Введение
Улучшение форматирования, стиля и точности текста.
Improving the formatting, style, and accuracy of text
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
Копиредактирование (также известное как редактирование текста и редактирование рукописи) — это процесс пересмотра письменного материала («копирайта») для повышения качества и удобочитаемости, а также обеспечения отсутствия ошибок в грамматике, стиле и точности. В «Чикагском руководстве по стилю» говорится, что редактирование рукописи охватывает «простые механические исправления (механическое редактирование) до вмешательств на уровне предложений (линейное или стилистическое редактирование) и существенной работы по исправлению литературного стиля и ясности, дезорганизованных фрагментов, многословного текста, запутанных таблиц и рисунков и т. п. (содержательное редактирование)». В контексте печатных изданий копиредактирование выполняется перед версткой и повторно перед вычиткой. В Соединенных Штатах и Канаде специалист, выполняющий эту работу, называется копиредактором. Высший по рангу копиредактор организации или редактор, курирующий группу копиредакторов, может называться «главным редактором», «заведующим редактором» или «редактором новостей». В Великобритании используется термин «копиредактор», но в издательстве газет и журналов используется термин «субредктор» (или «подредактор»), обычно сокращаемый до «суб». В контексте Интернета «онлайн-копирайтинг» относится к текстовому содержанию веб-страниц. Аналогично печатным изданиям, онлайн-копиредактирование — это процесс пересмотра и подготовки черновика текста веб-страниц к публикации. Копиредактирование имеет три уровня: легкий, средний и тяжелый. В зависимости от бюджета и графика публикации издатель сообщает копиредактору, какой уровень редактирования следует использовать. Выбранный тип редактирования поможет копиредактору расставить приоритеты в своей работе.
Improving the formatting, style, and accuracy of text
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
Аббревиатуры и акронимы
Дополнительные элементы, такие как диаграммы, таблицы и графики
Капитализация
Сноски и концевые сноски
Дефисное написание
Курсив (правильное использование выделения (курсив или полужирный); правильный выбор широкой категории шрифта (курсив, прямой, другой), особенно в математических или научных текстах)
Числа и нумерация
Пунктуация
Цитаты
Орфография
Improving the formatting, style, and accuracy of text
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
Гилад также упоминает следующее:
Инициалы
Номера страниц, заголовки и нижние колонтитулы
Подчеркивание
Improving the formatting, style, and accuracy of text
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
Правильное правописание и пунктуация в некоторых случаях субъективны и должны быть оставлены на усмотрение копиредактора или издателя. Большинство издательств используют широко признанные руководства по стилю, такие как New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style и The Canadian Style. Компании, которые производят документы и отчеты, но не считают себя издателями в обычном смысле, как правило, полагаются на собственные руководства по стилю или на суждение копиредактора.
Improving the formatting, style, and accuracy of text
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
Проверьте все перекрестные ссылки в тексте.
Проверьте нумерацию сносок, концевых сносок, таблиц и иллюстраций.
Укажите расположение таблиц и иллюстраций.
Проверьте содержание иллюстраций по отношению к подписям и тексту.
Прочитайте список иллюстраций по отношению к иллюстрациям и подписям.
Прочитайте оглавление по отношению к рукописи.
Прочитайте сноски/концевые сноски и цитаты в тексте по отношению к библиографии.
Проверьте алфавитный порядок библиографии или списка литературы.
