Введение
Период после терактов 11 сентября 2001 года – это время, последовавшее за терактами 11 сентября, характеризующееся усилением подозрительности в отношении иностранцев в Соединенных Штатах, активизацией государственных усилий по борьбе с терроризмом и более агрессивной внешней политикой Америки.
The post 9/11 period is the time after the September 11 attacks, characterized by heightened suspicion of non Americans in the United States, increased government efforts to address terrorism, and a more aggressive American foreign policy.
Политические последствия
Мы также не должны забывать о самых ярких событиях недавней истории. 11 сентября 2001 года Америка ощутила свою уязвимость – даже перед угрозами, возникающими на другом конце земного шара. Мы приняли решение тогда, и мы тверды в этом решении сегодня, противостоять любой угрозе, из любого источника, которая способна принести Америке внезапный террор и страдания. – Джордж Буш, 2002. Эти атаки привели к значительным и масштабным изменениям в политике и внешней политике США. Внутри страны обе партии объединились вокруг принятия нового или усиления существующего антитеррористического законодательства. Значительная часть этого законодательства финансировалась западными странами. С 11 сентября 2001 года и по 2011 год было произведено 119 044 арестов по обвинению в терроризме и вынесено 35 117 обвинительных приговоров в 66 странах. Для сравнения, до 11 сентября ежегодно выносились лишь несколько сотен обвинительных приговоров за терроризм. Война в Афганистане, изначально рассматривавшаяся многими как "справедливая война", постепенно теряла поддержку. В 2011 году опросы общественного мнения показали, что более 60% американцев выступали против этой войны. Осенью 2021 года, с падением Кабула, война завершилась, когда американские и союзные войска вывели свои силы из Афганистана, что привело к установлению контроля над всей территорией Афганистана со стороны движения "Талибан". В более поздние этапы войны и после ее окончания, отношение к войне было преимущественно негативным.
Департамент внутренней безопасности
Правительство Соединенных Штатов создало Департамент внутренней безопасности (DHS) в ответ на эти атаки. DHS является федеральным министерством правительства США, которому поручено защищать территорию Соединенных Штатов от террористических атак и реагировать на стихийные бедствия. Имея около 184 000 сотрудников, DHS является третьим по величине министерством в федеральном правительстве США после Министерства обороны и Департамента по делам ветеранов. Координация политики внутренней безопасности осуществляется в Белом доме Советом по национальной безопасности. К другим ведомствам, имеющим значительные обязанности в области внутренней безопасности, относятся Департамент здравоохранения и социальных служб, Департамент юстиции и Департамент энергетики.
Подозрение
В США многие действия иностранцев или американских граждан, которые до 11 сентября рассматривались как невинные (или просто эксцентричные), теперь вызывают подозрение, особенно в отношении поведения тех, кто выглядит как "араб" по одежде или цвету кожи. В ноябре 2006 года из американского самолета были удалены шесть мусульманских имамов, которые молились перед полетом и проявили поведение, вызвавшее подозрения. Различные государственные органы и правоохранительные структуры в США призывают людей следить за окружающими и сообщать о "необычном" поведении, а объявления, размещенные во всех общественных местах, просят граждан сообщать о любых отклонениях от нормы. Министерство внутренней безопасности США советует гражданам "быть бдительными, обращать внимание на окружающую обстановку и немедленно сообщать местным властям о подозрительных предметах или действиях".
Дискриминационная реакция
После нападений арабы, мусульмане, сикхи и американцы южноазиатского происхождения – а также те, кого воспринимают как членов этих групп, – стали жертвами угроз, вандализма, поджогов и убийств в Соединенных Штатах. Антимусульманская предвзятость также проявилась в политике, государственной политике и средствах массовой информации. В годы, последовавшие за терактами 11 сентября 2001 года, в Соединенных Штатах сформировалась целая индустрия дезинформации, специализирующаяся на распространении антиисламских настроений. Эта индустрия состоит из тесно связанной сети аналитических центров, псевдоученых, блогеров и активистов, последовательно продвигающих антиисламские тезисы. Эти фигуры завоевали влияние в консервативных СМИ, а также в политическом мейнстриме. Иногда называемое движением «Контр-джихад», это социальное движение существует главным образом для создания страха перед исламом. Оно возникло после 11 сентября 2001 года, параллельно с объявленной правительством США «Войной с террором», вторжениями в Афганистан и Ирак, а также программами внутреннего наблюдения. Как пишет автор и исследователь Халед Бейдун в своей книге «Американская исламофобия», «государство связало мусульман – будь то иммигранты или граждане, проживающие в Соединенных Штатах или за рубежом – с подозрением в терроризме и официально объявило войну на два фронта: внешнюю войну и внутренние войны, включающие наблюдение, полицейские операции и культурную борьбу».
