Афроамериканцы в математике: история и достижения.

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The bestselling book and film, Hidden Figures, celebrated the role of African American women mathematicians in the space race, and the barriers they had to overcome to study and pursue a career in mathematics and related fields. This list catalogs Wikipedia articles on African Americans in mathematics, as well as early recipients of doctoral degrees in mathematics and mathematics education and other landmarks, and books and studies about African American mathematicians.

1792: Benjamin Banneker calculated planetary movements and predicted eclipses in his Almanac. 1895: Joseph Carter Corbin, president of Branch Normal College (now University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff), published his first problem in American Mathematical Monthly. 1916: Dudley Weldon Woodard became a charter member of the Mathematical Association of America (MAA). 1943: Euphemia Lofton Haynes is the first African American woman to gain a doctoral degree in mathematics. 1969: 17 African American mathematicians met in New Orleans, forming the National Association of Mathematicians to "promote excellence in the mathematical sciences and to promote the mathematical development of under represented American minorities". 1973: Mathematician David Blackwell becomes the first African American in any field to be elected to membership of the National Academy of Sciences. 1980: The Claytor Lecture – now the Claytor Woodard Lecture in honor of William W S Claytor and Dudley Weldon Woodard – is established at MAA. 1982: Civil rights leader, Bob Moses (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), used his MacArthur Fellowship to start the Algebra Project, a national mathematics literacy program for high schools. 1988: The MAA established a task force that led to the formation in 1990 of SUMMA, a program for the Strengthening of Underrepresented Minority Mathematics Achievement. 1992: Mathematician Freeman Hrabowski becomes President of the University of Maryland. 1994: The Blackwell Lecture is established for MAA meetings, jointly by MAA and NAM, as well as the NAM Wilkins Lecture and Bharucha Reid Lecture. 1995: The first CAARMS – Conference for African American Researchers in Mathematical Sciences – was held, to highlight the work of researchers and students and encourage the careers of under represented groups in mathematics. Proceedings are published by the American Mathematical Society in its Contemporary Mathematics series. 1997: Kathleen Adebola Okikiolu was the first African American awarded a Sloan Research Fellowship and Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers. The website has been cataloged by the Library of Congress. 1999: The mathematics departments of the 25 highest ranked universities in the US had more than 900 faculty members, of whom 4 were African American. 2003: Clarence F. Stephens is the first African American to be honored with the Mathematical Association of America's (MAA) most prestigious award, for Distinguished Service to Mathematics. 2004: The Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM) and MAA formally established the Etta Zuber Falconer Lecture. 2015: Katherine Coleman Johnson received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. 2016: Hidden Figures, It tells the story of African American women mathematicians at NASA during the space race. 2017: The film adaptation, Hidden Figures, is nominated for best movie at the Academy Awards, and Katherine Johnson makes an appearance at the ceremony. 2020: The updated website Mathematicians of the African Diaspora debuted in October. The new site is supported by the National Association of Mathematicians (NAM) and the Educational Advancement Foundation (EAF).

The lists of doctoral degrees, including the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in mathematics and Doctor of Education (EdD), draw from these sources: Turner (1971), Greene (1974), Williams (1997), Zeitz (2008), Shakil (2010), and the Mathematical Association of America. (Please add any further candidates for these lists here, or on the talk page.)

