Введение
Народ, говорящий на языке лушутсид, этническая группа Пуджет-Саунд.
infobox ethnic group
| group = Sammamish
| native name = sc̓ababš
| native name lang = lut
| popplace = King County, Washington, United States
| langs = Lushootseed (Southern), English
| rels = Indigenous religion, Christianity, including syncretic forms
| related = Other Lushootseed speaking peoples, especially Duwamish
The historical extent of Sammamish territory ranges from the northern head of Lake Washington to Issaquah Creek at the south of Lake Sammamish, where they have hunted, fished, and gathered for over 10,000 years. The Sammamish had several villages along the length of the river, with the largest being at , what is now Kenmore. The Sammamish were historically a warlike, but impoverished people, and were closely allied with their neighbors, the Duwamish and the Snoqualmie. Traditional Sammamish society revolved around their two lakes, Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish, more than the Sammamish River which connects the two. In the early 19th century, the Sammamish were one of the first peoples of Puget Sound to come into contact with the traders from the Hudson's Bay Company. During this period, the Sammamish participated in several wars, such as the 1855 Puget Sound War and the 1865 Battle of Seattle, as well as raiding other tribes. In 1855, the Sammamish attended, but did not sign, the Treaty of Point Elliott. Despite this, they were removed from their land and sent to the Tulalip Reservation, where many Sammamish descendants live today. Other Sammamish continued to live in their traditional homeland along the Sammamish River but later moved to neighboring reservations. also spelled
The etymology of the name is disputed among historians and linguists, and there are several possible etymologies. The name is derived from a root word and the suffix , meaning "people." According to linguist and anthropologist T. T. Waterman, the name means "meander dwellers." According to historian and writer David Buerge, the name might derive from the word , meaning "willow,"
The first American settlers also called the Sammamish various names such as "Squak", "Simump", and "Squowh." These names are anglicizations of the Lushootseed word , the name for Issaquah Creek and the location of a Sammamish village. They were historically closely related to and allied with their immediate neighbors, who today constitute the Snoqualmie and the various subgroups of the Duwamish people, such as the , the Juanita Creek people. Because of these ties, early American settlers often believed that the Sammamish were a subgroup of the Duwamish, or that the Duwamish were a subgroup of the Sammamish. However, the Sammamish were a completely sovereign and autonomous group from their Duwamish neighbors. For this reason, the Sammamish were looked down upon by many of their contemporaries, who viewed them as uncouth and rowdy. Despite this, Governor Isaac Stevens moved to enforce the treaty on the Sammamish even before it was ratified by Congress. One prominent leader of the Sammamish, Sahwicholgadhw, did not accept the treaty, and resisted the attempts of the Americans to remove the Sammamish from their homelands. Although David 'Doc' Maynard, the Indian Agent at the time, pressured the Sammamish into relocating, the Sammamish continued to refuse the efforts of the Americans. Because of this relocation, many Sammamish were amalgamated into other tribes, such as the Suquamish, Snoqualmie, and Tulalip tribes, where many of the descendants of the Sammamish live today. Some Sammamish continued to refuse to move to the Tulalip Reservation and continued to live in the area as laborers and farmers. The last independent Sammamish continued to practice their traditions until the 1900s and 1910s, when the last visible traces of Sammamish people in the Sammamish River Valley would practically disappear. In 2009, only 69 people in Kenmore – once the largest Sammamish village – were Native American. They were likely not all of Sammamish descent, although the exact number is not known.