While hate crimes and biased incidents against Muslims or those perceived to be Muslim increased in the post September 11 era, the sophisticated network of anti Muslim groups did not fully shape up until around the time Barack Obama became president. The movement's mass organizing arm came together in 2010 with the opposition to the Park51 Islamic center in New York City. In his book The Islamophobia Industry, author Nathan Lean writes, “The political and social climate of 2010 was ripe for expressions of hate. Nine years after September 11, 2001, a time when many would have expected anti Muslim sentiment to be in decline. In fact, it was higher than the days and weeks following that horrible fall tragedy." In 2010, a proposed Islamic center in New York City's Lower Manhattan became a flashpoint of Islamophobia in the United States. The effort was largely led by Robert Spencer and Pamela Geller, two anti Muslim bloggers who would go on to form the Stop the Islamization of America group. The two came out in opposition to the proposed Park51 Islamic center, or the “Ground Zero Mosque” as it was later dubbed given its proximity to the fallen World Trade Center Towers. Geller claimed the mosque would be viewed by Muslims worldwide as a “triumphal monument” built on “conquered land.” Others political figures joined in on spreading conspiracy theories about Park51. Former American vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin called it “an intolerable mistake on hallowed ground.” Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich lamented it as “an act of triumphalism.”
Geller and Spencer staged a protest against the mosque in 2010, which drew crowds both in support and opposition to the proposed Islamic center. In 2011, Spencer and Geller co produced a film entitled, “The Ground Zero Mosque: Second Wave of the 9/11 Attacks.” This would be the first of several high profile mosque opposition campaigns, with another taking place in that same year in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Organized Islamophobia has since grown in the since after the September 11 attacks. The Southern Poverty Law Center reported a 197 percent increase in anti Muslim hate groups between 2015 and 2016, rising from 34 to 101 active groups. The number has remained high since, with SPLC documenting 72 anti Muslim hate groups in 2020. These groups continued to gain in roads in media and politics. Media outlets like Fox News have provided space to Islamophobic figures like Brigitte Gabriel, Robert Spencer, and Frank Gaffney. These figures are repeatedly invited on Fox to discuss Islam, terrorism, and national security, despite their biased agenda. Media outlets like CNN (source) and MSNBC have also been accused of fomenting Islamophobia. Spreading Islamophobia proved to be politically expedient in the post September 11 era. Islamophobic group members have gained political allies at the federal and state level. Senator Ted Cruz has appeared at events put on the anti Muslim think tank Center for Security Policy. Cruz tapped Center for Security Policy founder Frank Gaffney to serve on his foreign policy advisory during his 2016 presidential run. Republican Reps. Scott Perry, Brian Babin, and eight other federal lawmakers attended ACT for America's national conference in Washington, D. C. The SPLC has designated ACT for America as an anti Muslim hate group. Former Washington State Rep. Matt Shea received an award from ACT in 2015. “I have proudly served my country, fighting against terrorism during combat tours in Bosnia and Iraq, but 9/11 taught us a hard lesson that we must be ever vigilant here in our homeland. We must always be prepared and ACT in defense of our country, the Constitution, and freedom," Shea said after receiving the award. Politics appear to be one of the main drivers of Islamophobia. A 2018 report from New America found that bigoted election campaigns were more likely to drive anti Muslim activity rather than terrorist attacks. “Looking at the statistics, it is clear that the rise in these incidents are tied to the election cycle,” said Robert McKenzie, a senior fellow at New America, told The Intercept. “If spikes in anti Muslim activity only occurred due to terrorism, we would expect to see more incidents following high profile attacks like the Boston Marathon bombing and Charlie Hebdo, but we didn't. What we do have are folks running for elected office who are using megaphones to talk about how dangerous Muslims are.”
A 2019 poll conducted by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that politics are more likely to drive Islamophobia than one's faith. The poll also found that those who espouse Islamophobic beliefs are more likely to be intolerant towards Jewish people or LGBT people. And as author and scholar Deepa Kumar observes, “In the political sphere, particularly during an election year, Islamophobia serves to garner political support for candidates, which they hope to translate into votes. While Donald Trump is the most egregious and visible voice of anti Muslim racism in this group, the phenomenon is far bigger than Trump. As I have argued elsewhere, this is a bipartisan project. The endless war on terror that has consumed trillions of dollars could not be sustained without the fear of a Muslim terrorist enemy.”
Peddling Islamophobic rhetoric in the post September 11 world has become a lucrative job with millions of dollars sloshing around the movement. A 2013 report from the Center for American Progress found that Islamophobic think tanks made $42.6 million between 2001 and 2009. A 2019 report from the Council on American Islamic Relations found $125 million has been funneled to Islamophobic groups through foundations and donor advised funds between 2014 and 2016.
Хотя преступления на почве ненависти и проявления предвзятости в отношении мусульман или тех, кого считают мусульманами, участились после 11 сентября, разветвленная сеть антимусульманских групп окончательно сформировалась лишь к моменту избрания Барака Обамы президентом. Организационное ядро движения сформировалось в 2010 году в противостоянии исламскому центру Park51 в Нью-Йорке. В своей книге «Индустрия исламофобии» автор Нейтан Лин пишет: «Политический и социальный климат 2010 года был благоприятен для проявления ненависти. Спустя девять лет после 11 сентября 2001 года, когда многие ожидали снижения антимусульманских настроений, они, напротив, были выше, чем в дни и недели после той ужасной трагедии». В 2010 году предложенный исламский центр в Нижнем Манхэттене стал эпицентром исламофобии в Соединенных Штатах. Этим активно руководили Роберт Спенсер и Памела Геллер, два антимусульманских блогера, которые впоследствии основали группу «Остановить исламизацию Америки». Они выступили против предложенного исламского центра Park51, или «мечети «Гранда Ноль», как ее позже окрестили из-за близости к месту, где стояли разрушенные башни Всемирного торгового центра. Геллер утверждала, что мечеть будет рассматриваться мусульманами во всем мире как «триумфальный памятник», построенный на «завоеванной земле». К распространению теорий заговора о Park51 присоединились и другие политические деятели. Бывший кандидат в вице-президенты США Сара Пейлин назвала это «непростительной ошибкой на священной земле». Бывший спикер Палаты представителей Ньют Гингрич назвал это «актом триумфализма».
