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1961 film by Richard Donner

X 15 is a 1961 American aviation drama film that presents a fictionalized account of the X 15 research rocket aircraft program, the test pilots who flew the aircraft, and the associated NASA community that supported the program. X 15 starred David McLean, Charles Bronson, James Gregory and Mary Tyler Moore (in her first feature film role). The film marked the feature film directorial debut of Richard Donner, and was narrated by James Stewart.

The experimental North American X 15 program at Edwards Air Force Base involves test pilots: civilian Matt Powell, Lt. Col. Lee Brandon, and Maj. Ernest Wilde. The cutting edge high speed program is ramrodded by project chief Tom Deparma and US Air Force Col. Craig Brewster. As the test pilots prepare for the planned launch of the rocket powered aircraft from a Boeing B 52 Stratofortress mother ship, they experience emotional and physical problems, which they share with their wives and sweethearts. Test after test results in setbacks, including a near disaster when an engine explodes during a ground test and engulfs the X 15 and its pilot in flames, but finally the X 15 begins to set records in speed and altitude for a piloted aircraft. When the X 15 "flames out" on a high altitude run, after guiding the X 15 to a safe landing, saving Powell's life, Lt. Col. Brandon, flying a chase aircraft, is killed in a crash. Powell himself takes the X 15 into outer space for the final test.

Originally planned around the earlier NASA Bell X 2 program, writer/producer and later screenwriter, Tony Lazzarino shopped the project around Hollywood in 1958, appearing under several titles: Exit, Time of Departure and Beyond the Unknown. Lazzarino was successful in teaming with Bob Hope, who wanted to produce the film. With $350,000 assigned for primary shooting, with an additional $72,500 for post production work, by August 1960, pre production had moved from Hope Enterprises (Hope's film company) to Frank Sinatra’s Essex Productions. After reviewing the initial draft screenplay, Pentagon suggestions clarified that the X 15 test program would be the focus for the upcoming production. Much of the principal photography for the film was undertaken at Edwards Air Force Base and the NASA High Speed Flight Station (now the Dryden Flight Research Center) in California, with the direct assistance of NASA, the United States Air Force and North American Aviation. USAF Capt. Jay Hanks and NASA research pilot Milton Orville Thompson served as technical advisors on the film. Thompson himself later became an X 15 pilot. The film featured carefully edited NASA footage of X 15 flights intercut with original photography, with a minimum of special effects work using animation. In a pivotal scene of the chase aircraft crashing, X 15 used US Air Force archival footage of the January 10, 1956, "Sabre dance" crash of a North American F 100 Super Sabre flown by Lt. Barty R. Brooks. Another critical scene involved the X 15 3 being destroyed on the test stand when the rocket engine exploded, using stock footage of the accident. A archived letter from NASA Armstrong (then Dryden) to the movie producers, reviewing the script prior to production, had recommended a different scenario for a fatal X 15 accident. It cited maximum risk as beginning reentry from space with the X 15 at an inappropriate orientation. That situation actually occurred several years later on X 15 Flight 3 65 97, November 15, 1967, in the rebuilt X 15 3, when pilot Mike Adams experienced a hypersonic spin on reentry. The result was final destruction of the #3 X 15 and the only X 15 pilot fatality. The probable cause was pilot vertigo while in space.

After its initial successful introduction, X 15 quickly faded from movie screens, and was unable to gain much traction from foreign releases. Rarely shown on television, with its first airing only in 1979, the film was released briefly in VHS in 1983 and was released on DVD in 2004.

Released just as the actual rocket aircraft was making headlines in breaking speed and altitude records and reaching the upper edges of the stratosphere, X 15 was critically reviewed, receiving praise for its authenticity. Following its premiere in Washington, D. C., The Washington Evening Star raved, "Whatever its serious scientific intentions, the X 15 is an almost unbelievable screen spectacular." Most reviews centered on the accurate portrayal of the U. S. space effort, but disparaged the tepid romantic storyline, even suggesting that the film should have been made as a documentary. In a more recent appraisal of the film, reviewer Glenn Erickson confronted the two critical failings of the film, emphasizing that Donner's direction resulted in an insipid portrait while short cutting production values also led to an unsatisfying result. Erickson states clearly, "X 15 plays like a bland Air Force Audio Visual Services film that turned into a feature. One of the film's producers was Frank Sinatra, and actor Brad Dexter was at this time sort of a producer wheeler dealer as well. The film may have started as a government publicity effort, as the idea that the X 15 program is in trouble with the press and Washington is given more attention than anything else in the movie." Even for aviation aficionados, the film is a failure because the production is an "anamorphic movie with an aspect ratio of 2:35. All the original "docu" shots of the real jets and rockets were photographed at the standard narrow 1:37." The jarring back and forth between a standard widescreen format and NASA footage that is stretched and distorted relegates the film to a curiosity. Only the USAF crash scene footage retains the Panavision anamorphic format, although careful review shows that the aircraft involved is not the chase aircraft.

Mary Tyler Moore mentioned the film during an appearance on Lucille Ball's radio talk show, Let's Talk to Lucy. " I've only really done one picture, and I wouldn't even call that a picture. It was one of those low budget wonders that was shot in two weeks, and better forgotten altogether. It was a picture called X 15. They weren't quite sure if it was a training film or a melodrama, you know."