Трагедия Расина «Андромаха»: анализ пьесы, написанной в стихах, её история создания и первые постановки при дворе Людовика XIV. Классическая литература.
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Содержание
Введение
Андромаха – трагедия в пяти действиях французского драматурга Жана Расина, написанная александрийским стихом. Она была впервые представлена 17 ноября 1667 года при дворе Людовика XIV в Лувре, в личных покоях королевы Марии Терезы, королевской театральной труппой, известной как "les Grands Comédiens", с Терезой Дю Парк в заглавной роли. Публичная премьера состоялась два дня спустя в отеле де Бургундия в Париже. "Андромаха", третья пьеса Расина, написанная им в возрасте 27 лет, утвердила его репутацию одного из величайших драматургов Франции.
Andromaque is a tragedy in five acts by the French playwright Jean Racine written in alexandrine verse. It was first performed on 17 November 1667 before the court of Louis XIV in the Louvre in the private chambers of the Queen, Marie Thérèse, by the royal company of actors, called "les Grands Comédiens", with Thérèse Du Parc in the title role. The company gave the first public performance two days later in the Hôtel de Bourgogne in Paris. Andromaque, the third of Racine's plays, written at the age of 27, established its author's reputation as one of the great playwrights in France.
Истоки пьесы
Пьеса Еврипида «Андромах» и третья книга «Энеиды» Вергилия послужили отправной точкой для пьесы Расина. Действие пьесы разворачивается после Троянской войны, во время которой муж Андромахы, Гектор, сын Приама, был убит Ахиллесом, а их маленький сын Астианакс едва избежал подобной участи от рук Одиссея, которого обманом заставили убить другого ребенка вместо него. Андромаха была взята в плен в Эпире Пирром, сыном Ахиллеса, который должен жениться на Гермионе, единственной дочери спартанского царя Менелая и Елены Троянской. Орест, сын Агамемнона и Клитемнестры, брат Электры и Ифигении, и теперь освобожденный от преступления матрицида, предсказанного Дельфийским оракулом, прибыл ко двору Пирра, чтобы просить от имени греков о возвращении Астианакса. Пьеса Расина – это история человеческой страсти, построенная по принципу цепи неразделенной любви: Орест влюблен в Гермиону, которая стремится лишь угодить Пирру, который влюблен в Андромаху, которая полна решимости почтить память своего убитого мужа Гектора и обеспечить будущее их сына Астианакса. Присутствие Ореста при дворе Пирра разрушает эту цепь. В кульминационный момент, спровоцированный отчаянием Гермионы, Пирр убит людьми Ореста в приступе безумной ярости; это лишь усугубляет отчаяние Гермионы. Она кончает жизнь самоубийством рядом с Пирром, а Орест сходит с ума. По мнению критика Феликса Гирана, пьеса знаменует собой поворотный момент в истории французского театра, поскольку Расин «переосмысливает трагический жанр, отказываясь от условностей героической трагедии Корнеля и мелодраматической трагедии Кино и сосредотачиваясь исключительно на человеческой трагедии, рожденной из столкновения страстей, особенно любви». Кроме того, автор отдает предпочтение «языку простой дикции, который легко передает изящество прозы, не теряя при этом поэтического колорита», в отличие от «напряженного, помпезного и склонного к декламации стиля Корнеля и других современников». Важность темы галантности является общим мотивом с предыдущей работой Расина, «Александр Великий». Его последующие пьесы постепенно очищали трагический элемент, достигнув своего апогея в «Федре».
Euripides' play Andromache and the third book of Virgil's Aeneid were the points of departure for Racine's play. The play takes place in the aftermath of the Trojan War, during which Andromache's husband Hector, son of Priam, has been slain by Achilles and their young son Astyanax has narrowly escaped a similar fate at the hands of Ulysses, who has unknowingly been tricked into killing another child in his place. Andromache has been taken prisoner in Epirus by Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, who is due to be married to Hermione, the only daughter of the Spartan king Menelaus and Helen of Troy. Orestes, son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, brother to Electra and Iphigenia, and by now absolved of the crime of matricide prophesied by the Delphic oracle, has come to
the court of Pyrrhus to plead on behalf of the Greeks for the return of Astyanax. Racine's play is a story of human passion, with the structure of an unrequited love chain: Orestes is in love with Hermione, who only wishes to please Pyrrhus, who is in love with Andromaque, who is determined to honour the memory of her murdered husband Hector and to protect the future of their son Astyanax. Orestes' presence at the court of Pyrrhus unleashes a violent undoing of the chain. At the climax, provoked by Hermione's desperation, Pyrrhus is murdered by Orestes' men in a mad rage; this only serves to deepen Hermione's despair. She takes her own life by the side of Pyrrhus and Orestes goes mad. According to critic Félix Guirand, the play marks a turning point in the history of French theater because Racine "refashions the tragic genre as he discards the conventions of Corneille's heroic tragedy and Quinault's melodramatic tragedy and focuses simply on the human tragedy, born from the clash of passions, particularly love". In addition, the author favors "a language of simple diction, which reproduces with ease the allure of prose without ever losing poetic color", contrasting with the "tense, pompous and willingly declamatory style of Corneille and other contemporary authors". The importance of the theme of gallantry is a common feature with Racine's previous work, Alexandre le Grand. His subsequent plays gradually purified the tragic element until it reached its zenith with Phèdre.
