List of multilingual countries and regions

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This is an incomplete list of areas with either multilingualism at the community level or at the personal level. There is a distinction between social and personal bilingualism. Many countries, such as Belarus, Belgium, Canada, Finland, India, Ireland, South Africa and Switzerland, which are officially multilingual, may have many monolinguals in their population. Officially monolingual countries, on the other hand, such as France, can have sizable multilingual populations. Some countries have official languages but also have regional and local official languages, notably Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico, Philippines, Russia, Spain and Taiwan.

Cameroon: French and English (both official), as well as Cameroonian Pidgin. Many ethnic and tribal languages including Basaa, Duala, Manenguba, Bikya, Bung, Fula, Kanuri, Ngumba, Yeni, Bamum, Bafia, Bakweri language and many others. Some also have fluency in the German, Portuguese and Spanish languages. Central African Republic: French & Sango (both official) and 50 other African languages. Chad: French and Arabic (both official) + more than 100 African languages. Democratic Republic of the Congo: French (official) + Lingala, Kongo, Swahili & Tshiluba (national languages) + 238 other languages. Equatorial Guinea: Spanish, French and Portuguese are the official languages of the country. Fang, Bube, Igbo, Pidgin English, Annobonese are also spoken. Republic of the Congo: French (official), Lingala and Kituba national languages plus other dialects, including Kikongo and Kituba.

Burundi: Kirundi (national and official), French and English (both official). Kenya: English (official), Swahili (national and official) and 100+ other languages (Bantu, Nilotes, Cushites, Indians). Rwanda: French, English, Swahili and Kinyarwanda (co official; Kinyarwanda is also a national language). Seychelles: French, English & Seychellois Creole are official. Tanzania: Swahili is the national language and English and many other indigenous languages. Swahili and English are de facto official languages and Arabic is spoken in Zanzibar. Uganda: English (official), Swahili (second official), Arabic, Luganda, other Bantu and. Nilo Saharan languages.

Djibouti: French and Arabic (official) plus Somali (official) & Afar. Eritrea: Tigrinya, Arabic and English are predominantly used in commerce and government affairs. The use and development of nine Eritrean languages (Tigrinya, Bilen, Afar, Saho, Rashaida, Tigre, Kunama, Nara and Hidarib) is encouraged at the local level and children attend primary school through the fifth grade in their mother tongue. Italian is an additional language spoken in commerce. Ethiopia: The federal working language is Amharic. At a regional level, working languages are Tigrigna in Tigray, Afarigna in Afar, Afaan Oromoo in Oromia, Somali in Somali region, Harari in Harari region
Somalia: Somali (official) and Arabic ("second language" official). plus English and Italian (foreign languages)

Algeria: Classic Arabic and Amazigh (both official and national language in the constitution) plus Algerian Arabic and French (in media, education and business). Egypt: Arabic (official), Coptic, Egyptian Arabic, English and French. Libya: Arabic (official), Amazigh, Tamahaq, Italian and English. Mauritania: Arabic (official and national), French, Poular, Soninke, and Wolof (national). Morocco: Arabic and Amazigh (co official). Moroccan Arabic, Hassaniya (present in the media), French (its wide use in education is legally established), Spanish. Western Sahara (under Moroccan control): Hassaniya, Berber, Moroccan Arabic, Spanish and French. Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (in exile): Arabic (official) and Spanish (official) and French. Sudan: Arabic and English (official working languages) plus indigenous African languages. South Sudan: Arabic, English and other indigenous languages. Tunisia: Modern Standard Arabic (official), Tunisian Arabic, French, Berber language, and English language.

Kazakh and Russian both have official status—Kazakh as the "state" language and Russian as "officially used on equal grounds along with the Kazakh language". Kazakhstan is taking its huge step into multilingualism by accepting the trilingualism policy and making changes in law. Former president Nursultan Nazarbaev noted that "The multinationality and multilingualism are one of the values and the main feature of our state. "Dariga Nazarbayeva, then deputy prime minister and daughter of the then president, said in February 2016 that Kazakh children should learn Chinese in addition to Kazakh, Russian and English. “China is our friend, our trading partner and the biggest investor in the economy of our country", she said. "In the near future, we all need to know Chinese.”

