом Международном ботаническом конгрессе, который проводится каждые шесть лет. По состоянию на 2021 год председателем комитета является Скотт Алан Редхед.
The Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF) is a permanent committee of the IBC, appointed to discuss the international rules applied to fungi, especially their taxonomy. The members of the NCF are elected every six years. The internationally agreed rules that regulate how fungi are named are examined and revised at each International Botanical Congress, held every six years. As of 2021, Scott Alan Redhead chairs the committee.