While hate crimes and biased incidents against Muslims or those perceived to be Muslim increased in the post September 11 era, the sophisticated network of anti Muslim groups did not fully shape up until around the time Barack Obama became president. The movement's mass organizing arm came together in 2010 with the opposition to the Park51 Islamic center in New York City. In his book The Islamophobia Industry, author Nathan Lean writes, “The political and social climate of 2010 was ripe for expressions of hate. Nine years after September 11, 2001, a time when many would have expected anti Muslim sentiment to be in decline. In fact, it was higher than the days and weeks following that horrible fall tragedy." In 2010, a proposed Islamic center in New York City's Lower Manhattan became a flashpoint of Islamophobia in the United States. The effort was largely led by Robert Spencer and Pamela Geller, two anti Muslim bloggers who would go on to form the Stop the Islamization of America group. The two came out in opposition to the proposed Park51 Islamic center, or the “Ground Zero Mosque” as it was later dubbed given its proximity to the fallen World Trade Center Towers. Geller claimed the mosque would be viewed by Muslims worldwide as a “triumphal monument” built on “conquered land.” Others political figures joined in on spreading conspiracy theories about Park51. Former American vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin called it “an intolerable mistake on hallowed ground.” Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich lamented it as “an act of triumphalism.”
Geller and Spencer staged a protest against the mosque in 2010, which drew crowds both in support and opposition to the proposed Islamic center. In 2011, Spencer and Geller co produced a film entitled, “The Ground Zero Mosque: Second Wave of the 9/11 Attacks.” This would be the first of several high profile mosque opposition campaigns, with another taking place in that same year in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Organized Islamophobia has since grown in the since after the September 11 attacks. The Southern Poverty Law Center reported a 197 percent increase in anti Muslim hate groups between 2015 and 2016, rising from 34 to 101 active groups. The number has remained high since, with SPLC documenting 72 anti Muslim hate groups in 2020. These groups continued to gain in roads in media and politics. Media outlets like Fox News have provided space to Islamophobic figures like Brigitte Gabriel, Robert Spencer, and Frank Gaffney. These figures are repeatedly invited on Fox to discuss Islam, terrorism, and national security, despite their biased agenda. Media outlets like CNN (source) and MSNBC have also been accused of fomenting Islamophobia. Spreading Islamophobia proved to be politically expedient in the post September 11 era. Islamophobic group members have gained political allies at the federal and state level. Senator Ted Cruz has appeared at events put on the anti Muslim think tank Center for Security Policy. Cruz tapped Center for Security Policy founder Frank Gaffney to serve on his foreign policy advisory during his 2016 presidential run. Republican Reps. Scott Perry, Brian Babin, and eight other federal lawmakers attended ACT for America's national conference in Washington, D. C. The SPLC has designated ACT for America as an anti Muslim hate group. Former Washington State Rep. Matt Shea received an award from ACT in 2015. “I have proudly served my country, fighting against terrorism during combat tours in Bosnia and Iraq, but 9/11 taught us a hard lesson that we must be ever vigilant here in our homeland. We must always be prepared and ACT in defense of our country, the Constitution, and freedom," Shea said after receiving the award. Politics appear to be one of the main drivers of Islamophobia. A 2018 report from New America found that bigoted election campaigns were more likely to drive anti Muslim activity rather than terrorist attacks. “Looking at the statistics, it is clear that the rise in these incidents are tied to the election cycle,” said Robert McKenzie, a senior fellow at New America, told The Intercept. “If spikes in anti Muslim activity only occurred due to terrorism, we would expect to see more incidents following high profile attacks like the Boston Marathon bombing and Charlie Hebdo, but we didn't. What we do have are folks running for elected office who are using megaphones to talk about how dangerous Muslims are.”
A 2019 poll conducted by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that politics are more likely to drive Islamophobia than one's faith. The poll also found that those who espouse Islamophobic beliefs are more likely to be intolerant towards Jewish people or LGBT people. And as author and scholar Deepa Kumar observes, “In the political sphere, particularly during an election year, Islamophobia serves to garner political support for candidates, which they hope to translate into votes. While Donald Trump is the most egregious and visible voice of anti Muslim racism in this group, the phenomenon is far bigger than Trump. As I have argued elsewhere, this is a bipartisan project. The endless war on terror that has consumed trillions of dollars could not be sustained without the fear of a Muslim terrorist enemy.”
Peddling Islamophobic rhetoric in the post September 11 world has become a lucrative job with millions of dollars sloshing around the movement. A 2013 report from the Center for American Progress found that Islamophobic think tanks made $42.6 million between 2001 and 2009. A 2019 report from the Council on American Islamic Relations found $125 million has been funneled to Islamophobic groups through foundations and donor advised funds between 2014 and 2016.
