Введение
Убийство гражданских лиц нацистскими силами в Воле, Варшава, Польша, 1944 г.
The Wola massacre (Rzeź Woli) was the systematic killing of between 40,000 and 50,000 Poles in the Wola neighbourhood of the Polish capital city, Warsaw, by the German Waffen SS and fellow Axis collaborators in the Azerbaijani Legion, as well as the predominantly Russian RONA forces, which took place from 5 to 12 August 1944. The massacre was ordered by Heinrich Himmler, who directed to kill "anything that moves" to stop the Warsaw Uprising soon after it began. Tens of thousands of Polish civilians along with captured Home Army resistance fighters were murdered by the Germans in organised mass executions throughout Wola. Whole families, including babies, children and the elderly, were often shot on the spot, but some were killed after torture and sexual assault. The Germans anticipated that these atrocities would crush the insurrectionists' will to fight and put the uprising to a swift end. No distinction would be made between insurrectionists and civilians as Himmler's orders explicitly stated that Warsaw was to be completely destroyed and that the civilian population was to be exterminated. Professor Timothy Snyder, of Yale University, wrote that "the massacres in Wola had nothing in common with combat the ratio of civilian to military dead was more than a thousand to one, even if military casualties on both sides are counted." On 5 August, three German battle groups started their advance toward the city centre from the western outskirts of the Wola district, along Wolska and Górczewska streets. The German forces consisted of units from the Wehrmacht and the SS Police Battalions, as well as the mostly Russian SS Sturmbrigade RONA and the SS Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger, an infamous Waffen SS penal unit led by SS Oberführer Oskar Dirlewanger, which included the Azerbaijani Legion (part of the Ostlegionen). British historian Martin Windrow described Dirlewanger's unit as a "terrifying rabble" of "cut throats, [foreign] renegades, sadistic morons, and cashiered rejects from other units". Shortly after their advance toward the centre of Warsaw began, the two lead battle groups – Kampfgruppe "Rohr" (led by Generalmajor Günter Rohr) and Kampfgruppe "Reinefarth" (led by Heinz Reinefarth) – were halted by heavy fire from Polish resistance fighters. Unable to proceed forward, some of the German troops began to go from house to house carrying out their orders to shoot all inhabitants. Many civilians were shot on the spot but some were killed after torture and sexual assault. Estimates vary, but Reinefarth himself has estimated that up to 10,000 civilians were killed in the Wola district on 5 August alone, the first day of the operation. Unreliable source: date=August 2020 Most of the victims were the elderly, women and children. The majority of these atrocities were committed by troops under the command of Oskar Dirlewanger and SS Brigadeführer Bronislav Kaminski. Research historian Martin Gilbert, from the University of Oxford, wrote:
More than fifteen thousand Polish civilians had been murdered by German troops in Warsaw. At 5:30 that evening [August 5], General Erich von dem Bach gave the order for the execution of women and children to stop. But the killing continued of all Polish men who were captured, without anyone bothering to find out whether they were insurrectionists or not. Nor did either the Cossacks or the criminals in the Kaminsky and Dirlewanger brigades pay any attention to von dem Bach Zelewski's order: by rape, murder, torture and fire, they made their way through the suburbs of Wola and Ochota, killing in three days of slaughter a further thirty thousand civilians, including hundreds of patients in each of the hospitals in their path. Two hours before midnight on 5 August the Azerbaijani soldiers and Bergmann Battalion attacked St Lazarus hospital, executed hundreds of patients, doctors, and nurses, before burning it down. On 5 August, the Zośka battalion of the Home Army had managed to liberate the Gęsiówka concentration camp and to take control of the strategically important surrounding area of the former Warsaw Ghetto with the aid of two captured Panther tanks belonging to a unit commanded by Wacław Micuta. Over the next few days of fighting this area became one of the main communication links between Wola and Warsaw's Old Town district, allowing insurrectionists and civilians to gradually withdraw from Wola ahead of the superior German forces that had been deployed against them. On 7 August, the German ground forces were strengthened further. To enhance their effectiveness, the Germans began to use civilians as human shields when approaching positions held by the Polish resistance. These tactics combined with their superior numbers and firepower helped them to fight their way to Bankowy Square in the northern part of Warsaw's city centre and cut the Wola district in half. German units burned down two local hospitals with some of the patients still inside. Hundreds of other patients and personnel were killed by indiscriminate gunfire and grenade attacks or selected and led away for executions. The greatest number of killings took place at the railway embankment on Górczewska Street and two large factories on Wolska Street – the Ursus Factory at Wolska 55 and the Franaszka Factory at Wolska 41/45 – as well as the Pfeiffer Factory at 57/59 Okopowa Street. At each of these four locations, thousands of people were systematically executed in mass shootings, having been previously rounded up in other places and taken there in groups. Between 8 and 23 August the SS formed groups of men from the Wola district into the so called Verbrennungskommando ("burning detachment"), who were forced to hide evidence of the massacre by burning the victims' bodies and homes. Most of the men put to work in such groups were later executed. On 12 August, the order was given to stop the indiscriminate killing of Polish civilians in Wola. Erich von dem Bach issued a new directive stating that captured civilians were to be evacuated from the city and deported to concentration camps or to Arbeitslager labour camps.
