События 1801 года: Войны и открытия

1 8 0 0 - 1 8 0 1 - 1 8 0 2

April 2 – War of the Second Coalition: First Battle of Copenhagen – The British Royal Navy, under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, forces the Royal Dano Norwegian Navy to accept an armistice. Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson leads the main attack, deliberately disregarding his commander's signal to withdraw. He is created a Viscount on May 19; Denmark Norway is forced to withdraw from the Second League of Armed Neutrality. April 21 – Ranjit Singh is invested as Maharaja of Punjab. May 6 – French Revolutionary Wars: Action of 6 May 1801 off Barcelona – British Royal Navy brig HMS Speedy, although outmanned and outgunned, captures the 32 gun Spanish frigate El Gamo. May 10 – The pascha of Tripoli declares war on the United States, by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down. June 7 – War of the Oranges ends: Portugal and Spain sign the Treaty of Badajoz; Portugal loses the city of Olivenza. June 15 – A bull breaks through barriers at a bullfight in Madrid, killing two people (including the mayor of Torrejón de Ardoz) and injuring a number of other spectators. June 27 – Siege of Cairo ends: Cairo falls to British troops.

July 6 – First Battle of Algeciras: The French fleet defeats the British fleet. July 7 – Toussaint Louverture promulgates a reforming constitution for Santo Domingo, declaring himself emperor for life of the entire island of Hispaniola, and nominally abolishing slavery. July 12 – Second Battle of Algeciras: The British fleet defeats the French and Spanish fleets. July 18 – Napoleon signs a Concordat with Pope Pius VII. August 1 – First Barbary War: Action of 1 August 1801 – United States Navy schooner Enterprise captures the 14 gun Tripolitan corsair polacca Tripoli off the north African coast, in a single ship action. September 9 – Alexander I of Russia confirms the privileges of the Baltic provinces. September 24 – Joseph Marie Jacquard exhibits his new invention, a loom where the pattern being woven is controlled by punched cards, at the National Exposition in Paris. September 30 – The Treaty of London is signed for preliminary peace between the French First Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

October 17 – A coup d'état is staged in the Batavian Republic. November 16 – The first edition of the New York Evening Post is printed. December 15 – Hadži Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman commander and politician, is assassinated in Belgrade, Sanjak of Smederevo, by Kučuk Alija. December 19 – South Carolina College, a precursor to The University of South Carolina, is established in Columbia, South Carolina. December 24 – Cornish engineers Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian demonstrate "Puffing Devil", their steam powered road locomotive, in Camborne. The trial is successful but Trevithick realises the limitations of steam power in a road running vehicle and turns his attention to rail, introducing the world's first steam railway locomotive in 1804.

The first of a continuous series of censuses is held in France. Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, begins removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens. Philippe Pinel publishes Traité médico philosophique sur l'aliénation mentale; ou la manie, presenting his enlightened humane psychological approach to the management of psychiatric hospitals. Translated into English by D. D. Davis as Treatise on Insanity in 1806, it is influential on both sides of the Atlantic during the nineteenth century. Ultraviolet radiation is discovered by Johann Wilhelm Ritter. The magnum opus Disquisitiones Arithmeticae of Carl Friedrich Gauss is published. The Supreme Council, Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction, USA) is founded within Freemasonry.

Dai Xi, Chinese painter (d. 1860)
Brita Sofia Hesselius, Swedish photographer (d. 1866)

January 2 – Johann Kaspar Lavater, Swiss physiognomist (b. 1741)
January 11 – Domenico Cimarosa, Italian composer (b. 1749)
February 7 – Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish painter (b. 1726)
February 17 – Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia (b. 1716)
March 14 – Margarita "Peggy" Schuyler Van Rensselaer, American socialite, Angelica Schuyler Church's sister (b. 1758)
March 19 – Ambrosio O'Higgins, 1st Marquis of Osorno, Spanish viceroy of Peru and Governor of the Captaincy General of Chile, father of Bernardo O'Higgins, (b. c. 1720)
March 21 – Andrea Luchesi, Italian composer (b. 1741)
March 23 – Tsar Paul I of Russia (b. 1754)
March 25 – Novalis, German poet (b. 1772)
March 28 – Ralph Abercromby, British general (b. 1734)
April 2 – Thomas Dadford, Jr., British engineer (b. ca. 1761)
April 7 – Noël François de Wailly, French lexicographer (b. 1724)
May 3 – Cyrus Trapaud, British Army general (b. 1715)
May 17 – William Heberden, English physician (b. 1710)
June 4 – Frederick Muhlenberg, first Speaker of the U. S. House of Representatives (b. 1750)
June 14 – Benedict Arnold, American Revolution hero, then traitor (b. 1741)

Ulrica Arfvidsson, Swedish fortune teller (b. 1734)
Frances Williams, Welsh convict (b. c. 1760)