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Содержание
Введение
Канал Китинга — длинный водный путь в Торонто, провинция Онтарио, Канада. Он соединяет реку Дон с внутренней гаванью Торонто (заливом Торонто) на озере Онтарио. Канал назван в честь Эдварда Генри Китинга (1844–1912), городского инженера (1892–1898), который предложил создать этот канал в 1893 году. Канал был построен для соединения залива Эшбридж с гаванью; позднее река Дон была перенаправлена в канал, а её прежнее русло в начале 1910-х годов было засыпано.
The Keating Channel is a long waterway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It connects the Don River to inner Toronto Harbour (Toronto Bay) on Lake Ontario. The channel is named after Edward Henry Keating (1844 1912), a city engineer (1892 1898) who proposed the creation of the channel in 1893. The channel was built to connect Ashbridge's Bay to the harbour; later, the Don was diverted into the channel, and its river mouth infilled in the early 1910s.
История
До XIX века река Дон естественным образом впадала в гавань Торонто в двух устьях, одно примерно на месте нынешнего выхода канала Китинг, а другое – южнее. В конце XIX века была начата программа общественных работ по выпрямлению нижнего течения реки Дон к югу от моста Винчестер-стрит. Проект получил название «Проект улучшения Дона». Целью проекта было уменьшение наводнений на нижнем Доне, которые периодически разрушали мосты, а также создание дополнительного места для причалов в гавани Торонто. После завершения река была направлена на юг в залив Эшбридж, который в то время представлял собой озерное болото. Залив сильно загрязнялся местной промышленностью. Вода из реки отводилась в залив в надежде, что она промоет его и улучшит качество воды. Однако вместе с водой в залив попадали неочищенные сточные воды, из-за чего вода в заливе оставалась застойной и представляла растущую угрозу для здоровья. Канал Китинг был предложен как способ направить загрязненную речную воду в гавань, чтобы быстрее ее рассеять. Планировалось, что канал будет идти от северо-восточного угла внутренней гавани на восток в сторону улицы Лесли и соединяться с каналом Коутсворт у подножия улицы Коксвелл-авеню. Однако участок к востоку от реки Дон так и не был завершен и был закрыт в 1916 году. Строительство канала было завершено в 1922 году после восьми лет работ. Завершенный канал теперь тянется от гавани на восток к устью реки, на расстоянии около 800 метров. Первоначальное устье Дона погребено под насыпью вблизи места соединения скоростной автомагистрали Гардинер и Черри-стрит. Первоначальное русло реки от устья вверх по течению сейчас проходит под железнодорожными путями, используемыми компанией GO Transit для хранения вагонов. Канал с северной стороны граничит с возвышенной автомагистралью Гардинер и бульваром Лейк-Шор-Ист. Южная сторона занята хозяйственным двором PortsToronto (также известного как Toronto Port Authority) и пабом Keating Channel Pub. На западном конце Черри-стрит пересекает канал по одностороннему разводному мосту, который редко используется судами. На восточном конце начинается Дорога Дону. В 1940-х годах водосборный бассейн реки Дон выше по течению стал более урбанизированным, что привело к увеличению количества ила, стекающего в реку. Ил накапливается в канале, где течение очень слабое. С тех пор Управление по охране природы и водных ресурсов Торонто и региона (TRCA) проводит дноуглубление канала. Дноуглубительный материал выгружается баржами на косу Лесли, где он сбрасывается в специально построенную для этой цели зону. В 2005 году ежегодный объем выдранного ила составлял около 35 000 кубических метров. Зона для сброса ила рассчитана на 50 лет работы с илом реки Дон.