Improving the formatting, style, and accuracy of text
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
Некоторые рукописи могут потребовать специальной перекрестной проверки. Например, в тексте «как сделать» копиредактору может потребоваться проверить, соответствует ли список оборудования или деталей инструкциям, приведенным в тексте. Копиредакторам, работающим с бумажной версией, обычно предлагается карандашом указывать типы кодов в левом поле рукописи. Копиредакторам, работающим на экране, может быть предложено вставлять типы кодов в начале и конце каждого элемента. Копиредактор стремится улучшить ясность, связность, последовательность и правильность — также известные как «4 К», каждый из которых служит «кардинальному К» копиредактора, которым является коммуникация. До появления печатного станка монахи-кописты изменяли слова или фразы, которые они считали странными, предполагая, что предыдущий копист допустил ошибку. Это привело к большому разнообразию стандартных текстов, таких как Библия. После глобализации книгоиздания с 1800 по 1970 год наступил расцвет американских писателей и редакторов. Один редактор, Максвелл Перкинс, был особенно востребован такими писателями, как Фицджеральд, Хемингуэй и Вулф, потому что он значительно улучшал работы этих выдающихся авторов своим редакторским взглядом. Перкинс был известен тем, что редактировал, направлял и дружил со своими писателями, но времена менялись. В конце XIX века роль редактора заключалась в том, чтобы решить, достаточно ли хороша рукопись для публикации. Со временем роль редактора и издателя стала более отдаленной. Несмотря на новые отношения между редакторами и авторами, вдумчивое редактирование не прекратилось. Символы, используемые копиредакторами сегодня, основаны на тех, которые использовались корректорами с самого начала книгоиздания, хотя со временем они претерпели некоторые изменения. Однако точные истоки языка копиредактирования, используемого сегодня, неясны. Несмотря на свою долгую историю, копиредактирование как практика не претерпело каких-либо серьезных потрясений, кроме революции настольных издательских систем в 1980-х годах. Это явление началось как результат ряда изобретений, выпущенных в середине этого десятилетия, и относится к росту использования технологий в области копиредактирования. В частности, разработка компьютера Xerox Star с настольной средой Viewpoint и многоязычным символьным кодом Xerox (предшественником Unicode), а также других, таких как компьютер Macintosh, настольный лазерный принтер от Hewlett Packard и программное обеспечение для настольных издательских систем под названием PageMaker, позволили начаться революции. Позволяя как частным лицам, так и издательским агентствам дешево и эффективно редактировать композиции целиком на экране, а не вручную, революция настольных издательских систем превратила копиредактирование в практику, которой оно является сегодня. Большинство копиредакторов сегодня полагаются на более современные текстовые процессоры WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get), такие как Microsoft Word, основанные на оригинальном PageMaker, для своей работы.
Improving the formatting, style, and accuracy of text
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
Несколько событий привели к изменениям в карьере копиредактора. Одним из них стала успешная забастовка редакционного отдела Newark Ledger с 17 ноября 1934 года по 28 марта 1935 года, которая была «первым крупным действием такого рода со стороны какой-либо местной гильдии [и] подтвердила необратимость движения гильдий от идеи профессиональной ассоциации и значительно ускорило этот процесс». В сочетании с другой серией забастовок, организованных New York Newspaper Guild против ряда небольших газет летом 1934 года, эти действия послужили для изменения имиджа редакционного работника как «профессионала» на имидж обычного гражданина. Поскольку эти события, по-видимому, имели вторичный результат снижения статуса редакторов во всех издательских областях, можно сказать, что они спровоцировали упадок копиредакторов, который можно наблюдать в издательском деле сегодня.
Improving the formatting, style, and accuracy of text
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
Благодаря развитию цифровой эпохи роли и обязанности копиредактора изменились. Например, начиная с 1990 года, копиредакторы научились делать верстку в электронном виде. Теперь они могли просматривать несколько страниц текста на нескольких экранах и легко вносить свои правки в этой среде, в отличие от ручного вырезания и вклеивания бумажных фрагментов на доску. Это технологическое достижение также потребовало от копиредакторов изучения нового программного обеспечения, такого как Adobe InDesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher или Scribus. Современные копиредакторы часто должны редактировать как цифровые, так и печатные версии текста. Цифровое копиредактирование требует от копиредакторов понимания RSS-каналов, социальных сетей (таких как Twitter и Facebook) и HTML. Хотя копиредакторы по-прежнему выполняют традиционные задачи, такие как проверка фактов, грамматики, стиля и написание заголовков, некоторые из их обязанностей были отложены, чтобы уступить место технологиям. Некоторые копиредакторы теперь должны разрабатывать макеты страниц, а некоторые даже редактируют видеоконтент. Копиредакторов теперь иногда называют «копиредакторами/верстальщиками» или «продюсерами/дизайнерами».
