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Annual report by the president of the United States

The State of the Union Address (sometimes abbreviated to SOTU) is an annual message delivered by the president of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress near the beginning of most calendar years on the current condition of the nation. The State of the Union Address generally includes reports on the nation's budget, economy, news, agenda, progress, achievements and the president's priorities and legislative proposals. The address fulfills the requirement in Article II, Section 3, Clause 1 of the U. S. Constitution for the president to periodically "give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient." The speech is generally held in January or February, and an invitation to the president is extended to use the chamber of the House by the speaker of the House. Starting in 1981, Ronald Reagan, the 40th U. S. president, began the practice of newly inaugurated presidents delivering an address to Congress in the first year of their term but not designating that speech an official "State of the Union". Meanwhile, the prevalence of color blindness rhetoric, emphasizing individuality over systemic racism, catering to a predominantly white populace. There are deeply entrenched gender norms, spotlighting the masculine aura surrounding the presidential office. Notably, Rotramel (2016) underscores the transformative power of inclusive language, as exemplified by President Obama's historic acknowledgment of LGBT rights in a State of the Union address. Metaphorical framing elucidate how political leaders strategically shape perceptions, invoking moral imperatives to garner support. These citations collectively underscore the multifaceted nature of representation in State of the Union Addresses, encapsulating the complexities of gender, race, and rhetoric in American politics.

George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1790, in New York City, then the provisional U. S. capital. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical (similar to the Speech from the Throne). Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re established the practice despite some initial controversy, and an in person address to Congress has been delivered nearly every year since. However, there have been exceptions to this rule, with some messages being given solely in writing, and others given both in writing and orally (either in a speech to Congress or through broadcast media). For many years, the speech was referred to as "the President's Annual Message to Congress". The actual term "State of the Union" first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase, becoming its generally accepted name since 1947. The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term. In years when a new president is inaugurated, the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message, but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. Since 1981, in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year, newly inaugurated presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a "State of the Union" message. while Calvin Coolidge's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation. but this precedent was not followed again until the 1960s. Harry S. Truman's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television. In 1968, television networks in the United States for the first time imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address. Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson, this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by, among others, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman. Bill Clinton's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web. Ronald Reagan's 1986 State of the Union Address was the first to have been postponed. He had planned to deliver the speech on January 28, 1986, but it was delayed for a week following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster that morning. Reagan instead addressed the nation from the Oval Office about the disaster. On January 23, 2019, the 2019 State of the Union speech by Donald Trump, originally planned for January 29 was canceled after an exchange of letters with Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi in which she stated she would not proceed with a vote on a resolution to permit him to deliver the speech in the House chamber until the end of 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown. This decision rescinded an earlier invitation from the speaker, reportedly the first time in American history that a Speaker had "disinvited" the president from delivering the address. They later agreed to hold the speech on February 5.

Because the address is made to a joint session of Congress, the House and Senate must each pass a resolution setting a date and time for the joint session. Then, a formal invitation is made by the speaker of the House to the president typically several weeks before the appointed date.

Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address. The president may invite up to 24 guests to be seated in a box with the First Lady. The speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the speaker's box. Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first in, first served basis with no reservations. The Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, members of the Diplomatic Corps, and military leaders (the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Commandant of the Coast Guard) have reserved seating.

By approximately 8:30 p. m. on the night of the address, the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session. Then, the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the speaker and loudly announces the vice president and members of the Senate, who enter and take the seats assigned for them. the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors, faces the speaker, and waits until the president is ready to enter the chamber. When the president is ready, the Sergeant at Arms announces the entrance, loudly stating the phrase: "Mister [or Madam] Speaker, the president of the United States!" Since 2003, each chamber of Congress has formally named a separate designated survivor. Both the speaker and the vice president sit at the speaker's desk, behind the President for the duration of the speech. If either is unavailable, the next highest ranking member of the respective house substitutes. Once the chamber settles down from the President's arrival, the speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress. The president then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber. For the 2011 address, Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in the tradition of seating Republicans and Democrats on opposite sides of the House; this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabby Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt. Approximately 60 legislators signed on to Udall's proposal; a similar plan for the 2012 address garnered bipartisan seating commitments from more than 160 lawmakers.

