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Введение
Набор метаболических путей, расщепляющих молекулы на более мелкие единицы, и ускоренные изменения, происходящие при введении определенных химических агентов.
Set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units
the accelerated changes that occur when certain chemical agents are introduced
Катаболизм (/k//ə/'/t//æ//b//ə//l//ɪ//z//ə//m/) – это набор метаболических путей, расщепляющих молекулы на более мелкие единицы, которые либо окисляются с выделением энергии, либо используются в других анаболических реакциях. Катаболизм расщепляет крупные молекулы (такие как полисахариды, липиды, нуклеиновые кислоты и белки) на более мелкие единицы (такие как моносахариды, жирные кислоты, нуклеотиды и аминокислоты, соответственно). Катаболизм представляет собой разрушительный аспект метаболизма, в то время как анаболизм – созидательный. Клетки используют мономеры, высвобождаемые при разложении полимеров, либо для построения новых полимерных молекул, либо для дальнейшего разложения мономеров до простых продуктов отходов с выделением энергии. К клеточным отходам относятся молочная кислота, уксусная кислота, углекислый газ, аммиак и мочевина. Образование этих отходов обычно является процессом окисления, сопровождающимся высвобождением химической свободной энергии, часть которой теряется в виде тепла, а остальная часть используется для стимуляции синтеза аденозинтрифосфата (АТФ). Эта молекула служит для клетки способом передачи энергии, высвобождаемой в ходе катаболизма, в реакции, требующие энергии для анаболизма. Таким образом, катаболизм – это разрушительный метаболизм, а анаболизм – созидательный. Следовательно, катаболизм обеспечивает химическую энергию, необходимую для поддержания и роста клеток. Примеры катаболических процессов включают гликолиз, цикл лимонной кислоты, распад мышечного белка с целью использования аминокислот в качестве субстратов для глюконеогенеза, распад жира в жировой ткани на жирные кислоты и окислительное деаминирование нейротрансмиттеров моноаминооксидазой.
Catabolism (/k//ə/'/t//æ//b//ə//l//ɪ//z//ə//m/) is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions. Catabolism breaks down large molecules (such as polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins) into smaller units (such as monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids, respectively). Catabolism is the breaking down aspect of metabolism, whereas anabolism is the building up aspect. Cells use the monomers released from breaking down polymers to either construct new polymer molecules or degrade the monomers further to simple waste products, releasing energy. Cellular wastes include lactic acid, acetic acid, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and urea. The formation of these wastes is usually an oxidation process involving a release of chemical free energy, some of which is lost as heat, but the rest of which is used to drive the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This molecule acts as a way for the cell to transfer the energy released by catabolism to the energy requiring reactions that make up anabolism. Catabolism is a destructive metabolism and anabolism is a constructive metabolism. Catabolism, therefore, provides the chemical energy necessary for the maintenance and growth of cells. Examples of catabolic processes include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the breakdown of muscle protein in order to use amino acids as substrates for gluconeogenesis, the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue to fatty acids, and oxidative deamination of neurotransmitters by monoamine oxidase.
Катаболические гормоны
Существует множество сигналов, контролирующих катаболизм. Большинство известных сигналов – это гормоны и молекулы, участвующие в самом метаболизме. Эндокринологи традиционно классифицируют многие гормоны как анаболические или катаболические, в зависимости от того, какую часть метаболизма они стимулируют. Так называемые классические катаболические гормоны, известные с начала XX века, – кортизол, глюкагон и адреналин (и другие катехоламины). В последние десятилетия было обнаружено еще много гормонов, обладающих, по крайней мере, некоторыми катаболическими эффектами, включая цитокины, орексин (известный как гипокретин) и мелатонин.
There are many signals that control catabolism. Most of the known signals are hormones and the molecules involved in metabolism itself. Endocrinologists have traditionally classified many of the hormones as anabolic or catabolic, depending on which part of metabolism they stimulate. The so called classic catabolic hormones known since the early 20th century are cortisol, glucagon, and adrenaline (and other catecholamines). In recent decades, many more hormones with at least some catabolic effects have been discovered, including cytokines, orexin (known as hypocretin), and melatonin. Hormone Function Cortisol Released from the adrenal gland in response to stress; its main role is to increase blood glucose levels by gluconeogenesis. Glucagon Released from alpha cells in the pancreas either when starving or when the body needs to generate additional energy; it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to increase blood glucose levels; its effect is the opposite of insulin; glucagon and insulin are a part of a negative feedback system that stabilizes blood glucose levels. Adrenaline Released in response to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system; increases heart rate and heart contractility, constricts blood vessels, is a bronchodilator that opens (dilates) the bronchi of the lungs to increase air volume in the lungs, and stimulates gluconeogenesis.