| группа = Саммиш
| родное название = sc̓ababš
| родной язык названия = lut
| место проживания = округ Кинг, штат Вашингтон, США
| языки = Лушутсид (южный), английский
| религия = Традиционные верования, христианство, включая синкретические формы
| связанные народы = Другие народы, говорящие на лушутсид, особенно Дувамиш
infobox ethnic group
| group = Sammamish
| native name = sc̓ababš
| native name lang = lut
| popplace = King County, Washington, United States
| langs = Lushootseed (Southern), English
| rels = Indigenous religion, Christianity, including syncretic forms
| related = Other Lushootseed speaking peoples, especially Duwamish
The historical extent of Sammamish territory ranges from the northern head of Lake Washington to Issaquah Creek at the south of Lake Sammamish, where they have hunted, fished, and gathered for over 10,000 years. The Sammamish had several villages along the length of the river, with the largest being at , what is now Kenmore. The Sammamish were historically a warlike, but impoverished people, and were closely allied with their neighbors, the Duwamish and the Snoqualmie. Traditional Sammamish society revolved around their two lakes, Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish, more than the Sammamish River which connects the two. In the early 19th century, the Sammamish were one of the first peoples of Puget Sound to come into contact with the traders from the Hudson's Bay Company. During this period, the Sammamish participated in several wars, such as the 1855 Puget Sound War and the 1865 Battle of Seattle, as well as raiding other tribes. In 1855, the Sammamish attended, but did not sign, the Treaty of Point Elliott. Despite this, they were removed from their land and sent to the Tulalip Reservation, where many Sammamish descendants live today. Other Sammamish continued to live in their traditional homeland along the Sammamish River but later moved to neighboring reservations. also spelled
The etymology of the name is disputed among historians and linguists, and there are several possible etymologies. The name is derived from a root word and the suffix , meaning "people." According to linguist and anthropologist T. T. Waterman, the name means "meander dwellers." According to historian and writer David Buerge, the name might derive from the word , meaning "willow,"
The first American settlers also called the Sammamish various names such as "Squak", "Simump", and "Squowh." These names are anglicizations of the Lushootseed word , the name for Issaquah Creek and the location of a Sammamish village. They were historically closely related to and allied with their immediate neighbors, who today constitute the Snoqualmie and the various subgroups of the Duwamish people, such as the , the Juanita Creek people. Because of these ties, early American settlers often believed that the Sammamish were a subgroup of the Duwamish, or that the Duwamish were a subgroup of the Sammamish. However, the Sammamish were a completely sovereign and autonomous group from their Duwamish neighbors. For this reason, the Sammamish were looked down upon by many of their contemporaries, who viewed them as uncouth and rowdy. Despite this, Governor Isaac Stevens moved to enforce the treaty on the Sammamish even before it was ratified by Congress. One prominent leader of the Sammamish, Sahwicholgadhw, did not accept the treaty, and resisted the attempts of the Americans to remove the Sammamish from their homelands. Although David 'Doc' Maynard, the Indian Agent at the time, pressured the Sammamish into relocating, the Sammamish continued to refuse the efforts of the Americans. Because of this relocation, many Sammamish were amalgamated into other tribes, such as the Suquamish, Snoqualmie, and Tulalip tribes, where many of the descendants of the Sammamish live today. Some Sammamish continued to refuse to move to the Tulalip Reservation and continued to live in the area as laborers and farmers. The last independent Sammamish continued to practice their traditions until the 1900s and 1910s, when the last visible traces of Sammamish people in the Sammamish River Valley would practically disappear. In 2009, only 69 people in Kenmore – once the largest Sammamish village – were Native American. They were likely not all of Sammamish descent, although the exact number is not known.
Исторические границы территории Саммишей простираются от северного конца озера Вашингтон до ручья Иссакуа на юге озера Саммиш, где они охотились, ловили рыбу и собирали дары природы более 10 000 лет. У Саммишей было несколько поселений вдоль реки, самое большое из которых находилось на месте, которое сейчас называется Кенмор. Исторически Саммиши были воинственным, но бедным народом и тесно связаны со своими соседями – Дувамишами и Снокуальми. Традиционное общество Саммишей вращалось вокруг двух озер – Вашингтон и Саммиш – больше, чем вокруг реки Саммиш, соединяющей их. В начале XIX века Саммиши стали одним из первых народов Пьюджет-Саунд, вступивших в контакт с торговцами из Компании Гудзонова залива. В этот период Саммиши участвовали в нескольких войнах, таких как война Пьюджет-Саунд 1855 года и битва при Сиэтле 1865 года, а также совершали набеги на другие племена. В 1855 году Саммиши присутствовали на заключении Договора Пойнт-Эллиотт, но не подписали его. Несмотря на это, их выселили с их земли и отправили в резервацию Тулалип, где сегодня проживают многие потомки Саммишей. Другие Саммиши продолжали жить на своей традиционной родине вдоль реки Саммиш, но позже переехали в соседние резервации. Также пишется .