These are the first 12 known PhDs by African American men and women in mathematics, in alphabetical order for years with multiple doctorate holders, with women first. Year Gender Photo Name Awarded Dissertation titleRef. (Reference) 1925 (M) Elbert Frank Cox Cornell University The polynomial solutions of the difference equation af(x+1) + bf(x) = φ(x) 1928 (M) External Dudley Weldon Woodard University of PennsylvaniaOn two dimensional analysis situs with special reference to the Jordan Curve Theorem 1933 (M) External William Schieffelin Claytor University of Pennsylvania Topological immersion of peanian continua in a spherical surface 1934 (M) External Walter Richard Talbot University of Pittsburgh Fundamental regions in S6 for the simple quaternary G60, type I 1938 (M) External Reuben Roosevelt McDaniel Cornell University Approximation to algebraic numbers by means of periodic sequences of transformations on quadratic forms 1938 (M) External Joseph Alphonso Pierce University of Michigan A study of universe n finite populations with application to moment function adjustments for grouped data 1941 (M) David Harold Blackwell University of Illinois Some properties of Markoff chains 1942 (M) Robert Coleman Columbia University The development of informal geometry 1942 (M) Jesse Ernest Wilkins University of ChicagoMultiple integral problems in parametric form in the calculus of variations 1943 (F) M. Euphemia Lofton Haynes Catholic University of AmericaDetermination of sets of independent conditions characterizing certain special cases of symmetric correspondences 1944 (M) External Joseph James Dennis Northwestern University Some points in the theory of positive definite J fractions 1944 (M) External Clarence F. Stephens University of MichiganNonlinear difference equations analytic in a parameter 1949 (F) Evelyn Boyd Granville Yale University On laguerre series in the complex domain 1950 (F) Marjorie Lee Browne University of Michigan Studies of oneparameter subgroups of certain topological and matrix groups 1961 (F) External Georgia Caldwell Smith University of Pittsburgh Some results on the anticenter of a group 1962 (F) External Gloria Conyers Hewitt University of Washington Direct and inverse limits of abstract algebras 1965 (F) Thyrsa Frazier Svager Ohio State University On the product of absolutely continuous transformations of measure spaces 1966 (F) Vivienne Malone Mayes University of Texas at Austin A structure problem in asymptotic analysis 1966 (F) External Shirley Mathis McBay University of Georgia The homology theory of metabelian lie algebras 1966 (F) External Eleanor Green Dawley Jones Syracuse UniversityAbelian groups and their endomorphism rings and the quasi endomorphism of torsion free abelian groups 1967 (F) Geraldine Claudette Darden Syracuse University On direct sums of cyclic groups 1967 (F) External Annie Marie Watkins Garraway University of California, Berkeley Structure of some cocycles in analysis

This list includes books and dissertations published about individual African Americans in mathematics, and studies, biographical anthologies or histories dedicated to African Americans in mathematics. (This list is incomplete. You can help by expanding it.)

Borum, Viveka; Hilton, Adriel Adon; Walker, Erica (2016). The Role of Black Colleges in the Development of Mathematicians. Journal of Research Initiatives. Carlson, Cob; Parks, Yolanda; et al. (1996). Breakthrough: profiles of scientists of color. Working with Numbers. Blackside. Dean, Nathaniel (ed) (1997). African Americans in mathematics: DIMACS workshop, June 26–28, 1996. American Mathematical Society. Farmer, Vernon L; Shepherd Wynn, Evelyn (2012). Voices of historical and contemporary Black American pioneers. Harmon, Marylen; Guertler, Sherry (1994). Visions of a dream: history makers: contributions of Africans and African Americans in science and mathematics. M. E. Harmon. Houston, Johnny L (2000). The History of the National Association of Mathematicians (NAM): The First Thirty (30) Years, 1969–1999. NAM. Kenschaft, Patricia Clark (2005). Change is possible: Stories of women and minorities in mathematics. Lang, Mozell P. Contributions of African American scientists and mathematicians. Harcourt School Publishers. Newell, Victoria; Gipson, Joella; Rich, Waldo L.; Stubblefield, B (1980). Black Mathematicians and Their Works. Paul, Richard; Moss, Steven (2015). We Could Not Fail: The First African Americans in the Space Program. University of Texas Press. Shetterly, Margot Lee (2016). Hidden Figures: The American dream and the untold story of the black women mathematicians who helped win the space race. Walker, Erica N (2014). Beyond Banneker: Black mathematicians and the path to excellence. Williams, Lisa D (2000). The trials, tribulations, and triumphs of black faculty in the math and science pipeline: a life history approach (Dissertation). University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Williams, Talithia M (2018). Power in numbers: The rebel women of mathematics. Race Point Publishing.

