Фюзеляж самолёта: конструкция, материалы и развитие

Main body of an aircraft

The fuselage ('/f//juː//z//əl//ɑː//ʒ/; from the French fuselé "spindle shaped") is an aircraft's main body section. It holds crew, passengers, or cargo. In single engine aircraft, it will usually contain an engine as well, although in some amphibious aircraft the single engine is mounted on a pylon attached to the fuselage, which in turn is used as a floating hull. The fuselage also serves to position the control and stabilization surfaces in specific relationships to lifting surfaces, which is required for aircraft stability and maneuverability.

thumb|upright|Inside view of the wooden, fabric covered fuselage of a Fisher FP 202. Early aircraft were constructed of wood frames covered in fabric. As monoplanes became popular, metal frames improved the strength, which eventually led to all metal structure aircraft, with metal covering for all its exterior surfaces this was first pioneered in the second half of 1915. Some modern aircraft are constructed with composite materials for major control surfaces, wings, or the entire fuselage such as the Boeing 787. On the 787, it makes possible higher pressurization levels and larger windows for passenger comfort as well as lower weight to reduce operating costs. The Boeing 787 weighs less than if it were an all aluminum assembly.

Cockpit windshields on the Airbus A320 must withstand bird strikes up to and are made of chemically strengthened glass. They are usually composed of three layers or plies, of glass or plastic : the inner two are 8 mm (0.3 in.) thick each and are structural, while the outer ply, about 3 mm thick, is a barrier against foreign object damage and abrasion, with often a hydrophobic coating. It must prevent fogging inside the cabin and de ice from This was previously done with thin wires similar to a rear car window but is now accomplished with a transparent, nanometers thick coating of indium tin oxide sitting between plies, electrically conductive and thus transmitting heat. Curved glass improves aerodynamics but sight criteria also needs larger panes. A cockpit windshield is composed of 4–6 panels, 35 kg (77 lb) each on an Airbus A320. In its lifetime, an average aircraft goes through three or four windshields, and the market is shared evenly between OEM and higher margins aftermarket.

"Flying wing" aircraft, such as the Northrop YB 49 Flying Wing and the Northrop B 2 Spirit bomber have no separate fuselage; instead what would be the fuselage is a thickened portion of the wing structure. Conversely, there have been a small number of aircraft designs which have no separate wing, but use the fuselage to generate lift. Examples include National Aeronautics and Space Administration's experimental lifting body designs and the Vought XF5U 1 Flying Flapjack. A blended wing body can be considered a mixture of the above. It carries the useful load in a fuselage producing lift. A modern example is Boeing X 48. One of the earliest aircraft using this design approach is Burnelli CBY 3, which fuselage was airfoil shaped to produce lift.