infobox ethnic group
| group = Sammamish
| native name = sc̓ababš
| native name lang = lut
| popplace = King County, Washington, United States
| langs = Lushootseed (Southern), English
| rels = Indigenous religion, Christianity, including syncretic forms
| related = Other Lushootseed speaking peoples, especially Duwamish
The historical extent of Sammamish territory ranges from the northern head of Lake Washington to Issaquah Creek at the south of Lake Sammamish, where they have hunted, fished, and gathered for over 10,000 years. The Sammamish had several villages along the length of the river, with the largest being at , what is now Kenmore. The Sammamish were historically a warlike, but impoverished people, and were closely allied with their neighbors, the Duwamish and the Snoqualmie. Traditional Sammamish society revolved around their two lakes, Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish, more than the Sammamish River which connects the two. In the early 19th century, the Sammamish were one of the first peoples of Puget Sound to come into contact with the traders from the Hudson's Bay Company. During this period, the Sammamish participated in several wars, such as the 1855 Puget Sound War and the 1865 Battle of Seattle, as well as raiding other tribes. In 1855, the Sammamish attended, but did not sign, the Treaty of Point Elliott. Despite this, they were removed from their land and sent to the Tulalip Reservation, where many Sammamish descendants live today. Other Sammamish continued to live in their traditional homeland along the Sammamish River but later moved to neighboring reservations. also spelled
The etymology of the name is disputed among historians and linguists, and there are several possible etymologies. The name is derived from a root word and the suffix , meaning "people." According to linguist and anthropologist T. T. Waterman, the name means "meander dwellers." According to historian and writer David Buerge, the name might derive from the word , meaning "willow,"
The first American settlers also called the Sammamish various names such as "Squak", "Simump", and "Squowh." These names are anglicizations of the Lushootseed word , the name for Issaquah Creek and the location of a Sammamish village. They were historically closely related to and allied with their immediate neighbors, who today constitute the Snoqualmie and the various subgroups of the Duwamish people, such as the , the Juanita Creek people. Because of these ties, early American settlers often believed that the Sammamish were a subgroup of the Duwamish, or that the Duwamish were a subgroup of the Sammamish. However, the Sammamish were a completely sovereign and autonomous group from their Duwamish neighbors. For this reason, the Sammamish were looked down upon by many of their contemporaries, who viewed them as uncouth and rowdy. Despite this, Governor Isaac Stevens moved to enforce the treaty on the Sammamish even before it was ratified by Congress. One prominent leader of the Sammamish, Sahwicholgadhw, did not accept the treaty, and resisted the attempts of the Americans to remove the Sammamish from their homelands. Although David 'Doc' Maynard, the Indian Agent at the time, pressured the Sammamish into relocating, the Sammamish continued to refuse the efforts of the Americans. Because of this relocation, many Sammamish were amalgamated into other tribes, such as the Suquamish, Snoqualmie, and Tulalip tribes, where many of the descendants of the Sammamish live today. Some Sammamish continued to refuse to move to the Tulalip Reservation and continued to live in the area as laborers and farmers. The last independent Sammamish continued to practice their traditions until the 1900s and 1910s, when the last visible traces of Sammamish people in the Sammamish River Valley would practically disappear. In 2009, only 69 people in Kenmore – once the largest Sammamish village – were Native American. They were likely not all of Sammamish descent, although the exact number is not known.
Этимология названия Саммишей является предметом споров среди историков и лингвистов, и существует несколько возможных объяснений. Название происходит от корневого слова и суффикса, означающего «люди». По словам лингвиста и антрополога Т. Т. Уотермана, название означает «жители излучин реки». По мнению историка и писателя Дэвида Бёрге, название может происходить от слова, означающего «ива».
