Битва при Фридлингене в Войне за испанское наследство

The Battle of Friedlingen took place on 14 October 1702, during the War of the Spanish Succession. Most of the fighting centred around Friedlingen, now a suburb of Weil am Rhein, on the border between the German state of Baden Württemberg and Switzerland. A French force under Villars defeated an Imperial army commanded by Louis William, Margrave of Baden Baden. The battle was initiated when Louis William captured Landau in September, threatening the French border region of Alsace. Shortly afterwards, Bavaria joined the French alliance and Villars was ordered to cross the Rhine at Huningue near the Swiss border, then link up with Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria. Although Louis William was initially able to block his advance, he was outflanked by French troops crossing the Rhine further north and began retreating early on the morning of 14 October. Hoping to take advantage, Villars promptly attacked, but Louis William was able to re organise his troops and fell back in good order. Despite ending Imperial hopes of invading Alsace, Villars was unable to link up with the Bavarian army before winter ended campaigning for the year, leaving the immediate strategic position largely unchanged.

The War of the Spanish Succession began in March 1701, but for the first year was largely confined to the Spanish Netherlands and Northern Italy. Fighting expanded into the Rhineland in June 1702, when an Imperial army under Louis William, Margrave of Baden Baden, crossed the Rhine north of Speyer in the Rhineland Palatinate. This threatened the French border region of Alsace, although Louis William first focused on capturing Landau. The garrison finally surrendered in September, shortly before Bavaria joined the French alliance. The main French army in Alsace was based in Strasbourg, under the overall direction of Nicolas Catinat, commander of operations in Southern Germany and Northern Italy. Once Bavaria entered the war, he ordered Villars to take 17,000 men, the majority of the troops available, cross the Rhine, and link up with Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria. On 28 September, Villars arrived in Huningue, on the French border north of the Swiss city of Basel. Pre warned of French intentions, Louis William left 6,000 men to hold Landau. He quickly marched south with 14,000 troops and reached Friedlingen on the right bank of the Rhine opposite Huningue. Situated in a bend of the Rhine, Friedlingen was flanked by the Kander and Wiese rivers, with the Tüllinger Heights behind. His infantry constructed defensive positions directly in front of Huningue, blocking the French advance. Judging these too strong for a direct attack, Villars first tried to outflank them by asking permission to enter the neutral Swiss Canton of Basel to the south. This was denied and he spent the next few days building a bridge over the Rhine, although he delayed an assault until 8,000 French troops from Breisach occupied Neuenburg, further north. Outnumbered and threatened from two sides, on the evening of 13 October Louis William ordered a general withdrawal towards Freiburg.

Covered by a rearguard under Karl von Fürstenberg Möskirch, early on 14 October the Imperial troops evacuated their positions in front of Huningue. By 8:00 am, they had begun withdrawing over the Kander, allowing the French to cross the Rhine without resistance. Seeing this, Louis William turned his men around, and by 10:00 am most of his army was deployed in two lines facing the French, with the Kander to their rear. Villars now ordered his infantry under Lt General Desbordes to capture the Tüllinger Heights on his right flank, which were still held by the Imperials. Louis William responded by sending reinforcements led by Count Prosper Fürstenberg and the Margraves of Ansbach and Baden Durlach to occupy the Käfernhölz Forest, which lay immediately behind the Tüllinger. Despite the difficult terrain, the French drove the Imperials off the heights, then out of the Käfernhölz. To cover their retreat and cause a diversion, the Imperial cavalry under Count Hohenzollern were ordered to attack the main French lines. Despite superior numbers, they were repulsed by their opponents under the Comte de Magnac, who drove them as far as the Kander before ending the action. However, the French units on the heights had been thrown into confusion by the Imperial counter attack. Those occupying the woods held their positions, but the majority fell back to their starting positions on the plain, where they were eventually reformed. Their retreat allowed troops under Prosper Fürstenberg to retake the Käfernhölz Forest at bayonet point, effectively ending the fighting around 13:00. The Imperial infantry waited until nightfall before continuing their retreat to Staufen im Breisgau, at which point Villars sent Maximillian news of his victory.

Both sides lost a number of senior officers; Desbordes was killed, while Counts Karl von Fürstenberg Möskirch, Prosper Fürstenberg, and Hohenzollern died of wounds received in the battle. Estimates of French losses vary, ranging from 1,600 to 2,700 dead or wounded, with Imperial casualties around 3,000. A minor French victory, Friedlingen had little immediate impact on the strategic situation. Louis William split his army, part based in Freiburg covering the passes into Bavaria, with the rest occupying positions in lines stretching from Kehl to Hornberg. Villars and his troops returned to Strasbourg, where they took up winter quarters. One historian suggests its main impact was on the reputation of Villars, who published a widely circulated and self congratulatory account of the battle. He was promoted Marshal of France shortly afterwards.