Kyrgyz is the state language and Russian "used in the capacity of an official language".

Tajik as the state language and Russian, designated as language of interethnic communication in the constitution, are widely spoken.

In Uzbekistan, Uzbek (official), Tajik, and Russian are all widely spoken. Use of Russian (alongside Uzbek) is foreseen for notarized documents and civic records

In the autonomous Karakalpakstan, Karakalpak is an official one, alongside Uzbek.

Afghanistan: Pashto and Dari (Afghan Persian) are the official and most widely spoken languages in Afghanistan, with the former serving as a national language and the latter spoken as a lingua franca. Other minor languages include Uzbek and Turkmen, Balochi and Pashayi, Nuristani (Askunu, Kamkata viri, Vasi vari, Tregami and Kalasha ala), Pamiri (Shughni, Munji, Ishkashimi and Wakhi), Brahui, Hindko, Kyrgyz. Bangladesh: Standard Bengali is the official and most widely spoken language. However, there are many local languages (some of which are considered Bengali dialects) spoken in different regions of Bangladesh, as well as minority languages like Chakma and Urdu. Speakers of these languages are often bilingual in their local language and Standard Bangla. Additionally, the use of English is widespread in education and the judiciary in the country. India: There are 22 official languages in the states and territories of India (Including Hindi and English, the languages with official use by the Union Government). The largest, Hindi, is spoken natively by 26% of the population. English is also used, although mainly in some urban parts of the country. A large number of students with a high school education would generally be trilingual – speaking their own native language, in addition to Hindi and English, with varying fluency—because of the nation's long standing three language formula that encourages students to learn English and another Indian language as second and third languages. Nepal: The 2011 Nepal census reports 123 Nepalese languages spoken as a mother tongue. Most belong to the Indo Aryan and Sino Tibetan language families. These are considered to be national languages, and according to the Constitution of Nepal 2015 they are official in their own regions. Despite this, Nepali was selected as the sole working language for the Nepali government. Pakistan. The national language is English and Urdu; English was to be replaced by Urdu however this has not occurred despite many attempts in the past to do so. Pakistan is unique in that both English and Urdu are non native languages and nearly all Pakistani's need to learn them as a second and/or a third language. There are many regional languages and dialects (the latter are often unintelligible from other dialects of the "same language"). Many high school and college educated Pakistanis are trilingual, being able to speak English and Urdu as well as their own regional language with varying fluency. Sri Lanka. Sinhala and Tamil are official languages. English is referred to as the link language in the constitution.

Austria has one official language, German. However, it also has Croatian and Slovenian minorities, all of whose languages are protected under federal laws. Certain functions are also guaranteed for Romany, Hungarian, Czech and Slovak in Vienna and Burgenland, under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In the Czech Republic, several municipalities of Trans Olza area have official bilingualism (Czech and Polish). Poland – 20 bilingual communes in Poland (mostly Polish German) speak forms of the German language. Belarusian, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian are recognised as national minorities languages while Karaim, Lemko, Romani, and Tatar as ethnic minorities languages. Slovakia has a Hungarian minority of 520,000 (9.7%). Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, German, Bosnian, Serbian, Hungarian, Polish, Roma, Russian, Ruthenian, and Ukrainian languages are recognized as regional or minority languages, with guarantees of their use in municipalities where Slovak citizens belonging to the national minorities form at least 20% of the population. The cantons Valais, Fribourg and Bern are bilingual (French and German), while canton Graubünden is trilingual (German, Romansh, and Italian). Most Swiss nowadays learn English to communicate to Swiss speaking other native languages, as English is neutral among speakers of different national languages, making it a lingua franca, with no one national language dominating the other.