Improving the formatting, style, and accuracy of text
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
selfref=y
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor. An organization's highest ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or "sub editor"), commonly shortened to "sub". In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the textual content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication. Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Abbreviations and acronyms
Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
Capitalization
Footnotes and endnotes
Hyphenation
Italicization (appropriate use of emphasis (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (italic, roman, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)
Numbers and numerals
Punctuation
Quotations
Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
Initialisms
Page numbers, headers, and footers
Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style guide such as the New Oxford Style Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Canadian Style. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor. Verify any cross references that appear in the text
Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
Read the table of contents against the manuscript
Read the footnotes/endnotes and in text citations against the bibliography
Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts may require special cross checking. For example, in a how to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Hard copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element. The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication. Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible. After the globalization of the book from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, Maxwell Perkins, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing. In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and publisher became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end. The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting. Namely, the development of the Xerox Star computer, with its Viewpoint desktop environment and the Xerox multilingual character code (the precursor of Unicode); as well as others, such as the Macintosh computer, the desktop laser printer by Hewlett Packard, and software for desktop publishing called PageMaker allowed the revolution to begin. By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the Newark Ledger from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process". Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. Owing to the rise of the Digital Age, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically. They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Affinity Publisher or Scribus. Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand RSS feeds, social media (such as Twitter and Facebook), and HTML. While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".
Изменения в области
Традиционно редактор вычитывал печатный или рукописный манускрипт, вручную помечая его редакторскими "корректурными знаками". В крупных газетах главное место редакторов часто имело U-образную форму; главный редактор сидел в "слоте" (центральном пространстве U) и был известен как "слот-мэн", а редакторы располагались вокруг него или нее по внешней стороне U, называемой "ободком". В прошлом редакторов иногда шутливо называли "крысами с ободка". Главных редакторов до сих пор иногда называют "слотом". Но в наши дни манускрипт чаще вычитывается на экране компьютера, а исправления вносятся непосредственно в текст. Почти повсеместное внедрение компьютерных систем для редактирования и верстки в газетах и журналах также привело к тому, что редакторы стали больше участвовать в дизайне и технических аспектах производства. Поэтому технические знания иногда считаются столь же важными, как и умение писать, хотя это особенно верно для журналистики, а не для книжного издательства. Хэнк Гламанн, соучредитель Американского общества редакторов, сделал следующее наблюдение относительно объявлений о вакансиях редакторов в американских газетах:
Нам нужны грамотные специалисты по языку и стилю, умеющие писать яркие и привлекательные заголовки и владеющие QuarkXPress. Но часто, когда дело доходит до крайности, мы готовы закрыть глаза на все эти требования, кроме последнего, потому что необходимо знать, как нажать кнопку в нужный момент.
Traditionally, the copy editor would read a printed or written manuscript, manually marking it with editor's "correction marks". At sizable newspapers, the main copy desk was often U shaped; the copy desk chief sat in the "slot" (the center space of the U) and was known as the "slot man", while copy editors were arrayed around him or her on the outside of the U, known as the "rim". In the past, copy editors were sometimes known humorously as "rim rats". Chief copy editors are still sometimes called "the slot". But nowadays, the manuscript is more often read on a computer display and text corrections are entered directly. The nearly universal adoption of computerized systems for editing and layout in newspapers and magazines has also led copy editors to become more involved in the design and the technicalities of production. Technical knowledge is therefore sometimes considered as important as writing ability, though this is truer in journalism than it is in book publishing. Hank Glamann, the co founder of the American Copy Editors Society, made the following observation about ads for copy editor positions at American newspapers:
We want them to be skilled grammarians and wordsmiths and write bright and engaging headlines and must know Quark. But, often, when push comes to shove, we will let every single one of those requirements slide except the last one because you have to know that in order to push the button at the appointed time.
