Введение
Симон бар Гиора (также известный как Симеон бар Гиора, Симон бен Гиора или Шимон бар Гиора, ; умер в 71 году н.э.) был лидером одной из крупнейших иудейских повстанческих группировок во время Первой иудейско-римской войны в римской Иудее I века, соперничавших за контроль над еврейским государством и стремившихся изгнать римскую армию, но в результате спровоцировавших ожесточенную междоусобную войну.
Simon bar Giora (alternatively known as Simeon bar Giora or Simon ben Giora or Shimon bar Giora, or ; died 71 CE) was the leader of one of the major Judean rebel factions during the First Jewish–Roman War in 1st century Roman Judea, who vied for control of the Jewish polity while attempting to expel the Roman army, but incited a bitter internecine war in the process.
Жизнь
Симон бар Гиора, родившийся в Герасе Самарийском, прославился во время Первой Иудейско-Римской войны, когда римские войска под командованием Цестия Галла двинулись к Иерусалиму в 66 году. Симон возглавил атаку на наступающие римские войска и способствовал их поражению, напав с севера у Беф-Хорона. Он обратил в бегство арьергард и захватил множество вьючных животных, перевозивших военное снаряжение, и ввел их в город. Эта победа ознаменовала начало Первой Иудейско-Римской войны, на 12-м году правления Нерона. Однако иерусалимские власти отвергли его кандидатуру на должность командующего, поскольку не желали видеть популярного лидера мятежного крестьянства, если им предстояло смягчить восстание и вести переговоры с римлянами. В результате Симон собрал большое число повстанцев и начал грабить дома богатых людей в округе Акраббене.
Meanwhile, a large force of Idumeans had encamped outside the walls of Jerusalem, and were barred by the citizenry from entering inside the city, in hopes of preserving the peace. Members of the Zealot party secretly opened one of the gates to bring them inside, hoping thereby to augment their forces against the common enemy of Rome. Now outraged that they had been barred from the city by the citizenry, the Idumeans went about murdering the common people of the city, including two of Israel's High Priests, Ananus ben Ananus and Joshua ben Gamla. Simon stayed safe in Masada from the Judean provisional Government authorities until Ananus ben Ananus was killed in the Zealot Temple Siege, after which he left the fortress for the hill country and proclaimed liberty for those in slavery, and a reward to those already free. He gathered power quickly as more people and influential men joined him. He soon dared to venture into the flatlands, constructed a fort in a village called Nain, and stored food and booty within caves in Pharan valley. It was obvious that he prepared to attack Jerusalem. However, Simon ben Giora first attacked Idumea to the south of Jerusalem, sacking its many villages, and his intimidating army met no real resistance. He marched into Hebron, robbed the grain stores of towns and villages, and plundered the countryside in order to feed his vast troops. By this time, he was followed by forty thousand people not including his soldiers. Within Jerusalem, John of Giscala had set himself up as a despotic ruler after overthrowing lawful authority of the Judean provisional government in the Zealot Temple Siege. In order to get rid of him, the remaining Jerusalem authorities decided to invite Simon to enter the city and to drive John away. Acclaimed by the people as their savior and guardian, Simon was admitted. Simon, with fifteen thousand soldiers at hand, soon controlled the whole upper city and some of the lower city, setting up his place of residence in the tower of Phasael. John held parts of the lower city and the Temple's outer court with six thousand men and a third splinter group of twenty four hundred men controlled the temple's inner court. Within the city, factions fought vigorously over the control of Jerusalem, always trying to destroy each other's grain stores to starve each other into submission. By his authority, coins were minted declaring the redemption of Zion. Just before Passover in 70, Titus began the siege of Jerusalem. He quickly took down the first and second wall, but then met fierce resistance However, Simon and John both upheld their reigns of terror over the citizens, causing many to flee to the Romans. To counteract these desertions, Simon put every potential betrayer, including some of his previous friends, to death. was taken prisoner and brought to Rome, where he was imprisoned in Mamertine Prison. Like kings of other countries Simon was paraded through the streets of Rome in chains during the triumphal procession. Judged a rebel and a traitor by the Romans, he was executed by being thrown to his death from the Tarpeian Rock near the Temple of Jupiter.
