Введение
Ограничительная кардиомиопатия (ОКМ) – это форма кардиомиопатии, при которой стенки сердца жесткие (но не утолщенные). В результате сердце ограничено в способности растягиваться и должным образом наполняться кровью. Это наименее распространенный из трех первоначальных подтипов кардиомиопатии: гипертрофическая, дилатационная и ограничительная. Конфигурация в виде буквы М или W на инвазивной гемодинамической кривой давления в правом предсердии.
Корень квадратный части инвазивной гемодинамической кривой давления в левом желудочке.
Увеличение обоих предсердий.
Утолщение стенок левого желудочка (при нормальном размере полости).
Утолщение свободной стенки правого желудочка (при нормальном размере полости).
Повышенное давление в правом предсердии (>12 мм рт. ст.).
Умеренная легочная гипертензия.
Нормальная систолическая функция.
Нарушенная диастолическая функция, обычно III–IV степени. Диастолическая сердечная недостаточность. Пациенты с ОКМ испытывают снижение толерантности к физическим нагрузкам, усталость, набухание яремных вен, периферические отеки и асцит. Таким образом, причины можно разделить на первичные и вторичные. Современная классификация включает инфильтративные, болезни накопления, неинфильтративные и эндомиокардиальные этиологии:
Square root sign of part of the invasive hemodynamic pressure tracing Of The LV
Biatrial enlargement
Thickened LV walls (with normal chamber size)
Thickened RV free wall (with normal chamber size)
Elevated right atrial pressure (>12mmHg),
Moderate pulmonary hypertension,
Normal systolic function,
Poor diastolic function, typically Grade III IV Diastolic heart failure. Those affected by RCM will experience decreased exercise tolerance, fatigue, jugular venous distention, peripheral edema, and ascites. Thus it is possible to divide the causes into primary and secondary. The common modern organization is into Infiltrative, storage diseases, non infiltrative, and endomyocardial etiologies:
Genetic
DES (desmin)
CRYAB (alpha B Crystallin, HSPB5)
FLNC (filamin C)
Infiltrative
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
Primary hyperoxaluria
Storage diseases
Fabry disease
Gaucher disease
Hereditary hemochromatosis
Glycogen storage disease
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (Hurler syndrome)
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome)
Niemann Pick disease
Non infiltrative
Idiopathic
Diabetic cardiomyopathy
Scleroderma
Myofibrillar myopathies
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Sarcomeric protein disorders
Werner's syndrome
Endomyocardial
Carcinoid heart disease
Endomyocardial fibrosis
Idiopathic
Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia
Drugs (serotonin, methysergide, ergotamine, mercurial agents, busulfan)
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Consequence of cancer or cancer therapy
Metastatic cancer
Drugs (anthracyclines)
Radiation
The most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy is amyloidosis.
Генетические:
DES (десмин)
CRYAB (альфа B кристаллин, HSPB5)
FLNC (филамин C)
Square root sign of part of the invasive hemodynamic pressure tracing Of The LV
Biatrial enlargement
Thickened LV walls (with normal chamber size)
Thickened RV free wall (with normal chamber size)
Elevated right atrial pressure (>12mmHg),
Moderate pulmonary hypertension,
Normal systolic function,
Poor diastolic function, typically Grade III IV Diastolic heart failure. Those affected by RCM will experience decreased exercise tolerance, fatigue, jugular venous distention, peripheral edema, and ascites. Thus it is possible to divide the causes into primary and secondary. The common modern organization is into Infiltrative, storage diseases, non infiltrative, and endomyocardial etiologies:
Genetic
DES (desmin)
CRYAB (alpha B Crystallin, HSPB5)
FLNC (filamin C)
Infiltrative
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
Primary hyperoxaluria
Storage diseases
Fabry disease
Gaucher disease
Hereditary hemochromatosis
Glycogen storage disease
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (Hurler syndrome)
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome)
Niemann Pick disease
Non infiltrative
Idiopathic
Diabetic cardiomyopathy
Scleroderma
Myofibrillar myopathies
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Sarcomeric protein disorders
Werner's syndrome
Endomyocardial
Carcinoid heart disease
Endomyocardial fibrosis
Idiopathic
Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia
Drugs (serotonin, methysergide, ergotamine, mercurial agents, busulfan)
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Consequence of cancer or cancer therapy
Metastatic cancer
Drugs (anthracyclines)
Radiation
The most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy is amyloidosis.
