Введение
Пятое десятилетие первого века нашей эры
годы 40–49 нашей эры
рибосомная субъединица, "40S"
the years AD 40–49
the ribosomal subunit, "40S"
The 40s decade ran from January 1, AD 40, to December 31, AD 49. Claudius became Roman Emperor in 41, following the assassination of Caligula. In 43, he sent Aulus Plautius with four legions to Britain (Britannia), initiating the decades long Roman conquest of Britain. In China, The Trưng sisters' rebellion took place in the south of Han China between 40 AD and 43 AD: In 40 AD, the Vietnamese leader Trưng Trắc and her sister Trưng Nhị rebelled against Chinese authorities in Jiaozhi (in what is now northern Vietnam). In 42 AD, Han China dispatched General Ma Yuan to lead an army to strike down the Yue rebellion of the Trưng sisters. In 43 AD, the Han army fully suppressed the uprising and regained complete control. Christianity came to Egypt as the Church of Alexandria was founded with Mark the Evangelist as the first Patriarch. James the Great died in 44: One of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, he was the first to be martyred according to the New Testament. Claudius expelled the Jews from Rome between 41 and 53: Silvia Cappelletti describes Claudius's motivation as the need to control the population of Rome and prevent political meetings. (He "did not have an anti Jewish policy.") Donna Hurley explains that Suetonius includes the expulsion "among problems with foreign populations, not among religions"
Between 44 and 48, a famine took place in Judea. Josephus relates that Helena of Adiabene "went down to the city Jerusalem, her son conducting her on her journey a great way. Now her coming was of very great advantage to the people of Jerusalem; for whereas a famine did oppress them at that time, and many people died for want of what was necessary to procure food withal, queen Helena sent some of her servants to Alexandria with money to buy a great quantity of corn, and others of them to Cyprus, to bring a cargo of dried figs. And as soon as they were come back, and had brought those provisions, which was done very quickly, she distributed food to those that were in want of it, and left a most excellent memorial behind her of this benefaction, which she bestowed on our whole nation. And when her son Izates was informed of this famine, he sent great sums of money to the principal men in Jerusalem." Literary works of this decade include the Histories of Alexander the Great (written by Quintus Curtius Rufus), and essays by Seneca (including De Ira, Ad Marciam, De consolatione, De Brevitate Vitæ, De Consolatione ad Polybium, and Ad Helviam matrem, De consolatione). Manning (2008) tentatively estimates the world population in AD 40 as 247 million.
Десятилетие 40-х годов длилось с 1 января 40 года нашей эры по 31 декабря 49 года нашей эры. Клавдий стал римским императором в 41 году, после убийства Калигулы. В 43 году он отправил Авла Плавтия с четырьмя легионами в Британию, начав десятилетиями продолжавшийся римский завоевательный поход в Британии. В Китае восстание сестер Чынг произошло на юге империи Хань между 40 и 43 годами нашей эры: в 40 году нашей эры вьетнамские вожди Чынг Трак и Чынг Нхи восстали против китайских властей в Цзяочжи (на территории современного северного Вьетнама). В 42 году нашей эры империя Хань направила генерала Ма Юаня во главе армии для подавления восстания сестер Чынг. В 43 году нашей эры армия Хань полностью подавила восстание и восстановила полный контроль. Христианство пришло в Египет с основанием Александрийской церкви, первым патриархом которой стал Марк Евангелист. Яков Великий умер в 44 году: один из двенадцати апостолов Иисуса, согласно Новому Завету, он был первым мучеником. Клавдий изгнал евреев из Рима в период с 41 по 53 год: Сильвия Каппеллетти описывает мотивацию Клавдия как необходимость контролировать население Рима и предотвращать политические собрания (у него "не было антиеврейской политики"). Донна Хёрли поясняет, что Светоний включает изгнание "в число проблем с иностранными популяциями, а не с религией".
the years AD 40–49
the ribosomal subunit, "40S"
The 40s decade ran from January 1, AD 40, to December 31, AD 49. Claudius became Roman Emperor in 41, following the assassination of Caligula. In 43, he sent Aulus Plautius with four legions to Britain (Britannia), initiating the decades long Roman conquest of Britain. In China, The Trưng sisters' rebellion took place in the south of Han China between 40 AD and 43 AD: In 40 AD, the Vietnamese leader Trưng Trắc and her sister Trưng Nhị rebelled against Chinese authorities in Jiaozhi (in what is now northern Vietnam). In 42 AD, Han China dispatched General Ma Yuan to lead an army to strike down the Yue rebellion of the Trưng sisters. In 43 AD, the Han army fully suppressed the uprising and regained complete control. Christianity came to Egypt as the Church of Alexandria was founded with Mark the Evangelist as the first Patriarch. James the Great died in 44: One of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, he was the first to be martyred according to the New Testament. Claudius expelled the Jews from Rome between 41 and 53: Silvia Cappelletti describes Claudius's motivation as the need to control the population of Rome and prevent political meetings. (He "did not have an anti Jewish policy.") Donna Hurley explains that Suetonius includes the expulsion "among problems with foreign populations, not among religions"
Between 44 and 48, a famine took place in Judea. Josephus relates that Helena of Adiabene "went down to the city Jerusalem, her son conducting her on her journey a great way. Now her coming was of very great advantage to the people of Jerusalem; for whereas a famine did oppress them at that time, and many people died for want of what was necessary to procure food withal, queen Helena sent some of her servants to Alexandria with money to buy a great quantity of corn, and others of them to Cyprus, to bring a cargo of dried figs. And as soon as they were come back, and had brought those provisions, which was done very quickly, she distributed food to those that were in want of it, and left a most excellent memorial behind her of this benefaction, which she bestowed on our whole nation. And when her son Izates was informed of this famine, he sent great sums of money to the principal men in Jerusalem." Literary works of this decade include the Histories of Alexander the Great (written by Quintus Curtius Rufus), and essays by Seneca (including De Ira, Ad Marciam, De consolatione, De Brevitate Vitæ, De Consolatione ad Polybium, and Ad Helviam matrem, De consolatione). Manning (2008) tentatively estimates the world population in AD 40 as 247 million.