The contents of the speeches typically contain information and status updates of the country and federal government during the incumbent president's administration. It has become customary to use the phrase "The State of the Union is strong," sometimes with slight variations, since President Ronald Reagan introduced it in his 1983 address. It has been repeated by every president in nearly every year since, with the exception of George H. W. Bush. During that 1982 address, Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90. Since then, the term "Lenny Skutniks" has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery, and then cited by the president, during the State of the Union. State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour, partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout. The applause is often political in tone, with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the president's own party. As non political officeholders, members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality. In recent years, the presiding officers of the House and the Senate, the speaker and the vice president, respectively, have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies, as they, too, stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the president with which they agree.

Since 1966, the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the president's party. The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience. In 1970, the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon, as well as a televised response to Nixon's written speech in 1973. The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan's speeches in 1982 and 1985. The response is not always produced in a studio; in 1997, the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students. In 2010, Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell gave the Republican response from the House of Delegates chamber of the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond, in front of about 250 attendees. In 2004, the Democratic Party's response was delivered in Spanish for the first time, by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson. In 2011, Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express, a first for a political movement. In 2024, the Republican Response was delivered by Senator Katie Britt on March 8 (Women's International Day) from her kitchen table. The first Independent response was delivered by Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law, in modern times, the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar. It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof: members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature, the president and Cabinet constituting the executive, and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary. In addition, the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans, who are typically invited by the president to sit with the First Lady. Cincinnati, Ohio; New Haven, Connecticut; Parma, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Seattle, Washington; Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Buffalo, New York; Rochester, New York; San Antonio, Texas; McAllen, Texas; and San Diego, California. The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville, Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address. Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term. Some elementary and secondary schools and school districts also hold a "State of the School(s)" address at the beginning of each calendar year. Private companies usually have a "State of the Corporation" or "State of the Company" address given by the respective CEO. As well, the commissioners of some North American professional sports leagues, in particular Major League Soccer and the Canadian Football League, deliver annual "State of the League" addresses, usually in conjunction with events surrounding their respective leagues' championship games. The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union. In France, president Emmanuel Macron initiated a similar event in 2017, again in 2018, but the practice did not continue the following years. In Spain, the Congress of Deputies adopted the tradition under the name "Debate on the State of the Nation" in 1983. The Prime Minister gives an address for an undetermined length of time, and afterwards each of the parliamentary groups have the chance to respond in an address with a maximum length of thirty minutes. These are sorted by the amount of deputies that each parliamentary group holds, thus starting with the Leader of the Opposition. Since its creation, it has taken place in every non election year except for 2021, where Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez was forced to cancel it due to the COVID 19 pandemic.

President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2, 1823. It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest standing tenets, and would be invoked by many U. S. statesmen and several U. S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan. The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech, he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. During his State of the Union Address on January 11, 1944, FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights. Roosevelt's argument was that the "political rights" guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had "proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness". This was technically a "Message" and not a speech, as Roosevelt had "a case of the grippe" and could not come; there was no joint session, and a Senate clerk read the message. (Although he did manage to read it as a Fireside Chat over the radio, from his office that same day.) During his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the "War on Poverty". This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty. During his State of the Union address on January 15, 1975, Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that "the state of the Union is not good: Millions of Americans are out of work We depend on others for essential energy. Some people question their Government's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them; they expect Washington politics as usual." Ford said he did not "expect much if any, applause. The American people want action, and it will take both the Congress and the president to give them what they want. Progress and solutions can be achieved, and they will be achieved." During his State of the Union address on January 29, 2002, President Bush identified North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States. He said, "States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world". In this speech, he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror.