We want them to be skilled grammarians and wordsmiths and write bright and engaging headlines and must know Quark. But, often, when push comes to shove, we will let every single one of those requirements slide except the last one because you have to know that in order to push the button at the appointed time.
Характеристики, навыки и обучение
Кроме отличного владения языком, корректорам необходимы широкие общие знания для выявления фактических ошибок; развитые навыки критического мышления для распознавания противоречий или двусмысленности; навыки общения для работы с авторами, другими редакторами и дизайнерами; внимательность к деталям и чувство стиля. Им также необходимо расставлять приоритеты и находить баланс между стремлением к совершенству и необходимостью соблюдать сроки. Многие корректоры имеют высшее образование, часто в области журналистики, коммуникаций или языка, на котором написан текст, который они редактируют. Кроме того, некоторые корректоры самостоятельно расширяют свои знания в областях, которые могут быть полезны для их карьеры. Например, некоторые могут изучать статистику, чтобы выявлять ошибки в данных, представленных в статьях, и тем самым повышать шансы авторов на публикацию. Статистика – важный аспект работы корректора, помогающий лучше понимать широкий спектр тем. Умение читать и интерпретировать данные позволяет корректорам более точно помогать авторам, что увеличивает вероятность публикации их работ.
Besides an outstanding command of the language, copy editors need broad general knowledge for spotting factual errors; good critical thinking skills in order to recognize inconsistencies or vagueness; interpersonal skills for dealing with writers, other editors, and designers; attention to detail; and a sense of style. They must also set priorities and balance a desire for perfection with the need to meet deadlines. Many copy editors have a college degree, often in journalism, communications, or the language of the writing that they edit. Additionally, some copy editors take it upon themselves to gain a background in topics that would further help their career. For instance, some copy editors may seek knowledge and background in statistics to help catch mistakes related to data within an article to help authors have a better chance at getting published. Statistics are an aspect of copy editing that may be helpful to understanding a broader range of topics. Understanding how to read and interpret data allows copy editors to more accurately help authors which allows them to have a greater chance of publishing their work.
Отличие от других форм редактирования
Редактирование текста — важный этап в процессе редактирования. Чтобы понять его уникальную роль и значимость, полезно отличать его от других видов редактирования.
Copy editing is an important step in the editing process. It is useful to differentiate it from other forms of editing to understand its unique role and significance.
По сравнению с редактированием по существу
Редактирование: Этот процесс направлен на ясность, точность, последовательность и общую удобочитаемость текста. Он включает в себя проверку грамматических и пунктуационных ошибок, несоответствий в стиле и форматировании (а также соответствие корпоративному стилю) и обеспечение плавности изложения. Основная цель — улучшить текст, не меняя его основного смысла. Содержательное редактирование: Также известное как структурное или углубленное редактирование, содержательное редактирование затрагивает структуру и организацию контента. Оно включает в себя работу над темпом повествования, развитием сюжета в художественных произведениях, силой аргументации в научно-популярных текстах и общей организацией материала. Этот вид редактирования может включать перестановку разделов, предложение дополнительного контента или рекомендации по сокращению текста.
Copy editing: This process focuses on the clarity, accuracy, consistency, and overall readability of the text. It involves checking for grammatical errors, punctuation mistakes, inconsistencies in style and formatting (and compliance with house style), and ensuring that the text flows smoothly. The primary goal is to polish the content without altering its core message. Substantive editing: Also known as structural or developmental editing, substantive editing delves deeper into the content's structure and organization. It addresses issues like pacing, plot development in fiction, argument strength in non fiction, and overall content organization. This form of editing may involve reordering sections, suggesting additional content, or recommending deletions.
Проверка
Редактирование текста: Как уже упоминалось, редактирование текста направлено на повышение ясности, связности и последовательности изложения. Оно обеспечивает соответствие текста определенному стилю и отсутствие фактических ошибок. Вычитка: Это заключительный этап процесса редактирования. Вычитка включает проверку текста на опечатки, пропущенные грамматические ошибки и несоответствия в форматировании. Это последняя проверка перед публикацией, призванная исключить даже незначительные ошибки.