Becker, Helaine; Phumiruk, Dow (2018). Counting on Katherine: How Katherine Johnson Saved Apollo 13. Henry Holt and co.
Pinkney, Andrea Davis (1998). Dear Benjamin Banneker. Schwartz, Heather E (2017). NASA Mathematician Katherine Johnson. Lerner Publications. Shetterly, Margot Lee; Conkling, Winifred; Freeman, Laura (2018). Hidden Figures: The True Story of Four Black Women and the Space Race. HarperCollins.

This list includes Wikipedia articles for people from the African diaspora who have postgraduate degrees in mathematics or statistics, have worked in mathematics, or are known for mathematical accomplishments in the United States (African Americans). The list is grouped by the time the person's first degree in mathematics was awarded, or when they began their work in mathematics. Individuals are listed alphabetically within time periods. PhDs in mathematics education are included.

Thomas Fuller (1710–1782). Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806). Charles Reason (1818–1893). Kelly Miller (1863–1939) degrees from Howard University, including law degree.

Dudley Weldon Woodard (1881–1965), degrees from Wilberforce University, University of Chicago, University of Pennsylvania (PhD).

Elbert Frank Cox (1895–1969), degrees from Indiana University, Cornell University (PhD). Euphemia Haynes (1890–1980), Smith College, Catholic University of America (PhD).

Joseph J. Dennis (1905–1977), degrees from Clark College, Northwestern University (PhD). Angie Turner King (1905–2004), degrees from West Virginia State College, including chemistry, University of Pittsburgh (PhD, mathematics education). Georgia Caldwell Smith (1909–1961), degrees from University of Kansas, University of Chicago, University of Pittsburgh (PhD). Dorothy Vaughan (1910–2008), degree from Wilberforce University.

David Blackwell (1919–2010), degrees from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (PhD). Marjorie Lee Browne (1914–1979), degrees from Howard University, University of Michigan (PhD). Katherine Johnson (1918–2020), degree from West Virginia State College. Clarence F. Stephens (1917–2018), degrees from Johnson C. Smith University, University of Michigan (PhD).

Albert Turner Bharucha Reid (1927–1985), degree from Iowa State University. Gloria Ford Gilmer, degrees from Morgan State University, University of Pennsylvania, Marquette University (PhD, education). Evelyn Boyd Granville (born 1924), Smith College, Yale University (PhD). Mary Winston Jackson (1921–2005), degree from Hampton Institute. Eleanor Green Dawley Jones (1929 2021), degrees from Howard University, Syracuse University (PhD). Abdulalim A. Shabazz (1927–2014), degrees from Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cornell University (PhD). Louise Nixon Sutton (1925–2006), degrees from North Carolina A&T State University, New York University (PhD, education). J. Ernest Wilkins, Jr. (1923–2011), degrees from University of Chicago, New York University (including degrees in engineering).

Geraldine Claudette Darden (born 1936), degrees from Hampton Institute, University of Illinois, Syracuse University (PhD). M. Lovenia DeConge Watson (born 1933), degrees from Seton Hill College, Louisiana State University, St. Louis University (PhD). Annie Easley (1933–2011), degrees from Xavier University, mathematics at Cleveland State University. Etta Zuber Falconer (1933–2002), degrees from Fisk University, University of Wisconsin, Emory University (PhD). William Thomas Fletcher, degrees from North Carolina Central University, University of Idaho (PhD). Gloria Conyers Hewitt (born 1935), degrees from Fisk University, University of Washington (PhD). Vivienne Malone Mayes (1932–1995), degrees from Fisk University, University of Texas (PhD). Melba Roy Mouton (1929–1990), degrees from Howard University. Dolores Margaret Richard Spikes (1936–2015), degrees from Southern University, University of Illinois (PhD). Thyrsa Frazier Svager (1930–1999), degrees from Antioch College, Ohio State University (PhD). Argelia Velez Rodriguez (b. 1936 in Cuba), degrees from Marianao Institute, University of Havana (PhD). Grace Alele Williams (1932–2022), degrees from University of Ibadan, University of Chicago (PhD, education).