Инфильтративные:
Амилоидоз
Саркоидоз
Первичная гиперуксурия
Square root sign of part of the invasive hemodynamic pressure tracing Of The LV
Biatrial enlargement
Thickened LV walls (with normal chamber size)
Thickened RV free wall (with normal chamber size)
Elevated right atrial pressure (>12mmHg),
Moderate pulmonary hypertension,
Normal systolic function,
Poor diastolic function, typically Grade III IV Diastolic heart failure. Those affected by RCM will experience decreased exercise tolerance, fatigue, jugular venous distention, peripheral edema, and ascites. Thus it is possible to divide the causes into primary and secondary. The common modern organization is into Infiltrative, storage diseases, non infiltrative, and endomyocardial etiologies:
Genetic
DES (desmin)
CRYAB (alpha B Crystallin, HSPB5)
FLNC (filamin C)
Infiltrative
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
Primary hyperoxaluria
Storage diseases
Fabry disease
Gaucher disease
Hereditary hemochromatosis
Glycogen storage disease
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (Hurler syndrome)
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome)
Niemann Pick disease
Non infiltrative
Idiopathic
Diabetic cardiomyopathy
Scleroderma
Myofibrillar myopathies
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Sarcomeric protein disorders
Werner's syndrome
Endomyocardial
Carcinoid heart disease
Endomyocardial fibrosis
Idiopathic
Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia
Drugs (serotonin, methysergide, ergotamine, mercurial agents, busulfan)
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Consequence of cancer or cancer therapy
Metastatic cancer
Drugs (anthracyclines)
Radiation
The most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy is amyloidosis.
Болезни накопления:
Болезнь Фабри
Болезнь Гоше
Наследственный гемохроматоз
Болезнь накопления гликогена
Мукополисахаридоз I типа (синдром Херлера)
Мукополисахаридоз II типа (синдром Хантера)
Болезнь Ниманна–Пика
Square root sign of part of the invasive hemodynamic pressure tracing Of The LV
Biatrial enlargement
Thickened LV walls (with normal chamber size)
Thickened RV free wall (with normal chamber size)
Elevated right atrial pressure (>12mmHg),
Moderate pulmonary hypertension,
Normal systolic function,
Poor diastolic function, typically Grade III IV Diastolic heart failure. Those affected by RCM will experience decreased exercise tolerance, fatigue, jugular venous distention, peripheral edema, and ascites. Thus it is possible to divide the causes into primary and secondary. The common modern organization is into Infiltrative, storage diseases, non infiltrative, and endomyocardial etiologies:
Genetic
DES (desmin)
CRYAB (alpha B Crystallin, HSPB5)
FLNC (filamin C)
Infiltrative
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
Primary hyperoxaluria
Storage diseases
Fabry disease
Gaucher disease
Hereditary hemochromatosis
Glycogen storage disease
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (Hurler syndrome)
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome)
Niemann Pick disease
Non infiltrative
Idiopathic
Diabetic cardiomyopathy
Scleroderma
Myofibrillar myopathies
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Sarcomeric protein disorders
Werner's syndrome
Endomyocardial
Carcinoid heart disease
Endomyocardial fibrosis
Idiopathic
Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia
Drugs (serotonin, methysergide, ergotamine, mercurial agents, busulfan)
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Consequence of cancer or cancer therapy
Metastatic cancer
Drugs (anthracyclines)
Radiation
The most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy is amyloidosis.
Неинфильтративные:
Идиопатическая
Диабетическая кардиомиопатия
Склеродермия
Миофибриллярные миопатии
Псевдоксантома эластическая
Саркомерные протеинопатии
Синдром Вернера
Square root sign of part of the invasive hemodynamic pressure tracing Of The LV
Biatrial enlargement
Thickened LV walls (with normal chamber size)
Thickened RV free wall (with normal chamber size)
Elevated right atrial pressure (>12mmHg),
Moderate pulmonary hypertension,
Normal systolic function,
Poor diastolic function, typically Grade III IV Diastolic heart failure. Those affected by RCM will experience decreased exercise tolerance, fatigue, jugular venous distention, peripheral edema, and ascites. Thus it is possible to divide the causes into primary and secondary. The common modern organization is into Infiltrative, storage diseases, non infiltrative, and endomyocardial etiologies:
Genetic
DES (desmin)
CRYAB (alpha B Crystallin, HSPB5)
FLNC (filamin C)
Infiltrative
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
Primary hyperoxaluria
Storage diseases
Fabry disease
Gaucher disease
Hereditary hemochromatosis
Glycogen storage disease
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (Hurler syndrome)
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome)
Niemann Pick disease
Non infiltrative
Idiopathic
Diabetic cardiomyopathy
Scleroderma
Myofibrillar myopathies
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Sarcomeric protein disorders
Werner's syndrome
Endomyocardial
Carcinoid heart disease
Endomyocardial fibrosis
Idiopathic
Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia
Drugs (serotonin, methysergide, ergotamine, mercurial agents, busulfan)
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Consequence of cancer or cancer therapy
Metastatic cancer
Drugs (anthracyclines)
Radiation
The most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy is amyloidosis.
