Разделенный экран в кино: техника и история использования

Filmmaking technique

In film and video production, split screen is the visible division of the screen, traditionally in half, but also in several simultaneous images, rupturing the illusion that the screen's frame is a seamless view of reality, similar to that of the human eye. There may or may not be an explicit borderline. Until the arrival of digital technology, a split screen in films was accomplished by using an optical printer to combine two or more actions filmed separately by copying them onto the same negative, called the composite. In filmmaking split screen is also a technique that allows one actor to appear twice in a scene. The simplest technique is to lock down the camera and shoot the scene twice, with one "version" of the actor appearing on the left side, and the other on the right side. The seam between the two splits is intended to be invisible, making the duplication seem realistic.

An influential arena for the great split screen movies of the 1960s were two world's fairs the 1964 New York World's Fair, where Ray and Charles Eames had a 17 screen film they created for IBM's "Think" Pavilion (it included sections with race car driving) and the 3 division film To Be Alive, by Francis Thompson, which won the Academy Award that year for Best Short. John Frankenheimer made Grand Prix after his visit to the 1964 New York World's Fair. The success of these pavilions further influenced the 1967 Universal exhibition in Montreal, commonly referred to as Expo 67, where multi screen highlights included In the Labyrinth, hailed by Time magazine as a "stunning visual display," their review concluding: "such visual delights as Labyrinth suggest that cinema—the most typical of 20th century arts—has just begun to explore its boundaries and possibilities," as well as A Place to Stand, which displayed Christopher Chapman's pioneering "multi dynamic image technique" of shifting multiple images. Directors Norman Jewison and Richard Fleischer conceived their ambitious split screen films of 1968 after visiting Expo '67. It's also common to use this technique to simultaneously portray both participants in a telephone conversation, a long standing convention which dates back to early silents, as in Lois Weber's triangular frames in her 1913 Suspense, and culminating in Pillow Talk, where Doris Day and Rock Hudson share a party line. So linked to this convention are the Doris Day/Rock Hudson movies that Down With Love, the only slightly tongue in cheek homage, used split screen in several phone calls, explicitly parodying this use. In the 1971 Emmy Award winning TV movie "Brian's Song" which portrays the story of former Chicago Bears running backs Brian Piccolo and Hall of Famer Gale Sayers, it's the night after Piccolo's second surgery and Piccolo (James Caan) is talking to Sayers (Billy Dee Williams) on the phone. There is a diagonal split screen from upper left corner to lower right corner (Piccolo on the right side and Sayers on the left). The BBC series Coupling made extensive use of split screen as one of several techniques that are unconventional for TV series, often to a humorous effect. One episode, 'Split', was even named after the use of the effect. The acclaimed Fox TV series 24 used split screen extensively to depict the many simultaneous events, enhancing the show's real time element as well as connecting its multiple storylines. An unusual and revolutionary use of split screen as an extension to the cinematic vocabulary was invented by film director Roger Avary in The Rules of Attraction (2002) where two separate halves of a split screen are folded together into one seamless shot through the use of motion control photography. The much acclaimed shot was examined and detailed in Bravo Television's Anatomy of a Scene. In 1975, behind the Iron Curtain, filmmaker Zbigniew Rybczynski created his experimental film Nowa Książka (Eng. New Book), where he split his screen into 9 small screens, shot on 35mm film. This innovative approach allowed him to create a fascinating continuous story of a man in a red hat and red coat. This film served as an inspiration for Timecode by Mike Figgis.

The arrival of digital video technology has made dividing the screen much easier to accomplish, and recent digital films and music videos have explored this possibility in depth. Sometimes the technique is used to show actions occurring simultaneously; Timecode (2000), by Mike Figgis, is a recent example where the combination is of four real time digital video cameras shown continuously for the duration of the film. Split screen can also be used to the extent that it becomes part of the narrative structure of a film, as in The Boston Strangler.