Краткое содержание сюжета
Действие 1: Орест, греческий посол, прибывает ко двору Пирра, якобы с тем, чтобы убедить его от имени греков казнить Астианакса, сына Андромахи и Гектора, опасаясь, что тот однажды отомстит за Трою. На самом деле Орест надеется, что Пирр откажется, и Гермиона вернется в Грецию с ним. Пирр сначала отказывается, а затем, будучи отвергнутым Андромахой, угрожает отдать Астианакса грекам.
Act 1: Orestes, Greek ambassador, arrives at the court of Pyrrhus, supposedly to convince him on behalf of the Greeks to put Astyanax, the son of Andromaque and Hector, to death, for fear that he may one day avenge Troy. Actually Oreste hopes Pyrrhus will refuse, so Hermione will return to Greece with him. Pyrrhus refuses at first, then, upon being rejected by Andromaque, he threatens to turn Astyanax over to the Greeks. Act 2: Orestes speaks to Hermione, who agrees to leave with him if Pyrrhus allows it. However, Pyrrhus, heretofore uninterested in Hermione, announces to Orestes that he has decided to marry her, and that he will give him Astyanax. Act 3: Orestes is furious over having lost Hermione for good. Andromaque begs Hermione to influence Pyrrhus to spare her son, but Hermione, insanely proud, refuses her. Pyrrhus agrees to reverse his decision if Andromaque will marry him. She hesitates, unsure of what to do. Act 4: Andromaque resolves to marry Pyrrhus in order to save her son, but intends suicide as soon as the ceremony is over, so that she remains faithful to her late husband Hector. Hermione asks Orestes to avenge her scorn from Pyrrhus by killing him. Act 5: Hermione regrets asking for Pyrrhus' death. Before she can cancel her request, Orestes appears and announces that Pyrrhus is dead, though not at Orestes' hand his Greeks became enraged when Pyrrhus recognized Astyanax as king of Troy. She thanks him with wild insults and runs off to kill herself on Pyrrhus' body. Orestes becomes crazed and has a vision of the Furies.
Действие 2: Орест говорит с Гермионой, которая соглашается уехать с ним, если Пирр позволит. Однако Пирр, до этого не проявлявший к Гермионе интереса, объявляет Оресту, что решил жениться на ней и отдаст ему Астианакса.
Act 1: Orestes, Greek ambassador, arrives at the court of Pyrrhus, supposedly to convince him on behalf of the Greeks to put Astyanax, the son of Andromaque and Hector, to death, for fear that he may one day avenge Troy. Actually Oreste hopes Pyrrhus will refuse, so Hermione will return to Greece with him. Pyrrhus refuses at first, then, upon being rejected by Andromaque, he threatens to turn Astyanax over to the Greeks. Act 2: Orestes speaks to Hermione, who agrees to leave with him if Pyrrhus allows it. However, Pyrrhus, heretofore uninterested in Hermione, announces to Orestes that he has decided to marry her, and that he will give him Astyanax. Act 3: Orestes is furious over having lost Hermione for good. Andromaque begs Hermione to influence Pyrrhus to spare her son, but Hermione, insanely proud, refuses her. Pyrrhus agrees to reverse his decision if Andromaque will marry him. She hesitates, unsure of what to do. Act 4: Andromaque resolves to marry Pyrrhus in order to save her son, but intends suicide as soon as the ceremony is over, so that she remains faithful to her late husband Hector. Hermione asks Orestes to avenge her scorn from Pyrrhus by killing him. Act 5: Hermione regrets asking for Pyrrhus' death. Before she can cancel her request, Orestes appears and announces that Pyrrhus is dead, though not at Orestes' hand his Greeks became enraged when Pyrrhus recognized Astyanax as king of Troy. She thanks him with wild insults and runs off to kill herself on Pyrrhus' body. Orestes becomes crazed and has a vision of the Furies.
