Эдвард Робертс: Пионер движения за права инвалидов

Edward Verne Roberts (January 23, 1939 – March 14, 1995) was an American activist. He was the first wheelchair user to attend the University of California, Berkeley.

Roberts contracted polio at the age of fourteen in 1953, two years before the Salk vaccine ended the epidemic. His career as an advocate began when a high school administrator threatened to deny him his diploma because he had not completed driver's education and physical education. After attending the College of San Mateo, he was admitted to the University of California, Berkeley. He had to fight for the support he needed to attend college from the California Department of Vocational Rehabilitation, because his rehabilitation counselor thought he was too severely disabled to ever get a job. Upon learning that Roberts had a severe disability, one of the UC Berkeley deans famously commented, "We've tried cripples before and it didn't work." Other Berkeley administrators supported admitting Roberts, and expressed the opinion that the university should do more. Roberts was admitted in 1962, two years before the Free Speech Movement transformed Berkeley into a hotbed of student protest. When his search for housing met resistance in part because of the 800 pound iron lung that he slept in at night, the director of the campus health service offered him a room in an empty wing of the Cowell Hospital. Roberts accepted on the condition that the area where he lived be treated as dormitory space, not a medical facility. His admission broke the ice for other students with severe disabilities, who joined him over the next few years at what evolved into the Cowell Residence Program. The group developed a sense of identity and élan, and began to formulate a political analysis of disability. They began calling themselves the "Rolling Quads" to the surprise of some non disabled observers who had never before heard a positive expression of disability identity. In 1968, when a rehabilitation counselor threatened two of the Rolling Quads with eviction from the Cowell Residence, the Rolling Quads organized a successful "revolt" that led to the counselor's transfer. Their success on campus inspired the group to begin advocating for curb cuts, opening access to the wider community, and to create the Physically Disabled Student's Program (PDSP)—the first student led disability services program in the country. Roberts flew 3,000 miles, from California to Washington, D. C., with no respiratory support, to attend a conference at the start up of the federal TRIO program through which the PDSP later secured funding. The PDSP provided services including attendant referral and wheelchair repair to students at the university, but it was soon taking calls from people with disabilities with the same concerns who were not students. He earned B. A. (1964) and M. A. (1966) degrees from UC Berkeley in Political Science. Following this, the value of curb cuts was promoted more strongly and their installment was often made on a voluntary basis by municipal authorities and developers. In 1976, newly elected Governor Jerry Brown appointed Roberts Director of the California Department of Vocational Rehabilitation—the same agency that had once labelled him too severely disabled to work. He served in that post until 1983. When California politics again shifted to the right, he returned again to Berkeley, where he co founded the World Institute on Disability with Judith E. Heumann and Joan Leon. The World Institute on Disability is internationally known, and considered a hotbed of disability politics activism. Before the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 was passed, Roberts realized that many of the buildings at UC Berkeley were not accessible to him or other wheelchair users. Disability rights activists wanted to end discrimination and have rights for people with disabilities that were mandated and protected by the law. In what came to be called the 504 Sit in, Roberts and his peers demonstrated to enforce section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which stated that people with disabilities should not be excluded from activities, denied the right to receive benefits, or be discriminated against, from any program that uses federal financial assistance, solely because of their disability. For 28 days, activists occupied the offices of the Carter Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare building located in San Francisco. The government staff refused to assist the protesters in any way. Other minority groups such as Black Panthers, the Butterfly Brigade, and even an anti gay violence group supported the disability rights movement and brought in food along with other materials to assist the protesters. While the protesters gathered, Roberts spoke to motivate the crowds of people. Eventually, government officials agreed to a congressional hearing which was held in the building. The testimonies of Ed Roberts along with other activists were so compelling that the representative from the Department of Health Education Welfare joined the sit in. After relentlessly fighting for their rights, section 504 was signed into law and became fully implemented under President Nixon. This taught disability activists that they could shape the federal rulings in their favor. These acts of resistance was a contributing factor which paved the way for the creation of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Roberts died on March 14, 1995, at the age of 56 from cardiac arrest at his home in Berkeley. Roberts has been termed the father of the independent living movement in the U. S., though Lex Frieden of Texas was more well known in Washington politics. Roberts is highlighted in Joseph Shapiro's 1993 book, No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement.

Ed Roberts married Catherine Dugan in 1976, but the couple divorced in 1982. They shared custody of their son Lee together.