Введение
Король Библоса в XIV веке до н.э. Риб Хадда (также передается как Риб Адди, Риб Адду, Риб Адда) был царем Библоса в середине четырнадцатого века до н.э. Он автор около шестидесяти писем из Амарнского архива, адресованных Эхнатону. Его имя имеет аккадское происхождение и может быть связано с северо-западным семитским богом Хададом, хотя в его письмах упоминается только Баалат Губла, «Госпожа Библоса» (вероятно, другое имя Ашеры). Письма Риб-Хадды часто представляли собой жалобы или просьбы о принятии мер со стороны правящего фараона. В EA 105 он умолял фараона вмешаться в спор с Бейрутом, правитель которого конфисковал два библских торговых судна. В EA 122 Риб Хадда жаловался на нападение египетского комиссара Пихури, который убил нескольких наемников-шардана из Библоса и взял в плен троих людей Риб-Хадды. Риб Хадда был вовлечен в длительный конфликт с Абди-Аширтой, правителем Амурру (вероятно, в юго-восточном Ливане и юго-западной Сирии), который нанимал наемников из числа хабиру, шардана и других воинственных племен. В EA 81 содержится просьба об египетской помощи против Амурру, правителя которого Риб Хадда обвинил в том, что он переманивает его сторонников и подстрекает их к мятежу. Он сообщил, что убийца, посланный Абди-Аширтой, пытался убить его. Риб Хадда умолял Эхнатона послать Питати для защиты от войск Амурру и от его собственного все более недовольного крестьянства. В одном из самых проникновенных текстов Амарны Риб Хадда написал: «Народ Аммии убил своего господина, и я боюсь» (EA 75). Он добавил: «Как птица в ловушке, так и я здесь, в Губле (то есть в Библесе)» (EA 74 и EA 81). Земар, город, ранее находившийся под его контролем, перешел под власть Абди-Аширты (EA 84). Вскоре после этого египетский комиссар Паханнат был отозван из северного Ханаана, оставив Риб-Хадду без видимой египетской поддержки. Его просьбы о помощи, очевидно, остались без ответа (EA 107) и вызвали раздражение Эхнатона. Раздражение Эхнатона Риб-Хаддой описано в EA 117, где фараон цитируется говоря Риб-Хадде: «Почему ты один продолжаешь писать мне?» (EA 117). Хотя Абди-Аширта, как сообщается, был убит в EA 101, это принесло Риб-Хадде лишь временное облегчение, поскольку его преемником стал его сын Азиру; вскоре после этого Риб Хадда жалуется на грабежи, причиненные «сыновьями Абди-Аширты» в нескольких письмах из Амарны к Эхнатону, таких как EA 103 и EA 109. В EA 89 Риб Хадда сообщил о государственном перевороте в соседнем Тире, в результате которого правитель Тира и его семья были убиты. Сестра Риб-Хадды и ее дочери, отправленные в Тир, чтобы оградить их от вторжений Абди-Аширты, также, вероятно, были среди убитых. Если этого было недостаточно, Риб Хадда снова написал, сообщив, что хетты вторглись в египетские протектораты в Сирии и сожгли «земли царя» (EA 126). В какой-то момент Риб Хадда был вынужден бежать в изгнание в Бейрут под защитой царя Аммуниры (EA 137). В EA 75 Риб Хадда подробно описывает меняющуюся политическую ситуацию вокруг Библоса: [Риб Хадда говорит своему господину, царю всех стран, Великому царю: Пусть Госпожа Гублы дарует силу моему господину. Я падаю к ногам моего господина, моего Солнца, семь раз и семь раз. Пусть царь, мой господин, знает, что Губла (то есть Библос), служанка царя с древних времен, в безопасности и благополучии. Однако война апиру против меня жестока. (Наши) сыновья и дочери и мебель из домов исчезли, поскольку они были проданы [в] земле Яримута для обеспечения нашей пропитания. «Потому что нет пахаря, мое поле подобно жене без мужа». Я неоднократно писал во дворец из-за болезни, которая меня мучает, [но никто] не обращает внимания на слова, которые постоянно приходят. Пусть царь прислушается к словам своего слуги. Апиру убили А[дуну, царя] Ирката (Арка), но никто не сказал ничего Абди-Аширте, и поэтому они продолжают захватывать (территорию для себя). Мия, правитель Арашни, захватил Ар[дату], и только что люди Аммии убили своего господина. Я боюсь. Пусть царь будет проинформирован, что царь Хатти захватил все страны, которые были вассалами царя Митанни. Пошли лучников.