infobox ethnic group
| group = Sammamish
| native name = sc̓ababš
| native name lang = lut
| popplace = King County, Washington, United States
| langs = Lushootseed (Southern), English
| rels = Indigenous religion, Christianity, including syncretic forms
| related = Other Lushootseed speaking peoples, especially Duwamish
The historical extent of Sammamish territory ranges from the northern head of Lake Washington to Issaquah Creek at the south of Lake Sammamish, where they have hunted, fished, and gathered for over 10,000 years. The Sammamish had several villages along the length of the river, with the largest being at , what is now Kenmore. The Sammamish were historically a warlike, but impoverished people, and were closely allied with their neighbors, the Duwamish and the Snoqualmie. Traditional Sammamish society revolved around their two lakes, Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish, more than the Sammamish River which connects the two. In the early 19th century, the Sammamish were one of the first peoples of Puget Sound to come into contact with the traders from the Hudson's Bay Company. During this period, the Sammamish participated in several wars, such as the 1855 Puget Sound War and the 1865 Battle of Seattle, as well as raiding other tribes. In 1855, the Sammamish attended, but did not sign, the Treaty of Point Elliott. Despite this, they were removed from their land and sent to the Tulalip Reservation, where many Sammamish descendants live today. Other Sammamish continued to live in their traditional homeland along the Sammamish River but later moved to neighboring reservations. also spelled
The etymology of the name is disputed among historians and linguists, and there are several possible etymologies. The name is derived from a root word and the suffix , meaning "people." According to linguist and anthropologist T. T. Waterman, the name means "meander dwellers." According to historian and writer David Buerge, the name might derive from the word , meaning "willow,"
The first American settlers also called the Sammamish various names such as "Squak", "Simump", and "Squowh." These names are anglicizations of the Lushootseed word , the name for Issaquah Creek and the location of a Sammamish village. They were historically closely related to and allied with their immediate neighbors, who today constitute the Snoqualmie and the various subgroups of the Duwamish people, such as the , the Juanita Creek people. Because of these ties, early American settlers often believed that the Sammamish were a subgroup of the Duwamish, or that the Duwamish were a subgroup of the Sammamish. However, the Sammamish were a completely sovereign and autonomous group from their Duwamish neighbors. For this reason, the Sammamish were looked down upon by many of their contemporaries, who viewed them as uncouth and rowdy. Despite this, Governor Isaac Stevens moved to enforce the treaty on the Sammamish even before it was ratified by Congress. One prominent leader of the Sammamish, Sahwicholgadhw, did not accept the treaty, and resisted the attempts of the Americans to remove the Sammamish from their homelands. Although David 'Doc' Maynard, the Indian Agent at the time, pressured the Sammamish into relocating, the Sammamish continued to refuse the efforts of the Americans. Because of this relocation, many Sammamish were amalgamated into other tribes, such as the Suquamish, Snoqualmie, and Tulalip tribes, where many of the descendants of the Sammamish live today. Some Sammamish continued to refuse to move to the Tulalip Reservation and continued to live in the area as laborers and farmers. The last independent Sammamish continued to practice their traditions until the 1900s and 1910s, when the last visible traces of Sammamish people in the Sammamish River Valley would practically disappear. In 2009, only 69 people in Kenmore – once the largest Sammamish village – were Native American. They were likely not all of Sammamish descent, although the exact number is not known.
Первые американские поселенцы также называли Саммишей разными именами, такими как «Squak», «Simump» и «Squowh». Эти имена являются англицизированными вариантами слова лушутсид, названия ручья Иссакуа и местоположения поселения Саммишей. Исторически они были тесно связаны и союзниками своих непосредственных соседей, которые сегодня составляют Снокуальми и различные подгруппы народа Дувамиш, такие как народ Крик Хуанита. Из-за этих связей ранние американские поселенцы часто считали, что Саммиши являются подгруппой Дувамишей, или что Дувамиши являются подгруппой Саммишей. Однако Саммиши были полностью суверенной и автономной группой, отличной от Дувамишей. По этой причине многие современники презирали Саммишей, считая их грубыми и шумными. Несмотря на это, губернатор Айзек Стивенс предпринял шаги по обеспечению соблюдения договора с Саммишами еще до его ратификации Конгрессом. Один из видных лидеров Саммишей, Сахвичолгадх, не принял договор и сопротивлялся попыткам американцев выселить Саммишей с их родины. Хотя индейский агент того времени, Дэвид «Док» Мейнард, оказывал давление на Саммишей, чтобы они переселились, Саммиши продолжали отказываться от усилий американцев. Из-за этого переселения многие Саммиши были объединены с другими племенами, такими как Сукуамиши, Снокуальми и Тулалип, где сегодня проживают многие потомки Саммишей. Некоторые Саммиши продолжали отказываться переезжать в резервацию Тулалип и продолжали жить в этом районе в качестве рабочих и фермеров. Последние независимые Саммиши продолжали практиковать свои традиции до 1900-х и 1910-х годов, когда последние видимые следы народа Саммишей в долине реки Саммиш практически исчезли. В 2009 году только 69 человек в Кенморе, когда-то крупнейшем поселении Саммишей, были представителями коренных народов. Вероятно, не все они были потомками Саммишей, хотя точное число неизвестно.