Волынская резня (Rzeź Woli) – систематическое убийство от 40 000 до 50 000 поляков в районе Воля в столице Польши, Варшаве, немецкими войсками СС и коллаборационистами из состава Оси, включая азербайджанский легион, а также преимущественно российскими формированиями РОНА, произошедшее с 5 по 12 августа 1944 года. Резню приказал Генрих Гиммлер, отдав приказ убить "все, что движется", чтобы подавить Варшавское восстание сразу после его начала. Десятки тысяч польских гражданских лиц вместе с захваченными бойцами Армии Крайовой были убиты немцами в организованных массовых казнях по всей Воле. Целые семьи, включая младенцев, детей и стариков, часто расстреливались на месте, но некоторых убивали после пыток и сексуального насилия. Немцы рассчитывали, что эти зверства сломят волю повстанцев к сопротивлению и быстро завершат восстание. Различия между повстанцами и гражданскими лицами не проводились, поскольку приказы Гиммлера прямо указывали на полное разрушение Варшавы и уничтожение её гражданского населения. Профессор Тимоти Снайдер из Йельского университета писал, что "массовые убийства в Воле не имели ничего общего с боевыми действиями – соотношение между числом гражданских и военных убитых превышало тысячу к одному, даже если учитывать военные потери с обеих сторон". 5 августа три немецкие боевые группы начали наступление к центру города с западной окраины района Воля, вдоль улиц Вольской и Горчевской. Немецкие войска состояли из подразделений вермахта и полицейских батальонов СС, а также преимущественно российских штурмовых бригад СС РОНА и СС Дирлевангер, печально известного штрафного соединения Ваффен-СС под командованием Оскара Дирлевангера, в состав которого входил азербайджанский легион (часть Ostlegionen). Британский историк Мартин Виндроу описал отряд Дирлевангер как "ужасную свору" "головорезов, [иностранных] дезертиров, садистских идиотов и отбросов из других частей". Вскоре после начала наступления в центр Варшавы две ведущие боевые группы – Kampfgruppe "Rohr" (под командованием генерал-майора Гюнтера Рора) и Kampfgruppe "Reinefarth" (под командованием Хайнца Райнефарта) – были остановлены сильным огнем польских бойцов сопротивления. Не имея возможности продвигаться вперед, некоторые немецкие солдаты начали обходить дома, выполняя приказ расстреливать всех жителей. Многие гражданские лица были расстреляны на месте, но некоторых убивали после пыток и сексуального насилия. Оценки разнятся, но сам Райнефарт оценил, что только 5 августа, в первый день операции, в районе Воля было убито до 10 000 мирных жителей. Ненадежный источник: дата=август 2020. Большинство жертв – пожилые люди, женщины и дети. Большинство этих зверств были совершены войсками под командованием Оскара Дирлевангер и бригадефюрера СС Бронислава Каминского. Исследователь-историк Мартин Гилберт из Оксфордского университета писал: "Более пятнадцати тысяч польских гражданских лиц были убиты немецкими войсками в Варшаве. В 5:30 вечера того же дня (5 августа) генерал Эрих фон дем Бах отдал приказ прекратить расстрел женщин и детей. Но убийство всех захваченных польских мужчин продолжалось, и никто не стал выяснять, были ли они повстанцами или нет. Ни казаки, ни преступники из бригад Каминского и Дирлевангер не обратили внимания на приказ фон дем Баха Зелевского: изнасилованиями, убийствами, пытками и пожарами они прокладывали себе путь через пригороды Воли и Охоты, убив за три дня резни еще тридцать тысяч гражданских лиц, включая сотни пациентов в каждой из больниц на своем пути. За два часа до полуночи 5 августа азербайджанские солдаты и батальон Бергманна атаковали больницу Святого Лазаря, казнили сотни пациентов, врачей и медсестер, а затем сожгли ее. 5 августа батальон "Зоська" Армии Крайовой сумел освободить концентрационный лагерь в Гесювке и взять под контроль стратегически важную территорию вокруг бывшего Варшавского гетто при помощи двух захваченных танков "Пантера", принадлежавших подразделению под командованием Вацлава Микуты. В течение следующих нескольких дней боевых действий этот район стал одним из основных путей сообщения между Волей и Варшавским Старым Городом, что позволило повстанцам и гражданским лицам постепенно отступать из Воли, опережая превосходящие немецкие силы, развернутые против них. 7 августа немецкие сухопутные войска были усилены. Для повышения эффективности немцы начали использовать гражданских лиц в качестве живого щита при приближении к позициям