Rib Hadda (also rendered Rib Addi, Rib Addu, Rib Adda) was king of Byblos during the mid fourteenth century BCE. He is the author of some sixty of the Amarna letters all to Akhenaten. His name is Akkadian in form and may invoke the Northwest Semitic god Hadad, though his letters invoke only Ba'alat Gubla, the "Lady of Byblos" (probably another name for Asherah). Rib Hadda's letters often took the form of complaints or pleas for action on the part of the reigning Pharaoh. In EA 105, he begged Pharaoh to intervene in a dispute with Beirut, whose ruler had confiscated two Byblian merchant vessels. In EA 122, Rib Hadda complained of an attack by the Egyptian commissioner Pihuri, who killed a number of Byblos' Shardana mercenaries and took captive three of Rib Hadda's men. Rib Hadda was involved in a long standing dispute with Abdi Ashirta, the ruler of Amurru (probably in southeastern Lebanon and southwestern Syria), who hired mercenaries from among the Habiru, Shardana, and other warlike tribes. EA 81 contains a plea for Egyptian aid against Amurru, whose ruler Rib Hadda accused of luring away his followers and inciting them to rebellion. He reported further that an assassin sent by Abdi Ashirta had attempted to kill him. Rib Hadda pleaded with Akhenaten to send Pítati to defend him from the forces of Amurru and from his own increasingly resentful peasantry. In one of the most poignant of the Amarna texts, Rib Hadda wrote "the people of Ammiya have killed their lord and I am afraid." (EA 75). He added: "like a bird in a trap so I am here in Gubla (ie: Byblos)." (EA 74 & EA 81) Zemar, a city previously under his control, fell to Abdi Ashirta (EA 84). Shortly thereafter the Egyptian commissioner Pahannate was withdrawn from northern Canaan, leaving Rib Hadda without even the appearance of Egyptian support. His pleas for assistance evidently went unanswered (EA 107) and caused much annoyance to Akhenaten. Akhenaten's irritation with Rib Hadda is recounted in EA 117 where the pharaoh is quoted saying to Rib Hadda "Why do you alone keep writing to me?" (EA 117) While Abdi Ashirta is reported to have been killed in EA 101, this only provided temporary relief to Rib Hadda since the former was succeeded by his son Aziru; Rib Hadda soon after complains about the depredations caused by "the sons of Abdi Ashirta" in several Amarna letters to Akhenaten such as EA 103 and EA 109
In EA 89, Rib Hadda reported a coup d'etat in neighboring Tyre, in which the ruler of Tyre, his fellow kinsmen, was killed along with his family. Rib Hadda's sister and her daughters, who had been sent to Tyre to keep them away from Abdi Ashirta's Amurru invaders, were also presumed to be among those killed. If this was not bad enough, Rib Hadda wrote again to report that the Hittites were invading Egyptian protectorates in Syria and burning "the King's lands". (EA 126). At one point Rib Hadda was forced to flee to exile in Beirut, under the protection of king Ammunira. (EA 137) In EA 75, Rib Hadda details the changing political situation around Byblos:
[Ri]b Hadda says to his lord, king of all countries, Great King: May the Lady of Gubla grant power to my lord. I fall at the feet of my lord, my Sun, 7 times and 7 times. May the king, my lord, know that Gubla (ie: Byblos), the maidservant of the king from ancient times, is safe and sound. The war, however, of the Apiru against me is severe. (Our) sons and daughters and the furnishings of the houses are gone, since they have been sold [in] the land of Yarimuta for our provisions to keep us alive. "For the lack of a cultivator, my field is like a woman without a husband." I have written repeatedly to the palace because of the illness afflicting me, [but there is no one] who has looked at the words that keep arriving. May the king give heed [to] the words of [his] servant The Apiru killed Ad[una the king] of Irqata (Arqa), but there was no one who said anything to Abdi Ashirta, and so they go on taking (territory for themselves). Miya, the ruler of Arašni, seized Ar[d]ata, and just now the men of Ammiy<a> have killed their lord. I am afraid. May the king be informed that the king of Hatti has seized all the countries that were vassals of the king of Mitan<ni> Send arc[hers]