infobox ethnic group
| group = Sammamish
| native name = sc̓ababš
| native name lang = lut
| popplace = King County, Washington, United States
| langs = Lushootseed (Southern), English
| rels = Indigenous religion, Christianity, including syncretic forms
| related = Other Lushootseed speaking peoples, especially Duwamish
The historical extent of Sammamish territory ranges from the northern head of Lake Washington to Issaquah Creek at the south of Lake Sammamish, where they have hunted, fished, and gathered for over 10,000 years. The Sammamish had several villages along the length of the river, with the largest being at , what is now Kenmore. The Sammamish were historically a warlike, but impoverished people, and were closely allied with their neighbors, the Duwamish and the Snoqualmie. Traditional Sammamish society revolved around their two lakes, Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish, more than the Sammamish River which connects the two. In the early 19th century, the Sammamish were one of the first peoples of Puget Sound to come into contact with the traders from the Hudson's Bay Company. During this period, the Sammamish participated in several wars, such as the 1855 Puget Sound War and the 1865 Battle of Seattle, as well as raiding other tribes. In 1855, the Sammamish attended, but did not sign, the Treaty of Point Elliott. Despite this, they were removed from their land and sent to the Tulalip Reservation, where many Sammamish descendants live today. Other Sammamish continued to live in their traditional homeland along the Sammamish River but later moved to neighboring reservations. also spelled
The etymology of the name is disputed among historians and linguists, and there are several possible etymologies. The name is derived from a root word and the suffix , meaning "people." According to linguist and anthropologist T. T. Waterman, the name means "meander dwellers." According to historian and writer David Buerge, the name might derive from the word , meaning "willow,"
The first American settlers also called the Sammamish various names such as "Squak", "Simump", and "Squowh." These names are anglicizations of the Lushootseed word , the name for Issaquah Creek and the location of a Sammamish village. They were historically closely related to and allied with their immediate neighbors, who today constitute the Snoqualmie and the various subgroups of the Duwamish people, such as the , the Juanita Creek people. Because of these ties, early American settlers often believed that the Sammamish were a subgroup of the Duwamish, or that the Duwamish were a subgroup of the Sammamish. However, the Sammamish were a completely sovereign and autonomous group from their Duwamish neighbors. For this reason, the Sammamish were looked down upon by many of their contemporaries, who viewed them as uncouth and rowdy. Despite this, Governor Isaac Stevens moved to enforce the treaty on the Sammamish even before it was ratified by Congress. One prominent leader of the Sammamish, Sahwicholgadhw, did not accept the treaty, and resisted the attempts of the Americans to remove the Sammamish from their homelands. Although David 'Doc' Maynard, the Indian Agent at the time, pressured the Sammamish into relocating, the Sammamish continued to refuse the efforts of the Americans. Because of this relocation, many Sammamish were amalgamated into other tribes, such as the Suquamish, Snoqualmie, and Tulalip tribes, where many of the descendants of the Sammamish live today. Some Sammamish continued to refuse to move to the Tulalip Reservation and continued to live in the area as laborers and farmers. The last independent Sammamish continued to practice their traditions until the 1900s and 1910s, when the last visible traces of Sammamish people in the Sammamish River Valley would practically disappear. In 2009, only 69 people in Kenmore – once the largest Sammamish village – were Native American. They were likely not all of Sammamish descent, although the exact number is not known.