Copy editing: As mentioned, copy editing focuses on improving the content's clarity, coherence, and consistency. It ensures that the text adheres to a particular style guide and is free from factual errors. Proofreading: This is the final step in the editing process. Proofreading involves checking the text for typographical errors, missed grammatical mistakes, and formatting inconsistencies. It is the last line of defense before the content is published, and attempts to ensure that no minor errors slip through.
По сравнению с редактированием строк
Редактирование текста: Этот вид редактирования рассматривает текст в более широком контексте, обеспечивая единообразие стиля, тона и авторского голоса. Также проверяется фактическая достоверность и потенциальные юридические риски. Редактирование на уровне предложений: Редактирование на уровне предложений – это более детальный анализ каждой строки рукописи. Оно фокусируется на художественном содержании, стиле изложения и использовании языка на уровне предложений и абзацев. Цель – улучшить качество текста, сделав его ясным и увлекательным. Понимание этих различий полезно авторам, издателям и редакторам, чтобы гарантировать, что каждый материал подвергнется соответствующему уровню проверки и доработки перед публикацией.
Copy editing: This form of editing looks at the text from a broader perspective, ensuring consistency in style, tone, and voice. It also checks for factual accuracy and potential legal issues. Line editing: Line editing is a more in depth review of each line in the manuscript. It focuses on the creative content, writing style, and language use at the sentence and paragraph level. The goal is to enhance the prose, making it clear and engaging. Understanding these distinctions is useful for authors, publishers, and editors to ensure that each piece of content undergoes the appropriate level of scrutiny and refinement before reaching its audience.
Современный
До цифровой эры редакторы вычитывали тексты, отмечая ошибки и неточности красной ручкой, используя общепринятую систему условных обозначений. Традиционно редактор вычитывал текст на предмет грамматики, орфографии, пунктуации и других стилистических особенностей. Символы вычитки нельзя использовать при цифровом редактировании, поскольку они не поддерживаются такими инструментами, как отслеживание изменений. С ростом онлайн-публикаций и сокращением тиражей печатных изданий, бумажные экземпляры больше не успевают за цифровым производством. И это происходит быстрее и дешевле. Специалисты опасались, что внедрение программного обеспечения для цифрового редактирования приведет к исчезновению профессии редактора вычитывателя. Однако редакторы вычитыватели по-прежнему востребованы для серьезной редактуры, такой как проверка фактов и организация контента, что выходит за рамки возможностей программного обеспечения. Благодаря программам проверки грамматики и журналистам, умеющим редактировать, редакторы вычитыватели стали считаться предметом роскоши в издательском деле. Онлайн-текстовые редакторы позволяют пользователям выполнять множество задач. Каждый редактор имеет свои преимущества и недостатки, зависящие от предпочтений пользователя, но в первую очередь позволяет обмениваться документами, редактировать их и работать над ними совместно. Кроме того, пользователи Google Docs могут приглашать других по электронной почте для просмотра, комментирования и редактирования любых выбранных файлов, а приглашенные могут просматривать и редактировать документ вместе в режиме реального времени. В отличие от Google Docs, файлы которого можно передавать только через веб-приложение, Dropbox позволяет делиться файлами через настольное приложение. Редактирующие документ могут оставлять комментарии, щелкнув в нужном месте и выбрав пункт «Новый комментарий» на вкладке «Рецензирование», либо выделив текст и выбрав пункт «Новый комментарий». По словам главного редактора Slate Лоуэна Лю и его заместителя Джулии Тернер, Slate не вычитывает свои блоги перед публикацией, но все новостные статьи проходят вычитку перед публикацией. Руд также рекомендует веб-разработчикам придерживаться принципов оформления печатных изданий, таких как «ясный и простой язык, а также последовательная терминология и элементы навигации», особенно когда читатели просматривают текст на втором языке.