В 2010 году Геллер и Спенсер организовали протест против мечети, который привлек как сторонников, так и противников предложенного исламского центра. В 2011 году Спенсер и Геллер совместно сняли фильм под названием «Мечеть на «Гранде Ноль»: вторая волна атак 11 сентября». Это стало первым из нескольких громких кампаний против строительства мечетей, еще одна из которых состоялась в том же году в Мурфрисборо, штат Теннесси. Организованная исламофобия усилилась после терактов 11 сентября. Южный центр борьбы с бедностью сообщил об увеличении числа антимусульманских групп ненависти на 197% в период с 2015 по 2016 год, с 34 до 101 активной группы. Это число остается высоким, и в 2020 году SPLC задокументировала 72 антимусульманские группы ненависти. Эти группы продолжали расширять свое влияние в СМИ и политике. Такие СМИ, как Fox News, предоставили платформу исламофобским деятелям, таким как Бриджит Габриэль, Роберт Спенсер и Фрэнк Гаффни. Их регулярно приглашают на Fox News для обсуждения вопросов, связанных с исламом, терроризмом и национальной безопасностью, несмотря на их предвзятые взгляды. СМИ, такие как CNN и MSNBC, также обвиняются в разжигании исламофобии. Распространение исламофобии оказалось политически выгодным в эпоху после 11 сентября. Члены исламофобских групп получили политических союзников на федеральном и государственном уровнях. Сенатор Тед Круз принимал участие в мероприятиях, организованных антимусульманским аналитическим центром Center for Security Policy. Круз привлек основателя Center for Security Policy Фрэнка Гаффни в качестве советника по внешней политике во время своей президентской кампании 2016 года. Члены Палаты представителей от Республиканской партии Скотт Перри, Брайан Бабин и еще восемь федеральных законодателей посетили национальную конференцию ACT for America в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия. SPLC признала ACT for America антимусульманской группой ненависти. Бывший член законодательного собрания штата Вашингтон Мэтт Шеа получил награду от ACT в 2015 году. «Я горжусь тем, что служил своей стране, сражаясь с терроризмом во время боевых действий в Боснии и Ираке, но 11 сентября научило нас важному уроку о том, что мы должны быть бдительными на своей родине. Мы должны всегда быть готовы и действовать в защиту нашей страны, Конституции и свободы», – заявил Шеа после получения награды.
While hate crimes and biased incidents against Muslims or those perceived to be Muslim increased in the post September 11 era, the sophisticated network of anti Muslim groups did not fully shape up until around the time Barack Obama became president. The movement's mass organizing arm came together in 2010 with the opposition to the Park51 Islamic center in New York City. In his book The Islamophobia Industry, author Nathan Lean writes, “The political and social climate of 2010 was ripe for expressions of hate. Nine years after September 11, 2001, a time when many would have expected anti Muslim sentiment to be in decline. In fact, it was higher than the days and weeks following that horrible fall tragedy." In 2010, a proposed Islamic center in New York City's Lower Manhattan became a flashpoint of Islamophobia in the United States. The effort was largely led by Robert Spencer and Pamela Geller, two anti Muslim bloggers who would go on to form the Stop the Islamization of America group. The two came out in opposition to the proposed Park51 Islamic center, or the “Ground Zero Mosque” as it was later dubbed given its proximity to the fallen World Trade Center Towers. Geller claimed the mosque would be viewed by Muslims worldwide as a “triumphal monument” built on “conquered land.” Others political figures joined in on spreading conspiracy theories about Park51. Former American vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin called it “an intolerable mistake on hallowed ground.” Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich lamented it as “an act of triumphalism.”
Geller and Spencer staged a protest against the mosque in 2010, which drew crowds both in support and opposition to the proposed Islamic center. In 2011, Spencer and Geller co produced a film entitled, “The Ground Zero Mosque: Second Wave of the 9/11 Attacks.” This would be the first of several high profile mosque opposition campaigns, with another taking place in that same year in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Organized Islamophobia has since grown in the since after the September 11 attacks. The Southern Poverty Law Center reported a 197 percent increase in anti Muslim hate groups between 2015 and 2016, rising from 34 to 101 active groups. The number has remained high since, with SPLC documenting 72 anti Muslim hate groups in 2020. These groups continued to gain in roads in media and politics. Media outlets like Fox News have provided space to Islamophobic figures like Brigitte Gabriel, Robert Spencer, and Frank Gaffney. These figures are repeatedly invited on Fox to discuss Islam, terrorism, and national security, despite their biased agenda. Media outlets like CNN (source) and MSNBC have also been accused of fomenting Islamophobia. Spreading Islamophobia proved to be politically expedient in the post September 11 era. Islamophobic group members have gained political allies at the federal and state level. Senator Ted Cruz has appeared at events put on the anti Muslim think tank Center for Security Policy. Cruz tapped Center for Security Policy founder Frank Gaffney to serve on his foreign policy advisory during his 2016 presidential run. Republican Reps. Scott Perry, Brian Babin, and eight other federal lawmakers attended ACT for America's national conference in Washington, D. C. The SPLC has designated ACT for America as an anti Muslim hate group. Former Washington State Rep. Matt Shea received an award from ACT in 2015. “I have proudly served my country, fighting against terrorism during combat tours in Bosnia and Iraq, but 9/11 taught us a hard lesson that we must be ever vigilant here in our homeland. We must always be prepared and ACT in defense of our country, the Constitution, and freedom," Shea said after receiving the award. Politics appear to be one of the main drivers of Islamophobia. A 2018 report from New America found that bigoted election campaigns were more likely to drive anti Muslim activity rather than terrorist attacks. “Looking at the statistics, it is clear that the rise in these incidents are tied to the election cycle,” said Robert McKenzie, a senior fellow at New America, told The Intercept. “If spikes in anti Muslim activity only occurred due to terrorism, we would expect to see more incidents following high profile attacks like the Boston Marathon bombing and Charlie Hebdo, but we didn't. What we do have are folks running for elected office who are using megaphones to talk about how dangerous Muslims are.”