Эндомиокардиальные:
Карциноидная болезнь сердца
Эндомиокардиальный фиброз
Идиопатическая
Гиперэозинофильный синдром
Хронический эозинофильный лейкоз
Лекарственные препараты (серотонин, метисергид, эрготамин, ртутные препараты, бусульфан)
Эндокардиальный фиброэластоз
Последствие рака или противораковой терапии
Метастатический рак
Лекарственные препараты (антрациклины)
Лучевая терапия
Square root sign of part of the invasive hemodynamic pressure tracing Of The LV
Biatrial enlargement
Thickened LV walls (with normal chamber size)
Thickened RV free wall (with normal chamber size)
Elevated right atrial pressure (>12mmHg),
Moderate pulmonary hypertension,
Normal systolic function,
Poor diastolic function, typically Grade III IV Diastolic heart failure. Those affected by RCM will experience decreased exercise tolerance, fatigue, jugular venous distention, peripheral edema, and ascites. Thus it is possible to divide the causes into primary and secondary. The common modern organization is into Infiltrative, storage diseases, non infiltrative, and endomyocardial etiologies:
Genetic
DES (desmin)
CRYAB (alpha B Crystallin, HSPB5)
FLNC (filamin C)
Infiltrative
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
Primary hyperoxaluria
Storage diseases
Fabry disease
Gaucher disease
Hereditary hemochromatosis
Glycogen storage disease
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (Hurler syndrome)
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome)
Niemann Pick disease
Non infiltrative
Idiopathic
Diabetic cardiomyopathy
Scleroderma
Myofibrillar myopathies
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Sarcomeric protein disorders
Werner's syndrome
Endomyocardial
Carcinoid heart disease
Endomyocardial fibrosis
Idiopathic
Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia
Drugs (serotonin, methysergide, ergotamine, mercurial agents, busulfan)
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Consequence of cancer or cancer therapy
Metastatic cancer
Drugs (anthracyclines)
Radiation
The most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy is amyloidosis.
Наиболее частой причиной ограничительной кардиомиопатии является амилоидоз.
Square root sign of part of the invasive hemodynamic pressure tracing Of The LV
Biatrial enlargement
Thickened LV walls (with normal chamber size)
Thickened RV free wall (with normal chamber size)
Elevated right atrial pressure (>12mmHg),
Moderate pulmonary hypertension,
Normal systolic function,
Poor diastolic function, typically Grade III IV Diastolic heart failure. Those affected by RCM will experience decreased exercise tolerance, fatigue, jugular venous distention, peripheral edema, and ascites. Thus it is possible to divide the causes into primary and secondary. The common modern organization is into Infiltrative, storage diseases, non infiltrative, and endomyocardial etiologies:
Genetic
DES (desmin)
CRYAB (alpha B Crystallin, HSPB5)
FLNC (filamin C)
Infiltrative
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
Primary hyperoxaluria
Storage diseases
Fabry disease
Gaucher disease
Hereditary hemochromatosis
Glycogen storage disease
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (Hurler syndrome)
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome)
Niemann Pick disease
Non infiltrative
Idiopathic
Diabetic cardiomyopathy
Scleroderma
Myofibrillar myopathies
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Sarcomeric protein disorders
Werner's syndrome
Endomyocardial
Carcinoid heart disease
Endomyocardial fibrosis
Idiopathic
Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia
Drugs (serotonin, methysergide, ergotamine, mercurial agents, busulfan)
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Consequence of cancer or cancer therapy
Metastatic cancer
Drugs (anthracyclines)
Radiation
The most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy is amyloidosis.
Диагноз
Диагноз обычно ставится с помощью эхокардиографии. У пациентов наблюдается нормальная систолическая функция, диастолическая дисфункция и рестриктивный тип наполнения желудочков. В некоторых случаях может потребоваться кардиомагнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ) сердца и трансвенозная биопсия эндомиокарда. Вследствие снижения кровотока через сердце происходит повышение давления наполнения, направленное на поддержание оптимального кровообращения по всему организму. Однако чрезмерное использование диуретиков может привести к недостаточному кровоснабжению тканей организма и, как следствие, к тканевой гипоперфузии из-за уменьшения общего объема циркулирующей крови. Блокаторы кальциевых каналов обычно противопоказаны из-за их отрицательного инотропного эффекта, особенно при кардиомиопатии, вызванной амилоидозом. Дигоксин, блокаторы кальциевых каналов и бета-адреноблокаторы приносят мало пользы, за исключением подгруппы пациентов с рестриктивной кардиомиопатией и фибрилляцией предсердий. Вазодилататоры также обычно неэффективны, поскольку систолическая функция обычно сохранена при рестриктивной кардиомиопатии.