Шмальленберг: История и современность города в Зауэрланде

the virus

Schmallenberg (Westphalian: Smalmereg) is a town and a climatic health resort in the High Sauerland District, Germany. By area, it is the third biggest of all cities and towns of the state of North Rhine Westphalia and the second biggest of the region of Westphalia. With small Schmallenberg central town and the rural Bad Fredeburg Kneipp health resort the town has two urban settlements. Additionally, 82 villages and hamlets belong to the town's territory. Also being called “the Schmallenberg Sauerland”, the Town of Schmallenberg is famous for its total of five health resorts and nine villages which have been awarded gold for their beauty in the nationwide “Unser Dorf hat Zukunft” contest.

Schmallenberg in the north borders on the Municipality of Bestwig and the Town of Meschede, in the east on the Town of Winterberg, in the south on the Town of Bad Berleburg, and in the west on the Municipality of Eslohe (Sauerland) and the Town of Lennestadt.

In 1072 a Benedictine monastery of Grafschaft was founded near the Wilzenberg mountain by St. Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne. The oldest available documents speaking of a “Town of Schmallenberg” are the archbishop's and the town council's deeds from 1243. There were several causes which let the place of “Smalenburg” (old German, “narrow castle”) receive town rights. Before Schmallenberg received town rights, there had been a castle of Schmallenberg which must have been destroyed around 1240. It was owned by the Archbishop of Cologne Conrad of Hochstadt and the Grafschaft Abbey. The Knight Johann Kolve had the order to protect this castle. At this time, there already must have been some kind of settlement around. The archbishop did not consider the destroyed castle as useful any more. Furthermore, the local settlement was unprotected and in a risky situation because of the castle. That is why the archbishop and the Grafschaft Abbey wanted to fortify the place, leaving the old castle outside the town wall. In 1244 Schmallenberg received town rights and got a mayor and an own council. Johann Kolve, who had recommended this solution, became the commander of the new fortified town. He got 30 shillings every year on St. Martin’s Day as an indemnity, an own property and a judicial immunity was granted. The new Town of Schmallenberg thanked Kolve for its new protecting wall. He did not have to pay taxes and did not have any civic duties. There is evidence from 1273 and 1292 of blacksmiths working in Schmallenberg and there have been cutlers and trip hammers for a long time. The town joined alliances with Medebach, Hallenberg and Winterberg and was a member of the Hanseatic League. It used to be a Colognian minting place in the 13th century. After weapon techniques had changed and to the archbishop, Schmallenberg had lost its fortified status, the town went through an economical crisis in the 16th century. In 1812, the wall and its gates were torn down. In the last of the three big fires of 1732, 1746 and 1822, 131 of 151 houses burnt down and Schmallenberg was rebuilt in the now characteristic structure (“Prussian ladder system”) with its half timbered houses and slated roofs. In 1800, the town's iron manufacturing industry was the second largest in the whole Duchy of Westphalia. Major competition and high costs led to the decline of the industry, and a shift towards textile manufacturing in Schmallenberg. By 1871, there were seven companies belonging to textile industry. Textile manufacturing remained the most important business type for the following years.

The Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) conducts research in the field of applied life sciences from a molecular level to entire ecosystems. The IME has around 140 employees working at its locations in Schmallenberg and Aachen.

Schmallenberg’s aerodrome is the Rennefeld motorsport and glider airfield (Motorsport und Segelflugplatz Rennefeld) between the villages of Wormbach and Werpe. ICAO Code: EDKR.

The town is surrounded by the following airports (near to far): Paderborn/Lippstadt (PAD), Dortmund (DTM), Kassel (KSF), Cologne/Bonn (CGN), Münster/Osnabrück (FMO), Düsseldorf (DUS) and Frankfurt am Main (FRA).

The federal highways (Bundesstraßen) B 236 and B 511 run through the town's territory.

The closest train stations are the ones in Lennestadt Altenhundem, Meschede and Winterberg.

Buses of Busverkehr Ruhr Sieg (BRS) serve the town on the main routes. An association only founded for this purpose voluntarily provides a Bürgerbus (“civic bus”) on the less common routes. It mainly serves the smaller villages.

The Westfalenpost newspaper has editorial offices in Schmallenberg and Meschede and issues a daily local edition from Mondays to Saturdays. It shares its local edition with the Westfälische Rundschau which is another daily newspaper. The free advertising newspaper Sauerlandkurier also has an editorial office in Schmallenberg and is being issued on Wednesdays and Sundays. Radio and TV news can be received from the West German Broadcasting (WDR). There is a WDR regional studio in Siegen which daily broadcasts news for South Westphalia on WDR 2 radio (on 93.8 FM) and in the Lokalzeit show for South Westphalia on television (WDR Fernsehen). Another local radio channel is Radio Sauerland from Meschede which can be received at 89.1 or 106.5 FM in Schmallenberg and on different frequencies in the whole High Sauerland District.

Schmallenberg has six elementary schools (Grundschulen) and three secondary schools (a Hauptschule, a Realschule and a Gymnasium). There is also one special school of the High Sauerland District for emotional and social development, elementary and secondary level one (Martinsschule Dorlar), one folk high school (Volkshochschule) a district's school of music (Kreismusikschule) and Music Education Centre Südwestfalen (Musikbildungszentrum Südwestfalen).

Starting from Schmallenberg central town, trips to the Nordenau Rappelstein castle ruin with great views, the Grafschaft Abbey or to the nearby Kneipp health resort of Bad Fredeburg are always worth to do. There are some local museums like the Slate Mining and Home Region Museum in Holthausen, the Hesse Cutlery Factory in Fleckenberg, the Monastery Museum in Grafschaft or the Jurisdiction Museum in Bad Fredeburg. Annual events in many places in town are the marksmen's festivals (Schützenfeste) lasting two to four days between April and August. They celebrate the local traditions including parades, traditional music and dance in a local hall or tent and a shooting of a wooden bird. There are 20 marksmen's clubs (Schützenvereine) in town and each has its own Schützenfest. The biggest club is the Schmallenberg Marksmen's Society of 1820 (Schützengesellschaft Schmallenberg 1820). The oldest Schützenverein in the modern Town of Schmallenberg is the Wormbach St. Judoc Marksmen's Fraternity (St. Jodokus Schützenbruderschaft Wormbach). It was founded in 1525. Schmallenberg's town festival is the Schmallenberger Woche (“the Schmallenberg week”) and is being held every two years from a Wednesday to a Sunday in August. This event is celebrated in central Schmallenberg's old town and turns the Marksmen's Square park facility (Parkanlage Schützenplatz) and the Weststraße and Oststraße into a pedestrian area with music, entertainment and several stalls providing food, drinks, other commercial goods and information. Citizens from many of Schmallenberg's places, the twin towns and several associations take part in the festival. On each Second Sunday of Advent and Friday and Saturday before there is a Christmas market around the central town's Catholic church. Further Christmas markets can be found on different dates in other places of the town.

Schmallenberg has many hiking trails adding up to approximately 2,500 kilometers, leading through forests, across mountains and through valleys. The Rothaarsteig, a hiking trail along the Rothaar Mountains from Brilon to Dillenburg, leads through the town's territory. Recently, the town at the upper course of the Lenne River has developed into one of Westphalia's winter sport centers. The Nordic Center of North Rhine Westphalia and the High Sauerland Cross Country Skiing Center are both located in Westfeld. 250 kilometers of cross country ski tracks and 30 ski lifts make any kind of skiing possible.