Территория и деревни
Традиционная территория Саммамишей включала в себя все озеро Саммамиш и реку Саммамиш. Саммамиши охотились в окружающих лесах, рыбачили вдоль озер, реки и близлежащих ручьев, а также собирали растения в болотах и на прилегающих равнинах. Деревни Саммамишей состояли из больших длинных домов, построенных из огромных кедровых досок и столбов. Дома были размером примерно 15 на 30 метров и могли вмещать несколько семей одновременно, иногда до нескольких сотен человек. Длинные дома были разделены таким образом, что у каждой семьи была своя "комната" и общий центральный очаг, разделенные лишь частично перегородками. У Саммамишей было несколько деревень вдоль реки Саммамиш и озера Саммамиш, самая большая из которых находилась у истока озера Юнион, недалеко от современного Кенмора. Это место находилось у устья реки Саммамиш до того, как уровень озера Вашингтон был понижен на 3 метра, что в то время было примерно в районе современного Swamp Creek. Самая удаленная вверх по течению деревня располагалась у устья (ручья Иссакуа). Ее низкий статус был широко известен соседним прибрежным народам. Среди деревень Эллиот-Бей была распространена практика укорять непослушных детей, говоря им, что они ведут себя так, будто родом из .
Общество
Традиционное общество саммамишей было сильно стратифицированным, состоявшим из двух основных сословий, а также отдельного класса рабов. Социальный статус определялся социальным престижем, властью и родственными связями. Деревни представляли собой, по сути, демократические олигархии, где старейшины или наиболее авторитетные члены семьи формировали деревенский совет, на котором вопросы решались демократическим путем. Рабами становились военнопленные или дети рабов, и рабство обычно было пожизненным, хотя и существовали некоторые исключения. Жизнь и общество саммамишей были организованы вокруг годового цикла летней охоты, собирательства и рыбалки на всей их территории, после чего люди возвращались в деревни на зиму для пиров и проведения церемоний. Устраивались масштабные поталатчи как демонстрация богатства и престижа, на которые приглашались родственники из дальних деревень для получения щедрых даров, а также проводились азартные игры, танцы и рассказывались истории.
Природные ресурсы
Как и другие народы Северо-Западного побережья, кедр был и остаётся самым важным ресурсом для саммишей. Из кедра изготавливали каноэ, дома, одежду, вёсла, игрушки, корзины, сети, рыболовные запруды и многое другое. Для различных целей использовались и другие породы дерева. Луки делали из тиса или клёна, а мадрону применяли для приготовления пищи и изготовления других жаропрочных инструментов. Камыши также играли важную роль в традиционном укладе жизни саммишей. Из них делали одеяла, маты для сна, подушки, шляпы, юбки и даже огромные циновки, из которых сооружали большие палатки для летних стоянок. Рыбу, особенно лосося, ловили в каноэ, с помощью копий и сетей, или на огромных рыболовных запрудах, которые строили на протяжении всего ручья, позволяя легко добывать большие уловы. Хотя часть лосося употребляли в свежем виде, большую его часть сушили или коптили и ели с сушеными ягодами или запечённым камасом. Ягоды собирали в самых разных местах – от болот и лугов до предгорий Иссакуа Альпс. Другую дичь, такую как водоплавающая птица и олени, употребляли в пищу свежей, а также использовали шкуры и перья. Однако традиционный, ориентированный на озеро образ жизни саммишей больше зависел от водных ресурсов, таких как рыба, чем от речных ресурсов их соседей.
Язык
Как и их родственники из племен дуамиш и снокуальми, саммиши традиционно говорят на языке лушоотсед – языке прибрежных салиш, распространенном по всему проливу Пьюджет-Саунд. Саммамишский диалект относится к южному лушоотседскому, на котором говорят народы, говорящие на лушоотседском языке к югу от снохомиш. Саммамишский диалект тесно связан с диалектами дуамиш и снокуальми. В настоящее время на языке лушоотсед не осталось носителей, и он используется преимущественно в церемониальных и культурных целях, таких как рассказывание историй и молитвы. Несмотря на это, племена тулалип и снокуальми прилагают усилия для возрождения языка, и он преподается в нескольких колледжах и средних школах региона, как в племенных, так и в неплеменных учебных заведениях.