An aged and ailing Rib Hadda continued to write to Pharaoh, telling him of violent upheavals in Phoenicia and Syria, including revolutions instigated by Abdi Ashirta's son Aziru coupled with incursions by Apiru raiders. (e. g. EA 137)
Rib Hadda was ultimately exiled by his younger brother Ilirabih and not long afterwards and depending on the interpretation of EA 162, either sent to be killed or offered a mayoral position in Sidon. This event is mentioned in Amarna letter EA 162 from Akhenaten to Aziru.
Пожилой и немощный Риб Хадда продолжал писать фараону, рассказывая ему о насильственных потрясениях в Финикии и Сирии, включая революции, спровоцированные сыном Абди-Аширты, Азиру, в сочетании с набегами апиру (например, EA 137).
Rib Hadda (also rendered Rib Addi, Rib Addu, Rib Adda) was king of Byblos during the mid fourteenth century BCE. He is the author of some sixty of the Amarna letters all to Akhenaten. His name is Akkadian in form and may invoke the Northwest Semitic god Hadad, though his letters invoke only Ba'alat Gubla, the "Lady of Byblos" (probably another name for Asherah). Rib Hadda's letters often took the form of complaints or pleas for action on the part of the reigning Pharaoh. In EA 105, he begged Pharaoh to intervene in a dispute with Beirut, whose ruler had confiscated two Byblian merchant vessels. In EA 122, Rib Hadda complained of an attack by the Egyptian commissioner Pihuri, who killed a number of Byblos' Shardana mercenaries and took captive three of Rib Hadda's men. Rib Hadda was involved in a long standing dispute with Abdi Ashirta, the ruler of Amurru (probably in southeastern Lebanon and southwestern Syria), who hired mercenaries from among the Habiru, Shardana, and other warlike tribes. EA 81 contains a plea for Egyptian aid against Amurru, whose ruler Rib Hadda accused of luring away his followers and inciting them to rebellion. He reported further that an assassin sent by Abdi Ashirta had attempted to kill him. Rib Hadda pleaded with Akhenaten to send Pítati to defend him from the forces of Amurru and from his own increasingly resentful peasantry. In one of the most poignant of the Amarna texts, Rib Hadda wrote "the people of Ammiya have killed their lord and I am afraid." (EA 75). He added: "like a bird in a trap so I am here in Gubla (ie: Byblos)." (EA 74 & EA 81) Zemar, a city previously under his control, fell to Abdi Ashirta (EA 84). Shortly thereafter the Egyptian commissioner Pahannate was withdrawn from northern Canaan, leaving Rib Hadda without even the appearance of Egyptian support. His pleas for assistance evidently went unanswered (EA 107) and caused much annoyance to Akhenaten. Akhenaten's irritation with Rib Hadda is recounted in EA 117 where the pharaoh is quoted saying to Rib Hadda "Why do you alone keep writing to me?" (EA 117) While Abdi Ashirta is reported to have been killed in EA 101, this only provided temporary relief to Rib Hadda since the former was succeeded by his son Aziru; Rib Hadda soon after complains about the depredations caused by "the sons of Abdi Ashirta" in several Amarna letters to Akhenaten such as EA 103 and EA 109
