List of monarchs of Vietnam

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This article lists the monarchs of Vietnam. Under the emperor at home, king abroad system used by later dynasties, Vietnamese monarchs would use the title of emperor (皇帝, Hoàng đế; or other equivalents) domestically, and the more common term sovereign (𤤰, Vua), king (王, Vương), or his/her (Imperial) Majesty (陛下, Bệ hạ).

Some Vietnamese monarchs declared themselves kings (vương) or emperors (hoàng đế). Imperial titles were used for both domestic and foreign affairs, except for diplomatic missions to China where Vietnamese monarchs were regarded as kingship or prince. Many of the Later Lê monarchs were figurehead rulers, with the real powers resting on feudal lords and princes who were technically their servants. Most Vietnamese monarchs are known through their posthumous names or temple names, while the Nguyễn dynasty, the last reigning house is known through their era names.

Vietnamese monarchs used and were referred to by many titles, depending on each ruler's prestige and favor. Except for legendary rulers and the Sinitic speaking Zhao dynasty and the Early Ly dynasty, the most popular and common Vietnamese designation for ruler, vua 𪼀 (lit. sovereign, chieftain), according to Liam C. Kelley, is "largely based on a pure semantic association based on the benevolent feature associated to the 'father' (but, on the other hand, the image of the father may also be terrifying, strict, or even mean)." Because there is no elaborated Chinese character or any attempt to standardize the Sino Vietnamese Chữ Nôm script to render vua, the title was rendered in different ways. Vua in Ancient Vietnamese (10th–15th centuries) is attested in the 14th century Buddhist literature Việt Điện U Linh Tập as bùgài (布蓋) in Chinese or vua cái (great sovereign in Vietnamese), in 15th century Buddhist scripture Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh as sībù (司布); in Middle Vietnamese (16th–17th centuries) as ꞗua or bua; becoming vua in Early Modern Vietnamese (18 19th centuries) such as recorded by Alexis Marie de Rochon's A Voyage to Madagascar and the East Indies. Vua is not found in any Vietnamese dynastic records which all were written in the lingua franca Chữ Hán through. According to Mark Alves, Vietnamese vua was seemingly a loan word borrowed from the Old Chinese form of title Wáng (王, king), *‍ɢʷaŋ, to Proto Viet Muong. Frédéric Pain, however, insists that vua is from a completely indigenous Vietic lexicon, derived from sesquisyllabic proto Vietic *k. bɔ. While the monarch was commonly referred vernacularly as vua, Vietnamese royal records and official ceremonial titles have used hoàng đế (emperor) or vương (king), which are Vietnamese renditions of Chinese royal titles Huángdì and Wáng, since the time of Đinh Bộ Lĩnh. They were employed to show the Vietnamese monarchs' credence, and the latter was used in tributary relations with the Chinese empires without being considered a Chinese subject. Buddhism exerted influence on a number of Vietnamese royal titles, such as when the late 12th century devout Buddhist king Lý Cao Tông (r. 1176–1210) demanded his courtiers to refer him as phật (Buddha). His great grandfather and predecessor Lý Nhân Tông (r. 1072–1127), a great patronizer of the Buddhist sangha, in his stelae inscription erected in 1121, compared himself and his accomplishments with ancient rulers of the Indian subcontinent near the time of Gautama Buddha, particularly king Udayana and emperor Aśoka.

Cham rulers of the former kingdom of Champa in present day Central and Southern Vietnam used many titles, mostly derived from Hindu Sanskrit titles. There were prefix titles, among them, Jaya and Śrī, which Śrī (His glorious, His Majesty) was used more commonly before each ruler's name, and sometimes Śrī and Jaya were combined into Śrī Jaya[monarch name]. Royal titles were used to indicate the power and prestige of rulers: raja di raja (king of kings), maharajadhiraja (great king of kings), arddharaja (vice king/junior king). After the fall of Vijaya Champa and the Simhavarmanid dynasty in 1471, all Sanskrit titles disappeared from Cham records, due to southern Panduranga rulers styled themselves as Po (native Cham title, which also means "King, His Majesty, Her Majesty"), and Islam gradually replaced Hinduism in post 1471 Champa.