Между 44 и 48 годами в Иудее произошел голод. Иосиф Флавий рассказывает, что Елена Адиавенская "пришла в город Иерусалим, и ее сын сопровождал ее на большом расстоянии. Ее прибытие было очень полезно для жителей Иерусалима, поскольку в то время их угнетал голод, и многие люди умирали от нехватки средств для приобретения пищи. Царица Елена послала некоторых своих слуг в Александрию с деньгами, чтобы купить большое количество зерна, а других – на Кипр, чтобы привезти груз сушеных инжиров. И как только они вернулись и доставили эти запасы, что было сделано очень быстро, она раздала еду нуждающимся и оставила после себя прекрасную память об этой благотворительности, оказанной всему нашему народу. И когда ее сын Изат узнал об этом голоде, он отправил большие суммы денег влиятельным людям в Иерусалиме". Литературные произведения этого десятилетия включают «Историю Александра Македонского» (написанную Квинтом Курцием Руфом) и эссе Сенеки (включая «De Ira», «Ad Marciam», «De consolatione», «De Brevitate Vitæ», «De Consolatione ad Polybium» и «Ad Helviam matrem, De consolatione»). Мэннинг (2008) предварительно оценивает численность населения мира в 40 году нашей эры в 247 миллионов человек.
the years AD 40–49
the ribosomal subunit, "40S"
The 40s decade ran from January 1, AD 40, to December 31, AD 49. Claudius became Roman Emperor in 41, following the assassination of Caligula. In 43, he sent Aulus Plautius with four legions to Britain (Britannia), initiating the decades long Roman conquest of Britain. In China, The Trưng sisters' rebellion took place in the south of Han China between 40 AD and 43 AD: In 40 AD, the Vietnamese leader Trưng Trắc and her sister Trưng Nhị rebelled against Chinese authorities in Jiaozhi (in what is now northern Vietnam). In 42 AD, Han China dispatched General Ma Yuan to lead an army to strike down the Yue rebellion of the Trưng sisters. In 43 AD, the Han army fully suppressed the uprising and regained complete control. Christianity came to Egypt as the Church of Alexandria was founded with Mark the Evangelist as the first Patriarch. James the Great died in 44: One of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, he was the first to be martyred according to the New Testament. Claudius expelled the Jews from Rome between 41 and 53: Silvia Cappelletti describes Claudius's motivation as the need to control the population of Rome and prevent political meetings. (He "did not have an anti Jewish policy.") Donna Hurley explains that Suetonius includes the expulsion "among problems with foreign populations, not among religions"
Between 44 and 48, a famine took place in Judea. Josephus relates that Helena of Adiabene "went down to the city Jerusalem, her son conducting her on her journey a great way. Now her coming was of very great advantage to the people of Jerusalem; for whereas a famine did oppress them at that time, and many people died for want of what was necessary to procure food withal, queen Helena sent some of her servants to Alexandria with money to buy a great quantity of corn, and others of them to Cyprus, to bring a cargo of dried figs. And as soon as they were come back, and had brought those provisions, which was done very quickly, she distributed food to those that were in want of it, and left a most excellent memorial behind her of this benefaction, which she bestowed on our whole nation. And when her son Izates was informed of this famine, he sent great sums of money to the principal men in Jerusalem." Literary works of this decade include the Histories of Alexander the Great (written by Quintus Curtius Rufus), and essays by Seneca (including De Ira, Ad Marciam, De consolatione, De Brevitate Vitæ, De Consolatione ad Polybium, and Ad Helviam matrem, De consolatione). Manning (2008) tentatively estimates the world population in AD 40 as 247 million.
Демография
Из-за отсутствия достоверных демографических данных, оценки численности населения мира в I веке нашей эры сильно разнятся: оценки для 1 года нашей эры колеблются от 150 до 300 миллионов человек. Демографы обычно не пытаются оценить численность населения в конкретные годы древности, предпочитая давать приблизительные цифры для круглых дат, таких как 1 или 200 год нашей эры. Тем не менее, предпринимались попытки реконструкции численности населения мира в более конкретные годы, и, например, Мэннинг (2008) предварительно оценивает население мира в 40 году нашей эры в 247 миллионов человек.