польского сопротивления. Эти тактики, в сочетании с численным и огневым превосходством, помогли им пробиться к Банковому перекрестку в северной части центра Варшавы и разрезать район Воля пополам. Немецкие подразделения сожгли две местные больницы, в которых находились пациенты. Сотни других пациентов и персонала были убиты беспорядочным огнем и гранатами или отобраны и уведены на казнь. Наибольшее количество убийств произошло на железнодорожной насыпи на улице Горчевской и на двух крупных заводах на улице Вольской – заводе "Урсус" (Вольска, 55) и заводе "Франашка" (Вольска, 41/45), а также на заводе Пфайффера (Окопова, 57/59). На каждом из этих четырех мест тысячи людей были систематически казнены в массовых расстрелах после того, как их собрали в других местах и доставили туда группами. С 8 по 23 августа СС сформировали из мужчин из района Воля так называемые Verbrennungskommando ("отряды сожжения"), которые были вынуждены скрывать следы резни, сжигая тела жертв и их дома. Большинство мужчин, задействованных в этих отрядах, впоследствии были казнены. 12 августа был отдан приказ прекратить беспорядочные убийства польских гражданских лиц в Воле. Эрих фон дем Бах издал новую директиву, предписывающую эвакуировать захваченных гражданских лиц из города и депортировать их в концентрационные лагеря или трудовые лагеря (Arbeitslager).
The Wola massacre (Rzeź Woli) was the systematic killing of between 40,000 and 50,000 Poles in the Wola neighbourhood of the Polish capital city, Warsaw, by the German Waffen SS and fellow Axis collaborators in the Azerbaijani Legion, as well as the predominantly Russian RONA forces, which took place from 5 to 12 August 1944. The massacre was ordered by Heinrich Himmler, who directed to kill "anything that moves" to stop the Warsaw Uprising soon after it began. Tens of thousands of Polish civilians along with captured Home Army resistance fighters were murdered by the Germans in organised mass executions throughout Wola. Whole families, including babies, children and the elderly, were often shot on the spot, but some were killed after torture and sexual assault. The Germans anticipated that these atrocities would crush the insurrectionists' will to fight and put the uprising to a swift end. No distinction would be made between insurrectionists and civilians as Himmler's orders explicitly stated that Warsaw was to be completely destroyed and that the civilian population was to be exterminated. Professor Timothy Snyder, of Yale University, wrote that "the massacres in Wola had nothing in common with combat the ratio of civilian to military dead was more than a thousand to one, even if military casualties on both sides are counted." On 5 August, three German battle groups started their advance toward the city centre from the western outskirts of the Wola district, along Wolska and Górczewska streets. The German forces consisted of units from the Wehrmacht and the SS Police Battalions, as well as the mostly Russian SS Sturmbrigade RONA and the SS Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger, an infamous Waffen SS penal unit led by SS Oberführer Oskar Dirlewanger, which included the Azerbaijani Legion (part of the Ostlegionen). British historian Martin Windrow described Dirlewanger's unit as a "terrifying rabble" of "cut throats, [foreign] renegades, sadistic morons, and cashiered rejects from other units". Shortly after their advance toward the centre of Warsaw began, the two lead battle groups – Kampfgruppe "Rohr" (led by Generalmajor Günter Rohr) and Kampfgruppe "Reinefarth" (led by Heinz Reinefarth) – were halted by heavy fire from Polish resistance fighters. Unable to proceed forward, some of the German troops began to go from house to house carrying out their orders to shoot all inhabitants. Many civilians were shot on the spot but some were killed after torture and sexual assault. Estimates vary, but Reinefarth himself has estimated that up to 10,000 civilians were killed in the Wola district on 5 August alone, the first day of the operation. Unreliable source: date=August 2020 Most of the victims were the elderly, women and children. The majority of these atrocities were committed by troops under the command of Oskar Dirlewanger and SS Brigadeführer Bronislav Kaminski. Research historian Martin Gilbert, from the University of Oxford, wrote:
More than fifteen thousand Polish civilians had been murdered by German troops in Warsaw. At 5:30 that evening [August 5], General Erich von dem Bach gave the order for the execution of women and children to stop. But the killing continued of all Polish men who were captured, without anyone bothering to find out whether they were insurrectionists or not. Nor did either the Cossacks or the criminals in the Kaminsky and Dirlewanger brigades pay any attention to von dem Bach Zelewski's order: by rape, murder, torture and fire, they made their way through the suburbs of Wola and Ochota, killing in three days of slaughter a further thirty thousand civilians, including hundreds of patients in each of the hospitals in their path. Two hours before midnight on 5 August the Azerbaijani soldiers and Bergmann Battalion attacked St Lazarus hospital, executed hundreds of patients, doctors, and nurses, before burning it down. On 5 August, the Zośka battalion of the Home Army had managed to liberate the Gęsiówka concentration camp and to take control of the strategically important surrounding area of the former Warsaw Ghetto with the aid of two captured Panther tanks belonging to a unit commanded by Wacław Micuta. Over the next few days of fighting this area became one of the main communication links between Wola and Warsaw's Old Town district, allowing insurrectionists and civilians to gradually withdraw from Wola ahead of the superior German forces that had been deployed against them. On 7 August, the German ground forces were strengthened further. To enhance their effectiveness, the Germans began to use civilians as human shields when approaching positions held by the Polish resistance. These tactics combined with their superior numbers and firepower helped them to fight their way to Bankowy Square in the northern part of Warsaw's city centre and cut the Wola district in half. German units burned down two local hospitals with some of the patients still inside. Hundreds of other patients and personnel were killed by indiscriminate gunfire and grenade attacks or selected and led away for executions. The greatest number of killings took place at the railway embankment on Górczewska Street and two large factories on Wolska Street – the Ursus Factory at Wolska 55 and the Franaszka Factory at Wolska 41/45 – as well as the Pfeiffer Factory at 57/59 Okopowa Street. At each of these four locations, thousands of people were systematically executed in mass shootings, having been previously rounded up in other places and taken there in groups. Between 8 and 23 August the SS formed groups of men from the Wola district into the so called Verbrennungskommando ("burning detachment"), who were forced to hide evidence of the massacre by burning the victims' bodies and homes. Most of the men put to work in such groups were later executed. On 12 August, the order was given to stop the indiscriminate killing of Polish civilians in Wola. Erich von dem Bach issued a new directive stating that captured civilians were to be evacuated from the city and deported to concentration camps or to Arbeitslager labour camps.
Последствия
Никто из немецких военнослужащих, участвовавших в зверствах, совершенных во время Варшавского восстания, не был привлечен к ответственности за эти преступления после окончания Второй мировой войны. Главными исполнителями резни в Воле и подобных массовых убийств в соседнем районе Охота были Хайнц Рейнфарт и Оскар Дирлевангер. Дирлевангер, руководивший и лично участвовавший во многих из самых жестоких актов насилия, был арестован 1 июня 1945 года французскими оккупационными войсками, скрываясь под вымышленным именем недалеко от города Альтхаузен в Верхней Швабии. Он умер 7 июня 1945 года во французском лагере для военнопленных в Альтхаузене, вероятно, в результате жестокого обращения со стороны польских охранников. В 1945 году Рейнфарт был взят под стражу союзными властями, но так и не был привлечен к ответственности за свои действия в Варшаве, несмотря на просьбы Польши о его экстрадиции. После того, как западногерманский суд освободил его, ссылаясь на недостаточность доказательств, Рейнфарт построил успешную послевоенную карьеру адвоката, став мэром Вестерланда и членом Ландтага Шлезвиг-Гольштейна. Правительство Западной Германии также предоставило бывшему обергруппенфюреру СС пенсию генерала до его смерти в 1979 году. В мае 2008 года Музей Варшавского восстания составил и опубликовал список нескольких выживших бывших членов СС Дирлевангер.