A 2019 poll conducted by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that politics are more likely to drive Islamophobia than one's faith. The poll also found that those who espouse Islamophobic beliefs are more likely to be intolerant towards Jewish people or LGBT people. And as author and scholar Deepa Kumar observes, “In the political sphere, particularly during an election year, Islamophobia serves to garner political support for candidates, which they hope to translate into votes. While Donald Trump is the most egregious and visible voice of anti Muslim racism in this group, the phenomenon is far bigger than Trump. As I have argued elsewhere, this is a bipartisan project. The endless war on terror that has consumed trillions of dollars could not be sustained without the fear of a Muslim terrorist enemy.”
Peddling Islamophobic rhetoric in the post September 11 world has become a lucrative job with millions of dollars sloshing around the movement. A 2013 report from the Center for American Progress found that Islamophobic think tanks made $42.6 million between 2001 and 2009. A 2019 report from the Council on American Islamic Relations found $125 million has been funneled to Islamophobic groups through foundations and donor advised funds between 2014 and 2016.
Политика, по-видимому, является одним из основных факторов, способствующих исламофобии. Отчет New America за 2018 год показал, что предвзятые избирательные кампании с большей вероятностью провоцируют антимусульманскую активность, чем террористические атаки. «Судя по статистике, очевидно, что рост этих инцидентов связан с избирательным циклом», – заявил Роберт Маккензи, старший научный сотрудник New America, в интервью The Intercept. «Если бы всплески антимусульманской активности происходили только из-за терроризма, мы бы ожидали увидеть больше инцидентов после громких атак, таких как взрыв на Бостонском марафоне и нападение на Charlie Hebdo, но этого не произошло. Вместо этого мы видим кандидатов, баллотирующихся на выборные должности, которые используют трибуну для того, чтобы говорить о том, насколько опасны мусульмане».
While hate crimes and biased incidents against Muslims or those perceived to be Muslim increased in the post September 11 era, the sophisticated network of anti Muslim groups did not fully shape up until around the time Barack Obama became president. The movement's mass organizing arm came together in 2010 with the opposition to the Park51 Islamic center in New York City. In his book The Islamophobia Industry, author Nathan Lean writes, “The political and social climate of 2010 was ripe for expressions of hate. Nine years after September 11, 2001, a time when many would have expected anti Muslim sentiment to be in decline. In fact, it was higher than the days and weeks following that horrible fall tragedy." In 2010, a proposed Islamic center in New York City's Lower Manhattan became a flashpoint of Islamophobia in the United States. The effort was largely led by Robert Spencer and Pamela Geller, two anti Muslim bloggers who would go on to form the Stop the Islamization of America group. The two came out in opposition to the proposed Park51 Islamic center, or the “Ground Zero Mosque” as it was later dubbed given its proximity to the fallen World Trade Center Towers. Geller claimed the mosque would be viewed by Muslims worldwide as a “triumphal monument” built on “conquered land.” Others political figures joined in on spreading conspiracy theories about Park51. Former American vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin called it “an intolerable mistake on hallowed ground.” Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich lamented it as “an act of triumphalism.”