+Television ratings for recent State of the Union addresses Date President Viewers, millions Households, millions Rating Networks 2024 03 07 Joe Biden 32.30 TBA TBA ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Telemundo, Univision, PBS, CNN, CNNe, Fox Business, Fox News Channel, MSNBC, NewsMax, NewsNation 2023 02 07 27.30 20.00 16.1 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Telemundo, Univision, PBS, CNBC, CNN, CNNe, Fox Business, Fox News Channel, MSNBC, NBCLX, NewsMax, NewsNation 2022 03 01 38.20 27.41 22.4 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Telemundo, Univision, PBS, Black News Channel, CNBC, CNN, CNNe, Fox Business, Fox News Channel, MNBC, NBCLX, Newsmax, NewsNation 2021 04 28 26.90 19.95 16.5ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Telemundo, Univision, PBS, CNN, CNNe, CNBC, Fox Business, FOX News Channel, MSNBC, Newsmax, NewsNation, Newsy 2020 02 04 Donald Trump 37.17 27.46 22.7 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Telemundo, Univision, PBS, CNN, CNNe, Fox Business, Fox News Channel, MSNBC 2019 02 05 46.79 33.62 28.0 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Telemundo, Univision, PBS, CNN, CNNe, FOX Business, FOX News Channel, MSNBC 2018 01 30 45.55 32.17 26.9 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Telemundo, Univision, PBS, CNN, Estrella, FOX Business, FOX News Channel, MSNBC 2017 02 28 33.85 28.7 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Telemundo, Univision, PBS, CNN, Estrella, FOX Business, FOX News Channel, MSNBC 2016 01 12 Barack Obama 31.33 23.04 19.6 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Univision, Al Jazeera America, Azteca America, CNN, FOX Business, FOX News Channel, Galavision, MSNBC, NBC Universo 2015 01 20 31.71 23.14 19.9 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Univision, Al Jazeera America, Azteca America, CNN, FOX Business, FOX News Channel, Galavision, MSNBC, MundoFox 2014 01 28 33.30 23.95 20.7 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Univision, Al Jazeera America, Azteca America, CNBC, CNN, FOX Business, FOX News Channel, Galavision, MSNBC, MUN2 2013 02 12 33.50 24.77 21.8 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Univision, PBS, Azteca America, Centric, CNBC, CNN, Current, FOX Business, FOX News Channel, Galavision, MSNBC, MundoFox 2012 01 24 37.75 27.57 24.0 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Telemundo, Univision, CNBC, CNN, FOX Business, FOX News Channel, Galavision, MSNBC, MUN2, Telefutura 2011 01 25 42.79 30.87 26.6 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Telemundo, Univision, CNN, Centric, CNBC, FOX News Channel, MSNBC 2010 01 27 48.01 34.18 29.8 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Telemundo, Univision, CNN, BET, CNBC, FOX News Channel, MSNBC 2009 02 24 52.37 37.18 32.5 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Telemundo, Univision, CNN, FOX News Channel, MSNBC 2008 01 28 George W. Bush 37.52 27.70 24.7 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Telemundo, Univision, CNN, FOX News Channel, MSNBC 2007 01 24 45.49 32.97 29.6 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Telemundo, Univision, CNN, FOX News Channel, MSNBC 2006 01 31 43.18 30.53 31.2 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Telemundo, CNN, FOX News Channel, MSNBC, Azteca America, Telefutura 2005 02 02 39.43 28.36 35.3 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, Telemundo, CNN, FOX News Channel, MSNBC, Telefutura 2004 01 20 43.41 30.29 28.0 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, CNN, CNBC, FOX News Channel, MSNBC 2003 01 28 62.06 41.48 38.8 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, CNN, CNBC, FOX News Channel, MSNBC 2002 01 29 51.77 35.55 33.6 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, CNN, CNBC, FOX News Channel, MSNBC 2000 01 27 Bill Clinton 31.48 22.54 22.4 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, CNN, FOX News Channel, MSNBC 1999 01 19 43.50 30.70 31.0 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, CNN, FOX News Channel, MSNBC 1998 01 27 53.08 36.51 37.2 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, CNN, FOX News Channel, MSNBC, CNBC 1997 02 04 41.10 27.60 28.4 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, CNN 1996 01 23 40.90 28.40 29.6 ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, CNN 1995 01 24 42.20 28.10 29.5 ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN 1994 01 25 45.80 31.00 32.9 ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN