1820 год: Хроника событий и открытий.

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January 1 – Nominal beginning of the Trienio Liberal in Spain: A constitutionalist military insurrection at Cádiz leads to the summoning of the Spanish Parliament (March 7). January 8 – General Maritime Treaty ("General Treaty for the Cessation of Plunder and Piracy by Land and Sea, Dated February 5, 1820") signed between the sheikhs of Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al Quwain and Ras Al Khaimah (later constituents of the Trucial States) in the Arabian Peninsula and the United Kingdom. January 27 (NS) – An Imperial Russian Navy expedition, led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen in Vostok with Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, sights the Antarctic ice sheet. January 29 – George IV of the United Kingdom ascends the throne, on the death at Windsor Castle of his father George III (after 59 years on the throne), ending the 9 year period known as the British Regency. There will be a gap of 21 years before the title Prince of Wales is next used. January 30 – British Royal Navy captain Edward Bransfield, an Irishman, in the Williams is the first person to positively identify Antarctica as a land mass. February 23 – Cato Street Conspiracy: A plot to murder the Cabinet of the United Kingdom is exposed in England. March 3 – A fire in Guangzhou (Canton) burns 15,000 houses and kills an undetermined number of people. March 3 and 6 – Slavery in the United States: The Missouri Compromise becomes law, allowing admission of Missouri and Maine, slave and free states respectively, as U. S. states. March 9 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain accepts the new constitution, beginning the Trienio Liberal. March 10 – The Astronomical Society of London is founded. March 15 – Maine is admitted as the 23rd U. S. state. March 26 – Likely date when Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, receives his First Vision in Palmyra, New York (possibly March 26). March 28 – A Coup d'état against Paraguayan dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia fails. Fulgencio Yegros and Pedro Juan Caballero are some of the people behind it.

July 13 – A revolt under Guglielmo Pepe forces Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies to sign a constitution modeled on the Spanish Constitution of 1812. July 31 – A fire breaks out in the wine depot at the Bercy section of Paris. It is reported later that "In the absence of water to supply the engines, an attempt was made to extinguish the flames with wine— of which a lake of 50 ft. square and more than a foot deep was formed; but the fire continued to rage, as well it might, being supplied by alcohol, and great destruction of property resulted.

October 9 – Guayaquil declares independence from Spain. October 25–November 20 – The Congress of Troppau (Opava) is convened between the rulers of Russia, Austria and Prussia. November 17 – American seal hunter Captain Nathaniel Palmer becomes the third person to see Antarctica. (The Palmer Peninsula is later named after him.) November 20 – After the sinking of the American whaleship Essex of Nantucket, by a sperm whale in the southern Pacific Ocean, the survivors are left afloat in three small whaleboats. They eventually resort, by common consent, to cannibalism to allow some to survive. December 3 – 1820 United States presidential election: James Monroe is re elected, virtually unopposed.

Song Qing, Chinese general (d. 1902)

January 17 – Daniel Albert Wyttenbach, Swiss born academic (b. 1746)
January 23 – Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, member of British Royal Family and father of Queen Victoria (b. 1767)
January 29 – King George III of the United Kingdom (b. 1738)
February 5 – William Drennan, Irish physician, poet and radical politician (b. 1754)
February 11 – Karl von Fischer, German architect (b. 1782)
February 14 – Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, French noble (stabbed) (b. 1778)
March 22 – Stephen Decatur, American sailor (b. 1779)
April 8 – Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, Scottish born philanthropist (b. 1771)
April 20 – James Morris III, Continental Army officer from Connecticut (b. 1752)
May 30 – William Bradley, Britain's tallest ever man (b. 1787)
June 6 – Henry Grattan, Irish politician (b. 1746)
June 9 – Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange (b. 1751)
June 19 – Sir Joseph Banks, English naturalist and botanist (b. 1743)
June 20 – Manuel Belgrano, Argentine politician, general in the Independence War (b. 1770)

July 10 – William Wyatt Bibb, first Governor of Alabama (b. 1781)
August 6 – Antonín Vranický, Bohemian violinist and composer (b. 1761)
August 9 – Anders Sparrman, Swedish naturalist (b. 1748)
August 12 – Manuel Lisa, Spanish born American fur trader (b. 1772)
September 2 – Jiaqing Emperor, Chinese emperor (b. 1760)
September 3 – Benjamin Latrobe, Anglo American architect (b. 1764)
September 4 – Timothy Brown, English banker, merchant and radical (b. 1743/1744)
September 16 – Nguyễn Du, Vietnamese poet (b. 1766)
September 18 – Mariana Joaquina Pereira Coutinho, Portuguese courtier, salonnière (b. 1748)
September 26 – Daniel Boone, American pioneer (b. 1734)
September 28 – Pedro Andrés del Alcázar, Spanish and later Chilean Army officer and war hero (b. 1752)
September 29 – Barthelemy Lafon, Creole architect and smuggler (b. 1769)
October 8 – Henri Christophe, Haitian revolutionary leader (suicide) (b. 1767)
October 11 – James Keir, Scottish geologist, chemist and industrialist (b. 1735)
October 15 – Karl Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg, Austrian field marshal (b. 1771)
November 1 – Pierre Martin, French admiral (b. 1752)
November 8 – Lavinia Stoddard, American poet and school founder (b. 1787)
December 25 – Joseph Fouché, French statesman (b. 1759)
December 29 – Princess Pauline of Anhalt Bernburg, German regent and social reformer (b. 1769)