Geller and Spencer staged a protest against the mosque in 2010, which drew crowds both in support and opposition to the proposed Islamic center. In 2011, Spencer and Geller co produced a film entitled, “The Ground Zero Mosque: Second Wave of the 9/11 Attacks.” This would be the first of several high profile mosque opposition campaigns, with another taking place in that same year in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Organized Islamophobia has since grown in the since after the September 11 attacks. The Southern Poverty Law Center reported a 197 percent increase in anti Muslim hate groups between 2015 and 2016, rising from 34 to 101 active groups. The number has remained high since, with SPLC documenting 72 anti Muslim hate groups in 2020. These groups continued to gain in roads in media and politics. Media outlets like Fox News have provided space to Islamophobic figures like Brigitte Gabriel, Robert Spencer, and Frank Gaffney. These figures are repeatedly invited on Fox to discuss Islam, terrorism, and national security, despite their biased agenda. Media outlets like CNN (source) and MSNBC have also been accused of fomenting Islamophobia. Spreading Islamophobia proved to be politically expedient in the post September 11 era. Islamophobic group members have gained political allies at the federal and state level. Senator Ted Cruz has appeared at events put on the anti Muslim think tank Center for Security Policy. Cruz tapped Center for Security Policy founder Frank Gaffney to serve on his foreign policy advisory during his 2016 presidential run. Republican Reps. Scott Perry, Brian Babin, and eight other federal lawmakers attended ACT for America's national conference in Washington, D. C. The SPLC has designated ACT for America as an anti Muslim hate group. Former Washington State Rep. Matt Shea received an award from ACT in 2015. “I have proudly served my country, fighting against terrorism during combat tours in Bosnia and Iraq, but 9/11 taught us a hard lesson that we must be ever vigilant here in our homeland. We must always be prepared and ACT in defense of our country, the Constitution, and freedom," Shea said after receiving the award. Politics appear to be one of the main drivers of Islamophobia. A 2018 report from New America found that bigoted election campaigns were more likely to drive anti Muslim activity rather than terrorist attacks. “Looking at the statistics, it is clear that the rise in these incidents are tied to the election cycle,” said Robert McKenzie, a senior fellow at New America, told The Intercept. “If spikes in anti Muslim activity only occurred due to terrorism, we would expect to see more incidents following high profile attacks like the Boston Marathon bombing and Charlie Hebdo, but we didn't. What we do have are folks running for elected office who are using megaphones to talk about how dangerous Muslims are.”
A 2019 poll conducted by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that politics are more likely to drive Islamophobia than one's faith. The poll also found that those who espouse Islamophobic beliefs are more likely to be intolerant towards Jewish people or LGBT people. And as author and scholar Deepa Kumar observes, “In the political sphere, particularly during an election year, Islamophobia serves to garner political support for candidates, which they hope to translate into votes. While Donald Trump is the most egregious and visible voice of anti Muslim racism in this group, the phenomenon is far bigger than Trump. As I have argued elsewhere, this is a bipartisan project. The endless war on terror that has consumed trillions of dollars could not be sustained without the fear of a Muslim terrorist enemy.”
Peddling Islamophobic rhetoric in the post September 11 world has become a lucrative job with millions of dollars sloshing around the movement. A 2013 report from the Center for American Progress found that Islamophobic think tanks made $42.6 million between 2001 and 2009. A 2019 report from the Council on American Islamic Relations found $125 million has been funneled to Islamophobic groups through foundations and donor advised funds between 2014 and 2016.
Опрос, проведенный Институтом социальной политики и взаимопонимания в 2019 году, показал, что политика с большей вероятностью является причиной исламофобии, чем религиозные убеждения. Опрос также показал, что люди, придерживающиеся исламофобских взглядов, с большей вероятностью проявляют нетерпимость к евреям или представителям ЛГБТ. И, как отмечает автор и исследователь Дипа Кумар, «в политической сфере, особенно в год выборов, исламофобия служит для привлечения политической поддержки кандидатам, которые надеются превратить ее в голоса. Хотя Дональд Трамп является самым вопиющим и заметным голосом антимусульманского расизма в этой группе, это явление гораздо шире, чем Трамп. Как я утверждал в другом месте, это обоюдный проект. Бесконечная война с террором, которая поглотила триллионы долларов, не могла бы быть поддержана без страха перед мусульманским террористическим врагом».
While hate crimes and biased incidents against Muslims or those perceived to be Muslim increased in the post September 11 era, the sophisticated network of anti Muslim groups did not fully shape up until around the time Barack Obama became president. The movement's mass organizing arm came together in 2010 with the opposition to the Park51 Islamic center in New York City. In his book The Islamophobia Industry, author Nathan Lean writes, “The political and social climate of 2010 was ripe for expressions of hate. Nine years after September 11, 2001, a time when many would have expected anti Muslim sentiment to be in decline. In fact, it was higher than the days and weeks following that horrible fall tragedy." In 2010, a proposed Islamic center in New York City's Lower Manhattan became a flashpoint of Islamophobia in the United States. The effort was largely led by Robert Spencer and Pamela Geller, two anti Muslim bloggers who would go on to form the Stop the Islamization of America group. The two came out in opposition to the proposed Park51 Islamic center, or the “Ground Zero Mosque” as it was later dubbed given its proximity to the fallen World Trade Center Towers. Geller claimed the mosque would be viewed by Muslims worldwide as a “triumphal monument” built on “conquered land.” Others political figures joined in on spreading conspiracy theories about Park51. Former American vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin called it “an intolerable mistake on hallowed ground.” Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich lamented it as “an act of triumphalism.”