Действие 3: Орест в ярости из-за окончательной потери Гермионы. Андромаха умоляет Гермиону повлиять на Пирра, чтобы он пощадил ее сына, но Гермиона, безумно гордая, отказывается. Пирр соглашается пересмотреть свое решение, если Андромаха выйдет за него замуж. Она колеблется, не зная, что предпринять.
Act 1: Orestes, Greek ambassador, arrives at the court of Pyrrhus, supposedly to convince him on behalf of the Greeks to put Astyanax, the son of Andromaque and Hector, to death, for fear that he may one day avenge Troy. Actually Oreste hopes Pyrrhus will refuse, so Hermione will return to Greece with him. Pyrrhus refuses at first, then, upon being rejected by Andromaque, he threatens to turn Astyanax over to the Greeks. Act 2: Orestes speaks to Hermione, who agrees to leave with him if Pyrrhus allows it. However, Pyrrhus, heretofore uninterested in Hermione, announces to Orestes that he has decided to marry her, and that he will give him Astyanax. Act 3: Orestes is furious over having lost Hermione for good. Andromaque begs Hermione to influence Pyrrhus to spare her son, but Hermione, insanely proud, refuses her. Pyrrhus agrees to reverse his decision if Andromaque will marry him. She hesitates, unsure of what to do. Act 4: Andromaque resolves to marry Pyrrhus in order to save her son, but intends suicide as soon as the ceremony is over, so that she remains faithful to her late husband Hector. Hermione asks Orestes to avenge her scorn from Pyrrhus by killing him. Act 5: Hermione regrets asking for Pyrrhus' death. Before she can cancel her request, Orestes appears and announces that Pyrrhus is dead, though not at Orestes' hand his Greeks became enraged when Pyrrhus recognized Astyanax as king of Troy. She thanks him with wild insults and runs off to kill herself on Pyrrhus' body. Orestes becomes crazed and has a vision of the Furies.
Действие 4: Андромаха решается выйти замуж за Пирра, чтобы спасти сына, но намерена покончить с собой сразу после церемонии, чтобы остаться верной памяти покойного мужа Гектора. Гермиона просит Ореста отомстить за ее унижение, убив Пирра.
Act 1: Orestes, Greek ambassador, arrives at the court of Pyrrhus, supposedly to convince him on behalf of the Greeks to put Astyanax, the son of Andromaque and Hector, to death, for fear that he may one day avenge Troy. Actually Oreste hopes Pyrrhus will refuse, so Hermione will return to Greece with him. Pyrrhus refuses at first, then, upon being rejected by Andromaque, he threatens to turn Astyanax over to the Greeks. Act 2: Orestes speaks to Hermione, who agrees to leave with him if Pyrrhus allows it. However, Pyrrhus, heretofore uninterested in Hermione, announces to Orestes that he has decided to marry her, and that he will give him Astyanax. Act 3: Orestes is furious over having lost Hermione for good. Andromaque begs Hermione to influence Pyrrhus to spare her son, but Hermione, insanely proud, refuses her. Pyrrhus agrees to reverse his decision if Andromaque will marry him. She hesitates, unsure of what to do. Act 4: Andromaque resolves to marry Pyrrhus in order to save her son, but intends suicide as soon as the ceremony is over, so that she remains faithful to her late husband Hector. Hermione asks Orestes to avenge her scorn from Pyrrhus by killing him. Act 5: Hermione regrets asking for Pyrrhus' death. Before she can cancel her request, Orestes appears and announces that Pyrrhus is dead, though not at Orestes' hand his Greeks became enraged when Pyrrhus recognized Astyanax as king of Troy. She thanks him with wild insults and runs off to kill herself on Pyrrhus' body. Orestes becomes crazed and has a vision of the Furies.
Действие 5: Гермиона сожалеет о просьбе убить Пирра. Не успев отменить ее, Орест появляется и объявляет о смерти Пирра, хотя и не от его руки – его греки пришли в ярость, когда Пирр признал Астианакса царем Трои. Она благодарит его яростными оскорблениями и убегает, чтобы покончить с собой на теле Пирра. Орест сходит с ума и видит Фурий.