Before the digital era, copy editors would mark errors and inconsistencies with a red pen, using a markup language of symbols which were universally known. The traditional copy editor was once defined as editing for grammar, spelling, punctuation, and other mechanics of style. Copy editing symbols cannot be used in digital editing because they are not supported by tools such as track changes. With more posting online and less printing on paper, hard copy can no longer keep pace with digital publishing. and cheaply. Professionals feared that the introduction of digital editing software would end copyediting careers. Copy editors are still employed and needed for heavy edits, such as fact checking and content organization, which are beyond the abilities of the software. With grammar software and journalists who can edit, copy editors are seen as a luxury in publishing. Online word processors allow users to perform a number of tasks. Each processor has its advantages and disadvantages based on the users' preferences, but primarily allows users to share, edit and collaborate on documents. Additionally, Google Docs users can invite others via email to view, comment, and edit any file of their choosing, and those who were invited can view and edit the document together in real time. Unlike Google Docs whose files can only be shared through the web app, Dropbox shares from a desktop app. Those editing documents can leave comments by clicking wherever the user desires to leave a comment and clicking New Comment under the review ribbon or by highlighting text and clicking New Comment. Slate does not edit its blog posts before publication, but all of its news articles are copy edited before publication, say Slate copy chief Lowen Liu and deputy editor Julia Turner. Rude also suggests that web developers attempt to stick to print guidelines, such as "clear and simple language and consistent terms and navigation devices", especially when readers are looking at text in a second language.
Влияние Интернета
Согласно публикации 2011 года Анжелы Энн Эвери Ахиджиан, с ростом популярности онлайн-ресурсов редакторы стремятся максимально соответствовать увеличению цифрового потребления, и эта высокая конкуренция привела к постепенному снижению качества редактирования, например, редактирования текста или проверки фактов. Однако это не означает, что Интернет сузил сферу ответственности редактора или сократил возможности трудоустройства. Одним из важнейших достижений цифровой эпохи стало появление верстки (pagination), которая предоставляет редакторам больше контроля над созданием и редактированием контента и является удобной функцией в современном программном обеспечении. Тем не менее, несмотря на увеличение количества программ, некоторые редакторы считают, что их основные функции и обязанности существенно не изменились. Другие полагают, что Интернет упростил проверку фактов, а такие платформы, как Facebook или Twitter, облегчили сбор информации. Другие цифровые навыки, такие как подбор изображений и поисковая оптимизация, повышают видимость результатов поиска, особенно при поиске ключевых слов в заголовках. По мнению Эвери Ахиджиан, Интернет, скорее всего, продолжит развиваться, но это не должно умалять общую важность редактирования. Хотя может возникнуть искушение пренебречь тщательной вычиткой ради удобства, необходимо сохранять достоверность и качество работы редактора, поскольку программное обеспечение и технологии постоянно обновляются. По мере эволюции форматов будут меняться и возможности для журналистов и других авторов.
According to a 2011 publication by Angela Anne Avery Ahlijian, as online resources rise in popularity, copy editors endeavor to meet the increase of digital consumerism to the best of their abilities, and such high competition has resulted in a gradual "declining of quality in editing", such as copy editing or fact checking. However, this does not mean that the Internet has limited the scope of a copy editor's responsibilities or job opportunities. One of the most important advancements of the digital age is the advent of pagination, which gives copy editors more control over the construction and revisions of their content, and is a convenient feature in modern software. Despite the increasing number of programs, however, some copy editors believe their basic functions and duties have not changed much. Other copy editors think that the Internet has simplified fact checking and that websites such as Facebook or Twitter have aided information gathering. Other digital skills, such as image selection and search engine optimization, increase the visibility of search results, especially when searching for keywords in headlines. According to Avery Ahlijian, in all likelihood, the Internet will continue to evolve, but this should not hamper the overall importance of copy editing. Although it may be tempting to neglect proper revisions in favor of convenience, the credibility and quality of an editor's work should still be maintained, as there will always be updates in software and technology. As formats evolve, so too will the opportunities for journalists and other writers.