Тем временем большое войско идумеев расположилось за стенами Иерусалима, и горожане запретили им входить, надеясь сохранить мир. Члены партии зелотов тайно открыли одни из ворот, чтобы впустить их, надеясь тем самым усилить свои силы против общего врага – Рима. Возмущенные тем, что горожане запретили им вход в город, идумеи принялись убивать простых жителей, включая двух первосвященников Израиля, Анануса бен Анануса и Иисуса бен Гамлу. Симон укрылся в Масаде от властей временного иудейского правительства, пока Ананус бен Ананус не был убит во время осады Храма зелотами, после чего он покинул крепость и отправился в горную страну, провозгласив свободу для рабов и награду для тех, кто уже был свободен. Он быстро набирал силу, поскольку к нему присоединялось все больше людей и влиятельных лиц. Вскоре он осмелился выйти в равнины, построил укрепление в деревне Наин и складировал продовольствие и добычу в пещерах долины Фаран. Было очевидно, что он готовится к нападению на Иерусалим. Однако Симон бар Гиора первым напал на Идумею к югу от Иерусалима, разграбив множество ее деревень, и его грозное войско не встретило серьезного сопротивления. Он вошел в Хеврон, ограбил зернохранилища городов и деревень и разграбил сельскую местность, чтобы прокормить свою огромную армию. К этому времени за ним следовало сорок тысяч человек, не считая его солдат. В Иерусалиме Иоанн Гискальский установил деспотическое правление, свергнув законную власть временного иудейского правительства во время осады Храма зелотами. Чтобы избавиться от него, оставшиеся иерусалимские власти решили пригласить Симона войти в город и изгнать Иоанна. Принятый народом как спаситель и защитник, Симон был допущен в город. Симон, имея в своем распоряжении пятнадцать тысяч солдат, вскоре взял под контроль весь верхний город и часть нижнего, разместив свою резиденцию в башне Фасаэля. Иоанн контролировал части нижнего города и внешний двор Храма с шестью тысячами человек, а третья группировка из двух тысяч четырехсот человек контролировала внутренний двор Храма. Внутри города группировки ожесточенно боролись за контроль над Иерусалимом, постоянно стремясь уничтожить зерновые запасы друг друга, чтобы добиться капитуляции противника голодом. По его приказу были отчеканены монеты, провозглашающие искупление Сиона. Непосредственно перед Пасхой в 70 году Титус начал осаду Иерусалима. Он быстро разрушил первую и вторую стены, но затем столкнулся с ожесточенным сопротивлением. Однако Симон и Иоанн оба поддерживали свой террор над горожанами, заставляя многих бежать к римлянам. Чтобы противодействовать этому дезертирству, Симон казнил всех потенциальных предателей, включая некоторых из своих бывших друзей.
Meanwhile, a large force of Idumeans had encamped outside the walls of Jerusalem, and were barred by the citizenry from entering inside the city, in hopes of preserving the peace. Members of the Zealot party secretly opened one of the gates to bring them inside, hoping thereby to augment their forces against the common enemy of Rome. Now outraged that they had been barred from the city by the citizenry, the Idumeans went about murdering the common people of the city, including two of Israel's High Priests, Ananus ben Ananus and Joshua ben Gamla. Simon stayed safe in Masada from the Judean provisional Government authorities until Ananus ben Ananus was killed in the Zealot Temple Siege, after which he left the fortress for the hill country and proclaimed liberty for those in slavery, and a reward to those already free. He gathered power quickly as more people and influential men joined him. He soon dared to venture into the flatlands, constructed a fort in a village called Nain, and stored food and booty within caves in Pharan valley. It was obvious that he prepared to attack Jerusalem. However, Simon ben Giora first attacked Idumea to the south of Jerusalem, sacking its many villages, and his intimidating army met no real resistance. He marched into Hebron, robbed the grain stores of towns and villages, and plundered the countryside in order to feed his vast troops. By this time, he was followed by forty thousand people not including his soldiers. Within Jerusalem, John of Giscala had set himself up as a despotic ruler after overthrowing lawful authority of the Judean provisional government in the Zealot Temple Siege. In order to get rid of him, the remaining Jerusalem authorities decided to invite Simon to enter the city and to drive John away. Acclaimed by the people as their savior and guardian, Simon was admitted. Simon, with fifteen thousand soldiers at hand, soon controlled the whole upper city and some