Act 1: Orestes, Greek ambassador, arrives at the court of Pyrrhus, supposedly to convince him on behalf of the Greeks to put Astyanax, the son of Andromaque and Hector, to death, for fear that he may one day avenge Troy. Actually Oreste hopes Pyrrhus will refuse, so Hermione will return to Greece with him. Pyrrhus refuses at first, then, upon being rejected by Andromaque, he threatens to turn Astyanax over to the Greeks. Act 2: Orestes speaks to Hermione, who agrees to leave with him if Pyrrhus allows it. However, Pyrrhus, heretofore uninterested in Hermione, announces to Orestes that he has decided to marry her, and that he will give him Astyanax. Act 3: Orestes is furious over having lost Hermione for good. Andromaque begs Hermione to influence Pyrrhus to spare her son, but Hermione, insanely proud, refuses her. Pyrrhus agrees to reverse his decision if Andromaque will marry him. She hesitates, unsure of what to do. Act 4: Andromaque resolves to marry Pyrrhus in order to save her son, but intends suicide as soon as the ceremony is over, so that she remains faithful to her late husband Hector. Hermione asks Orestes to avenge her scorn from Pyrrhus by killing him. Act 5: Hermione regrets asking for Pyrrhus' death. Before she can cancel her request, Orestes appears and announces that Pyrrhus is dead, though not at Orestes' hand his Greeks became enraged when Pyrrhus recognized Astyanax as king of Troy. She thanks him with wild insults and runs off to kill herself on Pyrrhus' body. Orestes becomes crazed and has a vision of the Furies.
Принятие и адаптация
В отличие от большинства пьес Расина, «Андромаха» никогда не выходила из моды и является одним из самых почитаемых произведений репертуара Comédie Française. Это также самая часто читаемая и изучаемая классическая пьеса во французских школах. Четырехчасовой фильм Жака Риветта «Любовь безумная» (L'amour fou) строится вокруг репетиций постановки «Андромахи». Композитор Андре Гретри написал оперу в трех действиях «Андромаха» с либретто, основанным на пьесе Расина, премьера которой состоялась в 1780 году. Кроме того, опера Россини «Эрмиона» (1819) основана на пьесе Расина. В 1984 году театральная компания Cheek by Jowl заказала писателю и переводчику Дэвиду Брайеру новый стихотворный английский перевод «Андромахи» (под названием «Andromache»). Британская премьера «Андромахи» состоялась 9 августа 1984 года в Paxton Suite, Buxton. Затем пьеса была поставлена в течение 1984–1985 годов. В период с 2007 по 2009 год Cheek by Jowl ставили «Андромаху» на французском языке. Первое представление этой постановки состоялось 4 октября 2007 года в Théâtre du Nord, Лилль. В 2009 году пьеса была поставлена на французском языке в качестве совместной постановки Théâtre du Nord, Лилль, и Cheek by Jowl в Оксфордском плейхаусе. Обе постановки были поставлены Декланом Доннелланом, а оформление разработал Ник Ормерод. Новая версия в переводе Эдварда Кемпа была впервые представлена как театральная постановка в RADA в 2015 году и вышла в эфир как радиоспектакль на BBC Radio 3 в январе 2017 года. В 2021 году Дэвид Брайер обновил свой перевод «Андромахи» для постановки Оксфордской театральной гильдии, которая была представлена в Тринити-колледже, Оксфорд.
Unlike the majority of Racine's plays, Andromaque has never gone out of vogue, and the tragedy is among the most venerable works of the Comédie Française's repertoire. It is also the most often read and studied classicist play in French schools. Jacques Rivette's four hour film L'amour fou centers around rehearsals of a production of Andromaque. The composer André Grétry wrote a three act opera, Andromaque, with a libretto based on the Racine play, which premiered in 1780. In addition, Rossini's two act 1819 opera, Ermione, is based on Racine's play. In 1984 a new verse English translation of Andromaque (called Andromache) was commissioned by Cheek by Jowl theatre company from the writer and translator David Bryer. This British première performance of Andromache was at the Paxton Suite, Buxton on 9 August 1984. The play was then performed during 1984 1985. Between 2007 2009 Cheek by Jowl performed Andromaque in French. The first performance of this production was at Théâtre du Nord, Lille on 4 October 2007. In 2009 the play was performed in French as a co production by Théâtre du Nord, Lille, and Cheek by Jowl at the Oxford Playhouse. Both productions were directed by Declan Donnellan and designed by Nick Ormerod. A new version translated into English by Edward Kemp was premiered as a stage production at RADA in 2015 and broadcast as a radio play on BBC Radio 3 in January 2017. In 2021, David Bryer updated his translation of Andromache for a production by the Oxford Theatre Guild to be performed at Trinity College, Oxford.