Филиппино-американская война: Хроника событий (1899–1902)

None

The Philippine–American War, also known as the Philippine War of Independence or the Philippine Insurrection (1899–1902), was an armed conflict between Filipino revolutionaries and the government of the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following the Philippines being acquired by the United States from Spain. This article lists significant events from before, during, and after that war, with links to other articles containing more detail.

21–25 April – The Spanish–American War begins. War is declared by the United States and Spain. 1 May – Commodore George Dewey decisively defeated the Spanish fleet commanded by Patricio Montojo in the Battle of Manila Bay.

Prior to the Spanish–American War, the Philippine Revolution against Spain had been suspended by the Pact of Biak na Bato. Following on that pact, Emilio Aguinaldo, who had been leader of the Katipunan, went into exile in Hong Kong along with other revolutionary leaders. Some revolutionaries remained in the Philippines and continued the revolution. When the Spanish–American War broke out, American forces sailed for the Philippines and decisively defeated the Spanish Navy. Aguinaldo then returned to the Philippines, and resumed a leadership role in the revolution. As the Spanish–American War continues, Aguinaldo proclaims Philippine independence and establishes an insurgent government.

4 February – General hostilities erupt between U. S. inside Manila and Filipino forces surrounding the city. 4 February – Emilio Aguinaldo proclaims war on U. S. forces. 31 March – American forces capture Malolos, capital of the Philippine Republic on Luzon, driving out Aguinaldo and his government. 9–10 April – Battle of Santa Cruz: U. S. General Henry W. Lawton captures Filipino stronghold of Santa Cruz and pushes into Laguna province on Luzon. 11 April – Battle of Pagsanjan: American sharpshooters skirmish with Filipinos outside of Pagsanjan, succeeding in driving them out. General Lawton's troops take Pagsanjan in the second action of the Laguna Campaign. 12 April – Battle of Paete: General Lawton's forces disperse Filipinos blocking route to Paete in a stiff fight. Paete taken by the Americans. The last action of the Laguna Campaign. 23 April – Battle of Quingua: Filipino General Gregorio del Pilar stops American cavalry scouts on Luzon, but is then routed after an artillery bombardment and infantry ground assault. 2 June – The Malolos Congress of the First Philippine Republic enacted and ratified a Declaration of War on the United States, which was publicly proclaimed on that same day by Pedro Paterno, President of the Assembly. 5 June – Filipino General Antonio Luna assassinated by Aguinaldo's men. 13 June – Battle of Zapote Bridge: Lawton's American forces rout a larger Philippine force under General Maximo Hizon and inflict heavy casualties on the enemy in 2nd largest battle of the Philippine–American War. 11 November – Battle of San Jacinto: American General Loyd Wheaton drives Filipinos out of San Jacinto, Luzon. 13 November – Emilio Aguinaldo decrees that guerrilla warfare would henceforth be the strategy. 2 December – Battle of Tirad Pass: Sixty Filipino soldiers under General Gregorio del Pilar fight off an attack of 500 American soldiers for 5 hours, before nearly all Filipinos are killed, including del Pilar. 19 December – Battle of Paye: For unknown reasons, General Lawton assumed personal command of the expedition, and was struck in the chest and killed when the unit he was with came under fire. The town of Montalban was occupied in the action before Lawton's death, and the town of San Mateo was occupied afterwards. Lawton was the only U. S. fatality in the action.