In EA 89, Rib Hadda reported a coup d'etat in neighboring Tyre, in which the ruler of Tyre, his fellow kinsmen, was killed along with his family. Rib Hadda's sister and her daughters, who had been sent to Tyre to keep them away from Abdi Ashirta's Amurru invaders, were also presumed to be among those killed. If this was not bad enough, Rib Hadda wrote again to report that the Hittites were invading Egyptian protectorates in Syria and burning "the King's lands". (EA 126). At one point Rib Hadda was forced to flee to exile in Beirut, under the protection of king Ammunira. (EA 137) In EA 75, Rib Hadda details the changing political situation around Byblos:
[Ri]b Hadda says to his lord, king of all countries, Great King: May the Lady of Gubla grant power to my lord. I fall at the feet of my lord, my Sun, 7 times and 7 times. May the king, my lord, know that Gubla (ie: Byblos), the maidservant of the king from ancient times, is safe and sound. The war, however, of the Apiru against me is severe. (Our) sons and daughters and the furnishings of the houses are gone, since they have been sold [in] the land of Yarimuta for our provisions to keep us alive. "For the lack of a cultivator, my field is like a woman without a husband." I have written repeatedly to the palace because of the illness afflicting me, [but there is no one] who has looked at the words that keep arriving. May the king give heed [to] the words of [his] servant The Apiru killed Ad[una the king] of Irqata (Arqa), but there was no one who said anything to Abdi Ashirta, and so they go on taking (territory for themselves). Miya, the ruler of Arašni, seized Ar[d]ata, and just now the men of Ammiy<a> have killed their lord. I am afraid. May the king be informed that the king of Hatti has seized all the countries that were vassals of the king of Mitan<ni> Send arc[hers]
An aged and ailing Rib Hadda continued to write to Pharaoh, telling him of violent upheavals in Phoenicia and Syria, including revolutions instigated by Abdi Ashirta's son Aziru coupled with incursions by Apiru raiders. (e. g. EA 137)
Rib Hadda was ultimately exiled by his younger brother Ilirabih and not long afterwards and depending on the interpretation of EA 162, either sent to be killed or offered a mayoral position in Sidon. This event is mentioned in Amarna letter EA 162 from Akhenaten to Aziru.
Риб Хадда был в конечном итоге изгнан своим младшим братом Илирабихом, а вскоре после этого, в зависимости от толкования EA 162, либо отправлен на смерть, либо ему предложили должность мэра Сидона. Это упоминается в амарнском письме EA 162 от Эхнатона к Азиру.
Rib Hadda (also rendered Rib Addi, Rib Addu, Rib Adda) was king of Byblos during the mid fourteenth century BCE. He is the author of some sixty of the Amarna letters all to Akhenaten. His name is Akkadian in form and may invoke the Northwest Semitic god Hadad, though his letters invoke only Ba'alat Gubla, the "Lady of Byblos" (probably another name for Asherah). Rib Hadda's letters often took the form of complaints or pleas for action on the part of the reigning Pharaoh. In EA 105, he begged Pharaoh to intervene in a dispute with Beirut, whose ruler had confiscated two Byblian merchant vessels. In EA 122, Rib Hadda complained of an attack by the Egyptian commissioner Pihuri, who killed a number of Byblos' Shardana mercenaries and took captive three of Rib Hadda's men. Rib Hadda was involved in a long standing dispute with Abdi Ashirta, the ruler of Amurru (probably in southeastern Lebanon and southwestern Syria), who hired mercenaries from among the Habiru, Shardana, and other warlike tribes. EA 81 contains a plea for Egyptian aid against Amurru, whose ruler Rib Hadda accused of luring away his followers and inciting them to rebellion. He reported further that an assassin sent by Abdi Ashirta had attempted to kill him. Rib Hadda pleaded with Akhenaten to send Pítati to defend him from the forces of Amurru and from his own