Prior to the 19th century, the Don River naturally entered Toronto Harbour in two mouths, one roughly near where Keating Channel now flows out and one further south. In the late 19th century, a public works program was started to straighten the lower part of the Don River south of the Winchester Street Bridge. The project was called the "Don Improvement Project". The goal of the project was to alleviate floods on the lower Don that were periodically washing out bridges. It was also done to create additional wharf space for the Toronto harbour. When it was completed, the river was directed south into Ashbridge's Bay. At the time Ashbridge's Bay was still a lacustrine marsh. It was heavily polluted by local industry. The water from the river was diverted into the bay with the hope that it would flush the bay of the poor water. However the flow of water introduced raw sewage in the river into the bay. The bay water remained stagnant and was increasingly becoming a serious health risk. The Keating Channel was proposed as a method of directing the dirty river water into the harbour thus dispersing it more rapidly. The channel was planned to go from the northeast corner of the inner harbour east towards Leslie Street and join up with the Coatsworth Cut at the foot Coxwell Avenue. However, the portion east of the Don River was never completed and it was closed in 1916. The channel was completed in 1922 after eight years of construction. The completed channel now runs from the harbour east to the mouth of the river, a distance of about 800 metres. The original mouth of the Don is buried under infill near where the Gardiner Expressway meets Cherry Street. The original course from the mouth upstream now lies underneath railway tracks used by GO Transit for storage. The channel is flanked on the north by the elevated Gardiner Expressway and Lake Shore Boulevard East. The south side is occupied by the PortsToronto (also called the Toronto Port Authority) works yard and the Keating Channel Pub. At the west end Cherry Street crosses the channel over a single sided drawbridge rarely used by ships. At the east end is the start of the Don Valley Parkway. In the 1940s the watershed further up the Don River became more urbanized. This caused an increasing amount of silt to flow down the river. The silt collects in the channel where there is very little water flow. Since that time, the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) has been dredging the channel. The dredgeate material is barged out to the Leslie Street Spit where it is dumped in a containment area built for this purpose. In 2005, the annual amount of silt dredged was about 35,000 cubic metres. The containment area has the capacity to take 50 years of Don River dredgeate
In 1980 Ontario's Minister of the Environment was asked, during question period, about an exemption from environmental regulations, granted to those who dredged the channel. Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) Bryden was quoting Donald Chant's recommendation concerning the Keating Channel, and why the recommendation had been ignored, when she was interrupted by the Minister. Chant was then the chairman of the Premier's steering committee on environmental assessment. According to the MPP, Chant's recommendations had questioned whether dredging the channel was worthwhile:
В 1980 году министра окружающей среды провинции Онтарио спросили во время парламентских слушаний об исключении из экологических норм, предоставленном тем, кто проводил дноуглубление канала. Член провинциального парламента (MPP) Брайден цитировала рекомендацию Дональда Чанта относительно канала Китинг и причины, по которым эта рекомендация была проигнорирована, когда ее прервал министр. В то время Чант был председателем руководящего комитета премьер-министра по экологической оценке. По словам MPP, рекомендации Чанта ставили под сомнение целесообразность дноуглубления канала.
Prior to the 19th century, the Don River naturally entered Toronto Harbour in two mouths, one roughly near where Keating Channel now flows out and one further south. In the late 19th century, a public works program was started to straighten the lower part of the Don River south of the Winchester Street Bridge. The project was called the "Don Improvement Project". The goal of the project was to alleviate floods on the lower Don that were periodically washing out bridges. It was also done to create additional wharf space for the Toronto harbour. When it was completed, the river was directed south into Ashbridge's Bay. At the time Ashbridge's Bay was still a lacustrine marsh. It was heavily polluted by local industry. The water from the river was diverted into the bay with the hope that it would flush the bay of the poor water. However the flow of water introduced raw sewage in the river into the bay. The bay water remained stagnant and was increasingly becoming a serious health risk. The Keating Channel was proposed as a method of directing the dirty river water into the harbour thus dispersing it more rapidly. The channel was planned to go from the northeast corner of the inner harbour east towards Leslie Street and join up with the Coatsworth Cut at the foot Coxwell Avenue. However, the portion east of the Don River was never completed and it was closed in 1916. The channel was completed in 1922 after eight years of construction. The completed channel now runs from the harbour east to the mouth of the river, a distance of about 800 metres. The original mouth of the Don is buried under infill near where the Gardiner Expressway meets Cherry Street. The original course from the mouth upstream now lies underneath railway tracks used by GO Transit for storage. The channel is flanked on the north by the elevated Gardiner Expressway and Lake Shore Boulevard East. The south side is occupied by the PortsToronto (also called the Toronto Port Authority) works yard and the Keating Channel Pub. At the west end Cherry Street crosses the channel over a single sided drawbridge rarely used by ships. At the east end is the start of the Don Valley Parkway. In the 1940s the watershed further up the Don River became more urbanized. This caused an increasing amount of silt to flow down the river. The silt collects in the channel where there is very little water flow. Since that time, the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) has been dredging the channel. The dredgeate material is barged out to the Leslie Street Spit where it is dumped in a containment area built for this purpose. In 2005, the annual amount of silt dredged was about 35,000 cubic metres. The containment area has the capacity to take 50 years of Don River dredgeate
In 1980 Ontario's Minister of the Environment was asked, during question period, about an exemption from environmental regulations, granted to those who dredged the channel. Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) Bryden was quoting Donald Chant's recommendation concerning the Keating Channel, and why the recommendation had been ignored, when she was interrupted by the Minister. Chant was then the chairman of the Premier's steering committee on environmental assessment. According to the MPP, Chant's recommendations had questioned whether dredging the channel was worthwhile:
Промышленность
Федеральный кабинет Канады опубликовал тендер на строительство разводного железнодорожного моста через канал в 1896 году.
Canada's Federal cabinet published a tender for a railway swing bridge over the channel in 1896.
Остров Вильерс
В 2018 году западная часть начала сужаться в связи со строительством острова Вильерс.
In 2018 the western end started to be narrowed, as part of the construction of Villiers Island.