Geller and Spencer staged a protest against the mosque in 2010, which drew crowds both in support and opposition to the proposed Islamic center. In 2011, Spencer and Geller co produced a film entitled, “The Ground Zero Mosque: Second Wave of the 9/11 Attacks.” This would be the first of several high profile mosque opposition campaigns, with another taking place in that same year in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Organized Islamophobia has since grown in the since after the September 11 attacks. The Southern Poverty Law Center reported a 197 percent increase in anti Muslim hate groups between 2015 and 2016, rising from 34 to 101 active groups. The number has remained high since, with SPLC documenting 72 anti Muslim hate groups in 2020. These groups continued to gain in roads in media and politics. Media outlets like Fox News have provided space to Islamophobic figures like Brigitte Gabriel, Robert Spencer, and Frank Gaffney. These figures are repeatedly invited on Fox to discuss Islam, terrorism, and national security, despite their biased agenda. Media outlets like CNN (source) and MSNBC have also been accused of fomenting Islamophobia. Spreading Islamophobia proved to be politically expedient in the post September 11 era. Islamophobic group members have gained political allies at the federal and state level. Senator Ted Cruz has appeared at events put on the anti Muslim think tank Center for Security Policy. Cruz tapped Center for Security Policy founder Frank Gaffney to serve on his foreign policy advisory during his 2016 presidential run. Republican Reps. Scott Perry, Brian Babin, and eight other federal lawmakers attended ACT for America's national conference in Washington, D. C. The SPLC has designated ACT for America as an anti Muslim hate group. Former Washington State Rep. Matt Shea received an award from ACT in 2015. “I have proudly served my country, fighting against terrorism during combat tours in Bosnia and Iraq, but 9/11 taught us a hard lesson that we must be ever vigilant here in our homeland. We must always be prepared and ACT in defense of our country, the Constitution, and freedom," Shea said after receiving the award. Politics appear to be one of the main drivers of Islamophobia. A 2018 report from New America found that bigoted election campaigns were more likely to drive anti Muslim activity rather than terrorist attacks. “Looking at the statistics, it is clear that the rise in these incidents are tied to the election cycle,” said Robert McKenzie, a senior fellow at New America, told The Intercept. “If spikes in anti Muslim activity only occurred due to terrorism, we would expect to see more incidents following high profile attacks like the Boston Marathon bombing and Charlie Hebdo, but we didn't. What we do have are folks running for elected office who are using megaphones to talk about how dangerous Muslims are.”
A 2019 poll conducted by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that politics are more likely to drive Islamophobia than one's faith. The poll also found that those who espouse Islamophobic beliefs are more likely to be intolerant towards Jewish people or LGBT people. And as author and scholar Deepa Kumar observes, “In the political sphere, particularly during an election year, Islamophobia serves to garner political support for candidates, which they hope to translate into votes. While Donald Trump is the most egregious and visible voice of anti Muslim racism in this group, the phenomenon is far bigger than Trump. As I have argued elsewhere, this is a bipartisan project. The endless war on terror that has consumed trillions of dollars could not be sustained without the fear of a Muslim terrorist enemy.”
Peddling Islamophobic rhetoric in the post September 11 world has become a lucrative job with millions of dollars sloshing around the movement. A 2013 report from the Center for American Progress found that Islamophobic think tanks made $42.6 million between 2001 and 2009. A 2019 report from the Council on American Islamic Relations found $125 million has been funneled to Islamophobic groups through foundations and donor advised funds between 2014 and 2016.
Распространение исламофобской риторики в мире после 11 сентября стало прибыльным занятием, с миллионами долларов, циркулирующими в этом движении. Отчет Центра американского прогресса за 2013 год показал, что антимусульманские аналитические центры заработали 42,6 миллиона долларов в период с 2001 по 2009 год. Отчет Совета американских исламских отношений за 2019 год показал, что с 2014 по 2016 год через фонды и консультативные фонды дарителей было направлено 125 миллионов долларов в антимусульманские группы.
While hate crimes and biased incidents against Muslims or those perceived to be Muslim increased in the post September 11 era, the sophisticated network of anti Muslim groups did not fully shape up until around the time Barack Obama became president. The movement's mass organizing arm came together in 2010 with the opposition to the Park51 Islamic center in New York City. In his book The Islamophobia Industry, author Nathan Lean writes, “The political and social climate of 2010 was ripe for expressions of hate. Nine years after September 11, 2001, a time when many would have expected anti Muslim sentiment to be in decline. In fact, it was higher than the days and weeks following that horrible fall tragedy." In 2010, a proposed Islamic center in New York City's Lower Manhattan became a flashpoint of Islamophobia in the United States. The effort was largely led by Robert Spencer and Pamela Geller, two anti Muslim bloggers who would go on to form the Stop the Islamization of America group. The two came out in opposition to the proposed Park51 Islamic center, or the “Ground Zero Mosque” as it was later dubbed given its proximity to the fallen World Trade Center Towers. Geller claimed the mosque would be viewed by Muslims worldwide as a “triumphal monument” built on “conquered land.” Others political figures joined in on spreading conspiracy theories about Park51. Former American vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin called it “an intolerable mistake on hallowed ground.” Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich lamented it as “an act of triumphalism.”