Функция гормона
There are many signals that control catabolism. Most of the known signals are hormones and the molecules involved in metabolism itself. Endocrinologists have traditionally classified many of the hormones as anabolic or catabolic, depending on which part of metabolism they stimulate. The so called classic catabolic hormones known since the early 20th century are cortisol, glucagon, and adrenaline (and other catecholamines). In recent decades, many more hormones with at least some catabolic effects have been discovered, including cytokines, orexin (known as hypocretin), and melatonin. Hormone Function Cortisol Released from the adrenal gland in response to stress; its main role is to increase blood glucose levels by gluconeogenesis. Glucagon Released from alpha cells in the pancreas either when starving or when the body needs to generate additional energy; it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to increase blood glucose levels; its effect is the opposite of insulin; glucagon and insulin are a part of a negative feedback system that stabilizes blood glucose levels. Adrenaline Released in response to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system; increases heart rate and heart contractility, constricts blood vessels, is a bronchodilator that opens (dilates) the bronchi of the lungs to increase air volume in the lungs, and stimulates gluconeogenesis.
Кортизол: Выделяется надпочечниками в ответ на стресс; его основная роль – повышение уровня глюкозы в крови путем глюконеогенеза.
There are many signals that control catabolism. Most of the known signals are hormones and the molecules involved in metabolism itself. Endocrinologists have traditionally classified many of the hormones as anabolic or catabolic, depending on which part of metabolism they stimulate. The so called classic catabolic hormones known since the early 20th century are cortisol, glucagon, and adrenaline (and other catecholamines). In recent decades, many more hormones with at least some catabolic effects have been discovered, including cytokines, orexin (known as hypocretin), and melatonin. Hormone Function Cortisol Released from the adrenal gland in response to stress; its main role is to increase blood glucose levels by gluconeogenesis. Glucagon Released from alpha cells in the pancreas either when starving or when the body needs to generate additional energy; it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to increase blood glucose levels; its effect is the opposite of insulin; glucagon and insulin are a part of a negative feedback system that stabilizes blood glucose levels. Adrenaline Released in response to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system; increases heart rate and heart contractility, constricts blood vessels, is a bronchodilator that opens (dilates) the bronchi of the lungs to increase air volume in the lungs, and stimulates gluconeogenesis.
Глюкагон: Выделяется альфа-клетками поджелудочной железы при голодании или когда организму требуется дополнительная энергия; стимулирует распад гликогена в печени для повышения уровня глюкозы в крови; его действие противоположно действию инсулина; глюкагон и инсулин являются частью системы отрицательной обратной связи, стабилизирующей уровень глюкозы в крови.
There are many signals that control catabolism. Most of the known signals are hormones and the molecules involved in metabolism itself. Endocrinologists have traditionally classified many of the hormones as anabolic or catabolic, depending on which part of metabolism they stimulate. The so called classic catabolic hormones known since the early 20th century are cortisol, glucagon, and adrenaline (and other catecholamines). In recent decades, many more hormones with at least some catabolic effects have been discovered, including cytokines, orexin (known as hypocretin), and melatonin. Hormone Function Cortisol Released from the adrenal gland in response to stress; its main role is to increase blood glucose levels by gluconeogenesis. Glucagon Released from alpha cells in the pancreas either when starving or when the body needs to generate additional energy; it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to increase blood glucose levels; its effect is the opposite of insulin; glucagon and insulin are a part of a negative feedback system that stabilizes blood glucose levels. Adrenaline Released in response to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system; increases heart rate and heart contractility, constricts blood vessels, is a bronchodilator that opens (dilates) the bronchi of the lungs to increase air volume in the lungs, and stimulates gluconeogenesis.
Адреналин: Выделяется в ответ на активацию симпатической нервной системы; увеличивает частоту и силу сердечных сокращений, сужает кровеносные сосуды, является бронходилататором, расширяющим бронхи легких для увеличения объема воздуха в легких, и стимулирует глюконеогенез.
There are many signals that control catabolism. Most of the known signals are hormones and the molecules involved in metabolism itself. Endocrinologists have traditionally classified many of the hormones as anabolic or catabolic, depending on which part of metabolism they stimulate. The so called classic catabolic hormones known since the early 20th century are cortisol, glucagon, and adrenaline (and other catecholamines). In recent decades, many more hormones with at least some catabolic effects have been discovered, including cytokines, orexin (known as hypocretin), and melatonin. Hormone Function Cortisol Released from the adrenal gland in response to stress; its main role is to increase blood glucose levels by gluconeogenesis. Glucagon Released from alpha cells in the pancreas either when starving or when the body needs to generate additional energy; it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to increase blood glucose levels; its effect is the opposite of insulin; glucagon and insulin are a part of a negative feedback system that stabilizes blood glucose levels. Adrenaline Released in response to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system; increases heart rate and heart contractility, constricts blood vessels, is a bronchodilator that opens (dilates) the bronchi of the lungs to increase air volume in the lungs, and stimulates gluconeogenesis.
Этимология
Слово катаболизм происходит от неолатинского языка, который восходит к греческим корням: κάτω kato, "вниз" и βάλλειν ballein, "бросать".
The word catabolism is from Neo Latin, which got the roots from Greek: κάτω kato, "downward" and βάλλειν ballein, "to throw".