increasingly resentful peasantry. In one of the most poignant of the Amarna texts, Rib Hadda wrote "the people of Ammiya have killed their lord and I am afraid." (EA 75). He added: "like a bird in a trap so I am here in Gubla (ie: Byblos)." (EA 74 & EA 81) Zemar, a city previously under his control, fell to Abdi Ashirta (EA 84). Shortly thereafter the Egyptian commissioner Pahannate was withdrawn from northern Canaan, leaving Rib Hadda without even the appearance of Egyptian support. His pleas for assistance evidently went unanswered (EA 107) and caused much annoyance to Akhenaten. Akhenaten's irritation with Rib Hadda is recounted in EA 117 where the pharaoh is quoted saying to Rib Hadda "Why do you alone keep writing to me?" (EA 117) While Abdi Ashirta is reported to have been killed in EA 101, this only provided temporary relief to Rib Hadda since the former was succeeded by his son Aziru; Rib Hadda soon after complains about the depredations caused by "the sons of Abdi Ashirta" in several Amarna letters to Akhenaten such as EA 103 and EA 109
In EA 89, Rib Hadda reported a coup d'etat in neighboring Tyre, in which the ruler of Tyre, his fellow kinsmen, was killed along with his family. Rib Hadda's sister and her daughters, who had been sent to Tyre to keep them away from Abdi Ashirta's Amurru invaders, were also presumed to be among those killed. If this was not bad enough, Rib Hadda wrote again to report that the Hittites were invading Egyptian protectorates in Syria and burning "the King's lands". (EA 126). At one point Rib Hadda was forced to flee to exile in Beirut, under the protection of king Ammunira. (EA 137) In EA 75, Rib Hadda details the changing political situation around Byblos:
[Ri]b Hadda says to his lord, king of all countries, Great King: May the Lady of Gubla grant power to my lord. I fall at the feet of my lord, my Sun, 7 times and 7 times. May the king, my lord, know that Gubla (ie: Byblos), the maidservant of the king from ancient times, is safe and sound. The war, however, of the Apiru against me is severe. (Our) sons and daughters and the furnishings of the houses are gone, since they have been sold [in] the land of Yarimuta for our provisions to keep us alive. "For the lack of a cultivator, my field is like a woman without a husband." I have written repeatedly to the palace because of the illness afflicting me, [but there is no one] who has looked at the words that keep arriving. May the king give heed [to] the words of [his] servant The Apiru killed Ad[una the king] of Irqata (Arqa), but there was no one who said anything to Abdi Ashirta, and so they go on taking (territory for themselves). Miya, the ruler of Arašni, seized Ar[d]ata, and just now the men of Ammiy<a> have killed their lord. I am afraid. May the king be informed that the king of Hatti has seized all the countries that were vassals of the king of Mitan<ni> Send arc[hers]
An aged and ailing Rib Hadda continued to write to Pharaoh, telling him of violent upheavals in Phoenicia and Syria, including revolutions instigated by Abdi Ashirta's son Aziru coupled with incursions by Apiru raiders. (e. g. EA 137)
Rib Hadda was ultimately exiled by his younger brother Ilirabih and not long afterwards and depending on the interpretation of EA 162, either sent to be killed or offered a mayoral position in Sidon. This event is mentioned in Amarna letter EA 162 from Akhenaten to Aziru.
Ресурсы
Байки, Джеймс. Эпоха Амарны: Исследование кризиса древнего мира. Издательство Тихоокеанского университета, 2004. Коэн, Реймонд и Реймонд Уэстбрук (ред.). Амарнская дипломатия: Зарождение международных отношений. Издательство Университета Джона Хопкинса, 2002. Моран, Уильям Л. (ред. и переводчик). Амарнские письма. Издательство Университета Джона Хопкинса, 1992.