Финляндияның бұрынғы заң шығару жиналысы

Former legislative assembly of Finland
the former Finnish legislature

The Diet of Finland (Finnish Suomen maapäivät, later valtiopäivät; Swedish Finlands Lantdagar), was the legislative assembly of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906 and the recipient of the powers of the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates. (The term valtiopäivät today means an annual session of the Parliament of Finland, while in Swedish Riksdagen is now the name for both the Parliament and its sessions.)

The first States of Finland were held in Helsinki in 1616. Other assemblies (Åbo lantdag) were held in Turku, for example in 1676. The assembly was called together by Axel Julius De la Gardie. The estate of peasants was chaired by Heikki Heikinpoika Vaanila.

During the Finnish War between Sweden and Russia, the four Estates of occupied Finland (Nobility, Clergy, Bourgeoisie and Peasants) were assembled at Porvoo (Borgå) by Tsar Alexander I, the new Grand Duke of Finland, between 25 March and 19 July 1809. The central event at Porvoo was the taking of the sovereign pledge and the oaths of the Estates in Porvoo Cathedral on 29 March. Each of the Estates swore an oath of allegiance, committing themselves to accepting the Emperor as Grand Duke of Finland, and to keeping the constitution and the form of government unchanged. Alexander I subsequently promised to govern Finland in accordance with its laws. This was thought to mean that the emperor confirmed the Swedish Instrument of Government of 1772 as the constitution of Finland, although it was also interpreted to mean that all existing codes and statutes were to be respected. The Diet required that it be convened again after the Finnish War, which separated Finland from Sweden, was concluded. On 17 September that year, the conflict was settled by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, but it was another 54 years before the Finnish Estates were called to assemble again.

Not until June 1863, after the Crimean War had taken place, did Alexander II call the Estates again. The opening ceremony was held on 18 September and the Emperor made his declaration promising to introduce changes to the constitution, including having the Diet meet regularly. The Diet duly met again in January 1867, when it passed a law on its own procedures. The Diet was to meet at least every fifth year, but in practice it met every third year. In the elections for the Diet of 1872, members of the two language based parties, the Fennomans and the Svecomans, gained more ground at the expense of the liberals. After the assassination of Alexander II the special position of Finland in the Russian empire was put in danger. Alexander III announced that the Finnish monetary, customs and postal systems were to be incorporated into their imperial counterparts. At the Diet of 1882 the Governor General announced that the Diet would have the right to submit bills, but only the Emperor would be able to initiate changes in the constitution or in the Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland.

In 1899 Grand Duke Nicholas II signed what came to be known as the February Manifesto. The powers of the diet regarding Finland's internal affairs were weakened and transferred to the Russian ministers. The legal committee of the diet of 1899 adopted the opinion that the manifesto was not legally valid in Finland.

The unrest during the Russo Japanese War resulted in a general strike in Finland in October 1905. The most immediate result was the Emperor's manifesto that cancelled all illegal regulations. A parliament based on universal and equal suffrage was also promised. An extraordinary session of the diet in December 1905 was called to implement the parliamentary reforms. The proposal was presented to the Emperor on 15 March 1906 and after his approval it was submitted to the estates on 9 May. The reforms came to force on 1 October 1906. The diet was reformed from a legislative assembly of four Estates into a unicameral parliament of 200 members. At the same time universal suffrage was introduced, which gave all men and women, 24 years or older, the right to vote and stand for election. Acts on the right of parliament to monitor members of the government, on the Freedom of Speech, Assembly and Association, and Freedom of the Press were also introduced. These reforms established the hallmarks of today's Parliament of Finland. The first election to the new parliament was arranged in 1907.

Diet Lantmarskalk of the Nobility Archbishop of the Clergy Speaker for the Bourgeoisie Speaker for the Peasants Diet of 1809 Robert Wilhelm De Geer Jacob Tengström Kristian Trapp Pehr KlockarsDiet of 1863 Johan Mauritz Nordenstam Edvard Bergenheim Robert Isidor Örn Aukusti MäkipeskaDiet of 1867 Johan Mauritz Nordenstam Edvard Bergenheim Frans Wilhelm Frenckell Aukusti MäkipeskaDiet of 1872 Johan Mauritz Nordenstam Edvard Bergenheim H. W. J. Zilliacus Aukusti MäkipeskaDiet of 1877 Johan August von Born Edvard Bergenheim Alexander R. Frey –14.6.1877Georg Wallgren 14.6.1877–Carl Johan Slotte Diet of 1882 Samuel Werner von Troil Anders Johan Hornborg Lorenz LindelöfCarl Johan SlotteDiet of 1885 Samuel Werner von Troil Torsten Thure Renvall Joachim KurténCarl Johan Slotte Diet of 1888 Victor von Haartman Torsten Thure Renvall Joachim Kurtén Carl Johan Slotte Diet of 1891 Victor von Haartman Torsten Thure Renvall Joachim KurténCarl Johan Slotte Diet of 1894 Lars Teodor von Hellens Torsten Thure Renvall Joachim Kurtén Kaarle Wärri Diet of 1897Samuel Werner von Troil ? Joachim Kurtén Kaarle Wärri Diet of 1899 Samuel Werner von Troil Gustaf Johansson Joachim Kurtén Kaarle Wärri Diet of 1900 Lorenz Lindelöf Gustaf Johansson Felix Heikel Kaarle Ojanen Diet of 1904–1905 Constantin Linder (1904), Ossian Wuorenheimo (acting 1904, officially 1905)Gustaf Johansson Hugo Lilius Kaarle Ojanen Diet of 1905–1906 Viktor Magnus von Born Gustaf Johansson Leonard von Pfaler Pekka Aulin