of the lower city, setting up his place of residence in the tower of Phasael. John held parts of the lower city and the Temple's outer court with six thousand men and a third splinter group of twenty four hundred men controlled the temple's inner court. Within the city, factions fought vigorously over the control of Jerusalem, always trying to destroy each other's grain stores to starve each other into submission. By his authority, coins were minted declaring the redemption of Zion. Just before Passover in 70, Titus began the siege of Jerusalem. He quickly took down the first and second wall, but then met fierce resistance However, Simon and John both upheld their reigns of terror over the citizens, causing many to flee to the Romans. To counteract these desertions, Simon put every potential betrayer, including some of his previous friends, to death. was taken prisoner and brought to Rome, where he was imprisoned in Mamertine Prison. Like kings of other countries Simon was paraded through the streets of Rome in chains during the triumphal procession. Judged a rebel and a traitor by the Romans, he was executed by being thrown to his death from the Tarpeian Rock near the Temple of Jupiter.
Он был взят в плен и доставлен в Рим, где заключен в тюрьму Мамертина. Как и цари других стран, Симон был протащен по улицам Рима в цепях во время триумфального шествия. Признанный римлянами мятежником и предателем, он был казнен, сброшенный со Скалы Тарпеи возле храма Юпитера.
Meanwhile, a large force of Idumeans had encamped outside the walls of Jerusalem, and were barred by the citizenry from entering inside the city, in hopes of preserving the peace. Members of the Zealot party secretly opened one of the gates to bring them inside, hoping thereby to augment their forces against the common enemy of Rome. Now outraged that they had been barred from the city by the citizenry, the Idumeans went about murdering the common people of the city, including two of Israel's High Priests, Ananus ben Ananus and Joshua ben Gamla. Simon stayed safe in Masada from the Judean provisional Government authorities until Ananus ben Ananus was killed in the Zealot Temple Siege, after which he left the fortress for the hill country and proclaimed liberty for those in slavery, and a reward to those already free. He gathered power quickly as more people and influential men joined him. He soon dared to venture into the flatlands, constructed a fort in a village called Nain, and stored food and booty within caves in Pharan valley. It was obvious that he prepared to attack Jerusalem. However, Simon ben Giora first attacked Idumea to the south of Jerusalem, sacking its many villages, and his intimidating army met no real resistance. He marched into Hebron, robbed the grain stores of towns and villages, and plundered the countryside in order to feed his vast troops. By this time, he was followed by forty thousand people not including his soldiers. Within Jerusalem, John of Giscala had set himself up as a despotic ruler after overthrowing lawful authority of the Judean provisional government in the Zealot Temple Siege. In order to get rid of him, the remaining Jerusalem authorities decided to invite Simon to enter the city and to drive John away. Acclaimed by the people as their savior and guardian, Simon was admitted. Simon, with fifteen thousand soldiers at hand, soon controlled the whole upper city and some of the lower city, setting up his place of residence in the tower of Phasael. John held parts of the lower city and the Temple's outer court with six thousand men and a third splinter group of twenty four hundred men controlled the temple's inner court. Within the city, factions fought vigorously over the control of Jerusalem, always trying to destroy each other's grain stores to starve each other into submission. By his authority, coins were minted declaring the redemption of Zion. Just before Passover in 70, Titus began the siege of Jerusalem. He quickly took down the first and second wall, but then met fierce resistance However, Simon and John both upheld their reigns of terror over the citizens, causing many to flee to the Romans. To counteract these desertions, Simon put every potential betrayer, including some of his previous friends, to death. was taken prisoner and brought to Rome, where he was imprisoned in Mamertine Prison. Like kings of other countries Simon was paraded through the streets of Rome in chains during the triumphal procession. Judged a rebel and a traitor by the Romans, he was executed by being thrown to his death from the Tarpeian Rock near the Temple of Jupiter.