Dynasty King Real name Reign I Dynasty Sri Mara Ch'ű lien c. 854/98 Jaya Sinhavarman I < 965–982 Indravarman IV c. 989–997 Yang Bo Zhan, of Fan ? Yang Pu Ku Vijaya Yan Pu Ku Vijaya Sri (楊甫恭毘施離) c. 998–1007 Harivarman III Yang Pu Ju bi cha she li (楊普俱毘茶室離) fl. 1010 Paramesvaravarman II Yang Pu Ju bi cha she li (楊普俱毘茶室離) fl. 1018 Vikrantavarman IV Yang Bu Ju shi li (楊卜俱室離) ?–?1030 Jaya Simhavarman II ?1030–?1044 VIII Dynasty (of the South) Jaya Paramesvaravarman I Ku Sri Paramesvarmadeva Yang Pu (倶舍波微收羅婆麻提楊卜) 1044–1060 Bhadravarman III ?–1061 Rudravarman III 1061–1074 IX Dynasty Harivarman IV 1074–1080 Jaya Indravarman II 1080–1081, 1086–1114 Paramabhodhisatva – 1081–1086 Harivarman V Yang Bu Ma die (楊卜麻 曡) 1114–1139 X Dynasty Jaya Indravarman III 1139/45 XI Dynasty Rudravarman IV (Khmer vassal) 1145–1147 Jaya Harivarman I 1147–1167 Jaya Harivarman II 1167 Jaya Indravarman IV 1167–1190, died 1192 XII Dynasty Suryajayavarmadeva (Khmer vassal in Vijaya) 1190–1191 Suryavarmadeva (Khmer vassal in Pandurang) 1190–1203 Jaya Indravarman V (in Vijaya) 1191 Champa under Cambodian rules 1203–1220 Jaya Paramesvaravarman II 1220–c.1252 Jaya Indravarman VI c.1252–1257 Indravarman V 1257–1288 Jaya Sinhavarman III 1288–1307 Jaya Sinhavarman IV 1307–1312 Chế Nang (Vietnamese Vassal) 1312–1318 XIII Dynasty Chế A Nan 1318–1342 Trà Hoa Bồ Đề 1342–1360 Chế Bồng Nga (Red king strongest king) 1360–1390 XIV Dynasty Jaya Simhavarman VI 1390–1400 Indravarman VI 1400–1441 Virabhadravarman 1441–? Maija Vijaya 1441–1446 Moho Kouei Lai 1446–1449 Moho Kouei Yeou 1449–1458 XV Dynasty Moho P'an Lo Yue 1458–1460 Tra Toan 1460–1471 Dynasty of the South Po Ro Me 1627–1651 Po Niga 1652–1660 Po Saut 1660–1692 Dynasty of Po Saktiraidaputih, vassal Cham rulers under the Nguyễn lords Po Saktirai da putih 1695–1728 Po Ganvuh da putih 1728–1730 Po Thuttirai 1731–1732 vacant 1732–1735 Po Rattirai 1735–1763 Po Tathun da moh rai 1763–1765 Po Tithuntirai da paguh 1765–1780 Po Tithuntirai da parang 1780–1781 vacant 1781–1783 Chei Krei Brei 1783–1786 Po Tithun da parang 1786–1793 Po Lathun da paguh 1793–1799 Po Chong Chan 1799–1822

King Reign Soma (fem.) latter 1st century Kaundinya I (Hun t'ien) latter 1st century ? ? Hun P’an h’uang second half of 2nd century P’an P’an early 3rd century Fan Shih Man c. 205–225 Fan Chin Sheng c. 225 Fan Chan c. 225 – c. 240 Fan Hsun c. 240–287 Fan Ch’ang c. 245 Fan Hsiung 270 ?–285 ? ? Chandan (Chu Chan t’an) 357 ? ? Kaundinya II (Chiao Chen ju) ?–434 Sresthavarman ? or Sri Indravarman (Che li pa mo or Shih li t’o pa mo) 434–438 ? ? Kaundinya Jayavarman (She yeh pa mo) 484–514 Rudravarman 514–539, died 550 Sarvabhauma ? (Liu t’o pa mo) ? ? c. 550–627