Sylvia D. Trimble Bozeman (born 1947), degrees from Alabama A&M University, Vanderbilt University, Emory University (PhD). Christine Darden (born 1942), degrees from Hampton Institute, Virginia State University, George Washington University (PhD, engineering). James A. Donaldson (1941–2019), degrees from Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign (PhD). Fern Y. Hunt (born 1948), degrees from Bryn Mawr College, New York University (PhD). Jeanette Scissum, degrees from Alabama A&M University, computer science PhD. Raymond L. Johnson (born 1943), degrees from University of Texas at Austin, Rice University (PhD). Ronald Elbert Mickens (born 1943), degrees from Fisk University, Vanderbilt University (PhD, physics). Scott W. Williams (born 1943), degrees from Morgan State University, Lehigh University (PhD). Lloyd Demetrius, degrees from University of Cambridge, University of Chicago (PhD).

Idris Assani (b. in Niger), degrees from Paris Dauphine University, Pierre and Marie Curie University (PhD, mathematics). Emery Neal Brown, degrees from Harvard University (PhD, statistics) and Harvard Medical School (MD). Melvin Currie (born 1948), degrees from Yale University and University of Pittsburgh (PhD, mathematics). Clifford Victor Johnson (b. 1968 in UK), degrees from Imperial College London and University of Southampton (PhD, mathematics and physics). Bob Moses (1935–2021), degrees from Hamilton College, and Harvard University (MA, philosophy). Founder of Algebra Project (1982). Arlie Oswald Petters (b. 1964 in Belize), degrees from City University of New York and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PhD, mathematics). Suzanne L. Weekes (b. in Trinidad & Tobago), degrees from Indiana University and University of Michigan (PhD, mathematics and scientific computing).

Ron Buckmire (b. 1968 in Grenada), degrees from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (PhD, mathematics). Toka Diagana (b. in Mauritania, degrees from Tunis El Manar University and Claude Bernard University Lyon 1 (PhD, mathematics)
Edray Goins (born 1972), degrees from California Institute of Technology and Stanford University (PhD, mathematics). Rudy Horne (1968–2017), degrees from University of Oklahoma and University of Colorado Boulder (PhD, applied mathematics). Mathematical consultant for the movie Hidden Figures. Trachette Jackson (born 1972), degrees from Arizona State University and University of Washington (PhD, mathematics). Chawne Kimber (born 1971), degrees from University of North Carolina and University of Florida (PhD, mathematics). Marilyn Strutchens (born 1962), degrees from the University of Georgia (PhD, mathematics education). Aissa Wade (b. 1967 in Senegal), degrees from University Montpellier 2, France (PhD, mathematics). Talitha Washington (born 1974), degrees from Spelman College and University of Connecticut (PhD, mathematics).

Carla Cotwright Williams (born 1973), degrees from California State University, Long Beach, Southern University, and University of Mississippi (PhD, mathematics). Christina Eubanks Turner, degrees from Xavier University of Louisiana and University of Nebraska Lincoln (PhD, mathematics). Omayra Ortega, degrees from Pomona College and University of Iowa (PhD, mathematics). Candice Price, degrees from California State University, Chico, San Francisco State University, and University of Iowa (PhD, mathematics). Dionne Price, degrees from Norfolk State University, University of North Carolina, and Emory University (PhD, biostatistics). Chelsea Walton (born 1983), degrees from Michigan State University and the University of Michigan (PhD, mathematics). Talithia Williams, degrees from Spelman College, Howard University, Rice University (PhD, statistics). Ulrica Wilson, degrees from Spelman College and Emory University (PhD, mathematics).

John Urschel (b. 1991 in Canada), degrees from Pennsylvania State University (MS, Mathematics) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Ph. D., Mathematics).