15 April – In the Siege of Catubig, Filipino guerrillas launch a surprise attack against a detachment of American soldiers, and after a four day siege, Americans evacuate the town of Catubig in Samar. May – General Arthur MacArthur, Jr. replaces General Elwell Stephen Otis as military governor and William Howard Taft arrived as civilian Governor General of the Philippines (until 1904)
June – General Arthur MacArthur, Jr. proclaims a 90 day amnesty and offers 30 pesos per rifle. The amnesty pledges "complete immunity for the past and liberty for the future." The results of the amnesty were disappointing. It is suspected that many of the natives surrendering were opportunists collecting bounty for obsolete weapons. 4 June – In the Battle of Makahambus Hill, Filipinos rout an American regiment and inflict heavy casualties, but take less than 5 casualties of their own. 13 September – In the Battle of Pulang Lupa, Filipino resistance fighters under Colonel Maximo Abad ambush 55 American Soldiers, killing, wounding, or capturing all of them. 17 September – Battle of Mabitac: Filipino forces outmaneuver and routed American forces on Luzon. 2 November – William McKinley defeats Democrat William Jennings Bryan in the presidential election. Bryan was hurt by Aguinaldo's endorsement of the Democratic party. Albert Beveridge, the freshman senator from Indiana, emerged during the campaign as the "golden orator" of Republican imperialism, debating Senator George Frisbie Hoar, using his tour of the Philippines to claim direct knowledge of the war, holding out a golden nugget from the islands to prove its potential wealth: "I was there."

5 March – Lonoy Massacre; in a reverse ambush, U. S. Infantryman launch a surprise attack on Bohol natives who had laid an ambush and kill over 400. 23 March – Aguinaldo is captured in Palanan, Isabela by Macabebe Scouts and U. S. forces. 1 April – Aguinaldo swears allegiance to the United States. 1 April – Aguinaldo appeals to all Filipinos to accept the "sovereignty of the United States ". 28 September – Balangiga massacre; over 50 Americans are killed in an uprising on Samar. Gen. Jacob H. Smith orders retaliation. 7 December – American General J. Franklin Bell begins concentration camp policy in Batangas on Luzon everything outside the "dead lines" was systematically destroyed—humans, crops, domestic animals, houses, and boats. A similar policy had been initiated on the island of Marinduque some months before. An American Anti imperialist press argues this policy is similar to the reconcentrado policy of Spanish General Valeriano Weyler in Cuba and British General Horatio Kitchener in the Second Boer War in South Africa.

31 January – Senator George Frisbie Hoar pushes for a Congressional investigation by the standing Committee on the Philippines headed by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge into alleged cruelties inflicted upon Filipino prisoners by U. S. servicemen. The investigation concluded on 28 June 1902. For two months after this the legal team presenting evidence for the committee compiled its report. This report was released on 29 August 1902. The report is available at Wikisource:Secretary Root's Record:"Marked Severities" in Philippine Warfare. 17 February – Filipino General Vicente Lukbán captured on Samar. Resistance continues in the Samar interior. 2 March – Court martial of U. S. Marine Major Littleton Waller begins for the January execution of 11 mutinous porters on Samar. Court votes 11 2 for acquittal. 16 April – Filipino General Miguel Malvar surrenders in Luzon, followed by 3,000 of his men. The last Filipino general to surrender in the war. 27 April – The last guerrilla in Samar surrenders. Court martial of U. S. General Jacob H. Smith for ordering the killing of all males over 10 years of age on Samar. He was convicted, verbally admonished, sent back to U. S., and retired from service. 16 June – U. S. military rule ends; civil government begins. 1 July – Passage of the Philippine Organic Act by the United States, the basic law of the Insular Government. 4 July – U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt proclaims a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all people in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict.

Battle of Dolores River – Forty seven Philippine Constabulary Scouts were ambushed by 1000 pulajans and nearly all killed.

5–7 March – First Battle of Bud Dajo; one thousand Moros fortify themselves in an extinct volcanic crater on Mindanao and battle a large number of American soldiers, before virtually all Moros Scouts killed. 17 July – Macario Sakay, president of the Tagalog Republic surrenders to Philippine Constabulary Chief Harry Hill Bandholtz.

September – General John J. Pershing, governor of the Moro province, ordered the complete disarmament of all Moros. December – In the Second Battle of Bud Dajo, U. S. forces, assaulted and captured a Moro held defensive position in the Bud Dajo crater.

11–15 June – Battle of Bud Bagsak.