Title Year Director Notes Santa Claus 1898 George Albert Smith Life of an American Fireman 1903Edwin S. Porter Suspense 1913 Lois Weber The Queen of Spades 1916 Yakov Protazanov Napoléon 1927 Abel Gance Presented with three projectors in Polyvision Pillow Talk 1959 Michael Gordon The Patty Duke Show 1963–1966 Various Television series in which the actress, Patty Duke, played twin characters — identical cousins, Patty and Cathy — throughout the 105 episode run of the programme. To Be Alive! 1964 Short film produced for the 1964 New York World's Fair, presented on multiple screens Chelsea Girls 1966 Presented side by side with two projectors for film's entirety Grand Prix 1966 John Frankenheimer A Place to Stand 1967 Christopher Chapman Originally presented at Expo 67 In the Labyrinth 1967 Originally presented on multiple screens at Expo 67; later reissued in a single screen format Col cuore in gola 1967 Tinto Brass Charly 1968 Ralph Nelson The Thomas Crown Affair 1968 Norman Jewison The Boston Strangler 1968 Richard Fleischer Eagles Over London 1969 Enzo G. Castellari Airport 1970 George Seaton Dionysus in '69 1970 Brian De Palma Presented side by side through optical printing for film's entirety Multiple Sidosis 1970 Sid Lavarents Short film Woodstock 1970 Michael Wadleigh Documentary of the Woodstock Festival The Andromeda Strain 1971 Robert Wise Sisters 1973 Brian De Palma Wicked, Wicked 1973 Richard L. Bare Presented side by side through optical printing for film's entirety Phantom of the Paradise 1974 Brian De Palma Nowa Książka
(eng. New Book)1975Zbigniew RybczynskiThe screen is split into nine screens, 35mm short film, 10:26, SMFF Se Ma For Lodz, Poland Carrie 1976 Brian De Palma Twilight's Last Gleaming 1977 Robert Aldrich Dressed to Kill 1980 Brian De Palma Blow Out 1981 Brian De Palma Sammy and Rosie Get Laid 1987 Stephen Frears Wall Street 1987 Oliver Stone The Bonfire of the Vanities 1990 Brian De PalmaRepossessed1992Bob LoganUsed for comedic effect in a telephone conversation scene where one character crosses the "split" after the other person leave their phone off the hook. Boogie Nights 1997 Paul Thomas Anderson Jackie Brown 1997 Quentin Tarantino "Closing Time" 1998 Chris Applebaum Music video for the Semisonic song Snake Eyes 1998 Brian De Palma Run Lola Run 1998 Tom Tykwer The X Files 1998 Chris Carter Episode "Triangle" The Virgin Suicides 1999 Sofia Coppola SpongeBob SquarePants 1999 Stephen Hillenburg Episode "Missing Identity" The Boy Who Saw the Iceberg 2000 Paul Driessen Animated short Requiem for a Dream 2000 Darren Aronofsky Snatch 2000 Guy Ritchie Timecode 2000 Mike Figgis Screen is split into quadrants, each showing a different sequence 24 2001–10, 2014 Stephen Hopkins, Various Television series Femme Fatale 2002 Brian De Palma Adaptation 2002 Spike Jonze The Rules of Attraction 2002 Roger Avary Spooks 2002 Various Television series Down with Love 2003 Peyton Reed Kill Bill 2003 Quentin Tarantino Pretend 2003 Julie Talen Hulk 2003 Ang Lee Sexual Dependency 2003 Rodrigo Bellott Sideways 2004 Alexander Payne Conversations with Other Women 2005 Hans Canosa The Tracey Fragments 2007 Bruce McDonald A Wednesday! 2008 Neeraj Pandey Hindi filmOSS 117: Lost in Rio2009Michel Hazanavicius 500 Days of Summer 2009 Marc Webb 127 Hours 2010 Danny Boyle Scott Pilgrim vs. the World 2010 Edgar Wright The Social Network 2010 David Fincher Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions 2012 Tatsuya Ishihara Anime series Dhoom 3 2013 Vijay Krishna Acharya Hindi Film R Rajkumar 2013 Prabhu Deva One Scene / Hindi Film Kalyeserye 2015–2016 Bert de Leon, Poochie Rivera, Rich Ilustre A soap opera parody aired live during the "Juan for All, All for Juan" segment of Philippine noontime variety show Eat Bulaga! on GMA Network in the Philippines. The Man from U. N. C. L. E. 2015 Guy Ritchie Fargo 2015 Randall Einhorn Season 2 The Mindy Project 2017 Various Final Season The Indian Detective 2017 Various Mini seriesLast Call2019Gavin Michael BoothThe film's entirety is a 77 minute split screen single take.