Geller and Spencer staged a protest against the mosque in 2010, which drew crowds both in support and opposition to the proposed Islamic center. In 2011, Spencer and Geller co produced a film entitled, “The Ground Zero Mosque: Second Wave of the 9/11 Attacks.” This would be the first of several high profile mosque opposition campaigns, with another taking place in that same year in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Organized Islamophobia has since grown in the since after the September 11 attacks. The Southern Poverty Law Center reported a 197 percent increase in anti Muslim hate groups between 2015 and 2016, rising from 34 to 101 active groups. The number has remained high since, with SPLC documenting 72 anti Muslim hate groups in 2020. These groups continued to gain in roads in media and politics. Media outlets like Fox News have provided space to Islamophobic figures like Brigitte Gabriel, Robert Spencer, and Frank Gaffney. These figures are repeatedly invited on Fox to discuss Islam, terrorism, and national security, despite their biased agenda. Media outlets like CNN (source) and MSNBC have also been accused of fomenting Islamophobia. Spreading Islamophobia proved to be politically expedient in the post September 11 era. Islamophobic group members have gained political allies at the federal and state level. Senator Ted Cruz has appeared at events put on the anti Muslim think tank Center for Security Policy. Cruz tapped Center for Security Policy founder Frank Gaffney to serve on his foreign policy advisory during his 2016 presidential run. Republican Reps. Scott Perry, Brian Babin, and eight other federal lawmakers attended ACT for America's national conference in Washington, D. C. The SPLC has designated ACT for America as an anti Muslim hate group. Former Washington State Rep. Matt Shea received an award from ACT in 2015. “I have proudly served my country, fighting against terrorism during combat tours in Bosnia and Iraq, but 9/11 taught us a hard lesson that we must be ever vigilant here in our homeland. We must always be prepared and ACT in defense of our country, the Constitution, and freedom," Shea said after receiving the award. Politics appear to be one of the main drivers of Islamophobia. A 2018 report from New America found that bigoted election campaigns were more likely to drive anti Muslim activity rather than terrorist attacks. “Looking at the statistics, it is clear that the rise in these incidents are tied to the election cycle,” said Robert McKenzie, a senior fellow at New America, told The Intercept. “If spikes in anti Muslim activity only occurred due to terrorism, we would expect to see more incidents following high profile attacks like the Boston Marathon bombing and Charlie Hebdo, but we didn't. What we do have are folks running for elected office who are using megaphones to talk about how dangerous Muslims are.”
A 2019 poll conducted by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that politics are more likely to drive Islamophobia than one's faith. The poll also found that those who espouse Islamophobic beliefs are more likely to be intolerant towards Jewish people or LGBT people. And as author and scholar Deepa Kumar observes, “In the political sphere, particularly during an election year, Islamophobia serves to garner political support for candidates, which they hope to translate into votes. While Donald Trump is the most egregious and visible voice of anti Muslim racism in this group, the phenomenon is far bigger than Trump. As I have argued elsewhere, this is a bipartisan project. The endless war on terror that has consumed trillions of dollars could not be sustained without the fear of a Muslim terrorist enemy.”
Peddling Islamophobic rhetoric in the post September 11 world has become a lucrative job with millions of dollars sloshing around the movement. A 2013 report from the Center for American Progress found that Islamophobic think tanks made $42.6 million between 2001 and 2009. A 2019 report from the Council on American Islamic Relations found $125 million has been funneled to Islamophobic groups through foundations and donor advised funds between 2014 and 2016.
Опасения по поводу безопасности
Из-за страха полётов, распространенного среди многих американцев, использование автомобилей возросло после терактов. Это привело к приблизительно 1595 дополнительным смертельным случаям на шоссе в последующий год. Этот страх также стал причиной создания Управления транспортной безопасности (TSA), призванного повысить безопасность и уменьшить опасения, связанные с полётами, у граждан.
Цензура
Фильмы и телевизионные программы, снятые до 2001 года, в которых изображены башни-близнецы Всемирного торгового центра или события, схожие с событиями 11 сентября, были отредактированы при повторных показах по телевидению. Одним из таких примеров является эпизод "Симпсонов" под названием "Город Нью-Йорк против Гомера Симпсона", действие которого в основном разворачивается во Всемирном торговом центре. После 11 сентября компания Clear Channel Communications (владелец более 1000 радиостанций в США) опубликовала список песен, признанных "неуместными". Эти песни не были запрещены напрямую, но радиостанциям рекомендовалось не ставить их в эфир. Нью-йоркская группа Dream Theater выпустила концертный альбом Live Scenes from New York 11 сентября 2001 года. Обложка альбома изображала панораму Манхэттена, включая горящие башни Всемирного торгового центра. Альбом был немедленно отозван из продажи, и обложка была изменена. Другая нью-йоркская группа, The Strokes, изначально планировала включить в свой дебютный альбом 2001 года Is This It песню "New York City Cops" под номером девять. Альбом, впервые выпущенный в июне того же года в Австралии, вышел в США 9 октября, при этом "New York City Cops" была удалена и заменена новой песней "When It Started" в связи с терактами. В качестве акта самоцензуры американская рок-группа Jimmy Eat World изменила название своего третьего альбома Bleed American на одноименный альбом после терактов. Британская группа Bush была вынуждена изменить название своего сингла "Speed Kills" на "The People That We Love". Они также изменили оригинальную обложку своего альбома Golden State перед его выпуском, на которой первоначально был изображен самолет в полете. Музыкальный клип на песню "Piece By Piece" британской группы Feeder также был изменен. В оригинальном клипе анимированные персонажи группы играли в нью-йоркском небоскребе, на фоне которого виднелся Всемирный торговый центр, а рядом пролетали самолеты. В конце клипа группа прыгает из окна здания. Когда Шон Альтман записывал "Zombie Jamboree" для альбома The GrooveBarbers Guts, он изменил текст на "There's an acapella zombie singing down Broadway" вместо строки, которую он и Rockapella исполняли на протяжении многих лет: "There's a high wire zombie between the World Trades".