Сольная гитара: история и развитие

Musical part for a guitar

Lead guitar (also known as solo guitar) is a musical part for a guitar in which the guitarist plays melody lines, instrumental fill passages, guitar solos, and occasionally, some riffs and chords within a song structure. The lead is the featured guitar, which usually plays single note based lines or double stops. In rock, heavy metal, blues, jazz, punk, fusion, some pop, and other music styles, lead guitar lines are often supported by a second guitarist who plays rhythm guitar, which consists of accompaniment chords and riffs.

The first form of lead guitar emerged in the 18th century, in the form of classical guitar styles, which evolved from the Baroque guitar, and Spanish Vihuela. Such styles were popular in much of Western Europe, with notable guitarists including Antoine de Lhoyer, Fernando Sor, and Dionisio Aguado. It was through this period of the classical shift to romanticism the six string guitar was first used for solo composing. Through the 19th century, the classical guitar would find prominence in chamber music ensembles, used for melodic accompaniment, as well as being used in solo composures. These styles would spread into America by the mid 19th century, and would influence early "parlor music". Through the later 19th century, Steel Strings began to appear, particularly by Martin Guitars, and by the 1880s the Piedmont Blues style was emerging in the rural south. The Piedmont guitar style would become a heavy influence on Ragtime music, which in turn would influence emerging blues styles in the early 20th century. Through the 1910s, blues guitarists including Willie Brown and Charley Patton began pioneering slide guitar techniques, which would become a staple of the Delta Blues. These techniques would be built upon heavily through the upcoming decades and through the Great Depression by such artists as Tommy Johnson, Ishmon Bracey, Robert Johnson, and Robert Wilkins. Through this period other forms of blues guitar developed often with heavy ragtime or piedmont influence. Among the most prominent of these guitarists include Blind Blake, and Blind Willie McTell the latter playing with thumb and metal finger picks on a Twelve string guitar to better replicate the sound of the piano. Piedmont and ragtime guitar styles also provided a foundation for early Country Music guitar styles with such musicians as Maybelle Carter, Sam McGee, Bayless Rose, Frank Hutchison heavily developing these styles. Through the 1920s, the emergence of early jazz and swing guitar styles appear with virtuosos Eddie Lang and Lonnie Johnson, the latter with a heavy blues influence. Lang used a plectrum pick while Johnson played with both finger picks and a plectrum. Later Django Reinhardt would rise to prominence, playing in the Gypsy Jazz style. These guitarists are still often considered the greatest innovators of their styles. At the same time, The Delmore Brothers would pioneer flatpicking guitar through rapid picking melodic solos which would greatly influence many future guitarists in bluegrass, early rock and roll, and country music. Robert Nighthawk became the first blues musician to record with an electric guitar and would greatly influence such greats as Muddy Waters and Elmore James. Through the 1940s Merle Travis would greatly develop the fingerpicking techniques pioneered by guitarists like Maybelle and McGee, and develop a style of his own based upon the thumb solely providing the bass line, and the index finger solely providing the melody. This style would be the foundation for many future guitarists including Chet Atkins, Scotty Moore, Doc Watson, and Earl Hooker, though many used two fingers rather than just the index as Travis had done.

To create lead guitar lines, guitarists use scales, modes, arpeggios, licks, and riffs that are performed using a variety of techniques. Jazz guitar players tend to improvise around chord/scale relationships, rather than reworking the melody, possibly due to their familiarity with chords resulting from their comping role. A source of melodic ideas for improvisation is transcribing improvised solos from recordings. This provides jazz guitarists with a source of "licks", melodic phrases and ideas they incorporate either intact or in variations, and is an established way of learning from the previous generations of players

In a band with two guitars, there can be a logical division between lead and rhythm guitars, although that division may be unclear. The tube effect comes from the way amplifying tubes distort when pushed to the limits of their amplification power. As the guitar signal's waveform reaches the amplifier's limits, amplification decreases—rounding off the top of the waveform. This amounts to compression of individual wave cycles, and is pleasing to the ear. High volume can induce audio feedback, which a guitarist can control to dramatically increase sustain. By holding the guitar at a certain distance and angle from the amplifier speakers, a guitarist can create a continuous, undecaying sound. Electronic special effects that use effects loops can artificially reproduce this. Other effects that embellish lead guitar tone and pitch include the vibrato bar which physically alters string tension, slides, and wah wah and univibe effects.