Бретаньның әдемі қызы Элеонора: тұтқын өмірі мен мұрагерлік таласы

Eldest daughter of Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany

Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany (c. 1184 – 10 August 1241), also known as Damsel of Brittany, Pearl of Brittany, or Beauty of Brittany, was the eldest daughter of Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, and Constance, Duchess of Brittany. Her father, Geoffrey, was the fourth son of Henry II, King of England. After the presumed death in 1203 of her imprisoned younger brother, Arthur, Eleanor was heiress to vast lands including England, Anjou, Aquitaine, and Brittany, realms where the Salic Law barring the accession of females did not apply. Her uncle John, King of England, was the fifth son of Henry II, and Eleanor inherited Arthur's claim to the throne as the child of John's elder brother Geoffrey. Thus she posed a potential threat to John, and following his death in 1216, equally to her cousin, King Henry III; thus, having been put in prison in 1202, she was never released. As a prisoner she was also unable to press her claim to the Duchy of Brittany as her brother's heiress. Like Empress Matilda and Elizabeth of York, Eleanor's claim to the English throne gained little support from the barons, due to the expectation that the monarch should be male, despite legal provision for a female monarch. Some historians have commented that her imprisonment was "the most unjustifiable act of King John".

Eleanor became fatherless at the age of two and was brought up by her uncle Richard I, King of England and grandmother Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine. By the death of her father she was the first in line of Breton succession, so Philip II of France asked for her wardship but Henry II took it in advance, while the birth of her posthumous brother removed her status as the first heiress. However, being King Richard's ward also meant that she was under Angevin custody; thus even her mother Constance never considered her a potential heir to Brittany, which weakened her later claim to the duchy. Keeping her custody under Richard was probably the price for her mother to rule Brittany. As her younger brother Arthur was the heir presumptive to England and Brittany, she was one of the most marriageable princesses. In 1190, after Richard failed to marry his younger sister Joan to Al Adil I, brother of Saladin, he proposed that Eleanor should be the bride instead, but the negotiation was also in vain, as Al Adil showed no interest in Christianity. In 1193, she was engaged to Frederick, son of Leopold V, Duke of Austria, as part of the conditions to release Richard, who Emperor Henry VI had taken prisoner. However, when she was on the way to Austria with Baldwin of Bethune the next year, the duke died, so the marriage never took place, and the failure was also a sign that the King would replace Arthur as heir to England with his only living brother, John. This soon led to a sudden deterioration in relations between Richard and Philip. It was uncertain where Eleanor lived between 1195 and 1198, while Leon Guilloreau believed she was in Brittany, prior to Michaelmas 1198 she was in Arques la Bataille, Normandy.

Upon the death of King Richard in 1199, a power struggle commenced between the supporters of 12 year old Arthur and Richard's youngest brother, John. A Pipe Roll 2 dated c. 1199 – 1200 indicated John provided "necessaries" to Eleanor. Arthur once complained that his sister was controlled by John. At the request of Constance, Eleanor was once released from royal custody and united with her mother and brother in France. Eleanor was probably already under John's control when Arthur's forces were defeated and he was captured at the Battle of Mirebeau, 1 August 1202, or captured along with Arthur. Certainly, there is no mention of her capture after the battle. Arthur disappeared mysteriously while in captivity the following year. However, as Eleanor was still a potential heiress, as John then had no legitimate issue, and was at least preferable to later claimants to the throne such as Louis of France, it is unlikely that John had already decided to confine his niece for life. In spring 1204, Philip II of France demanded that Eleanor be released in order to marry his younger son. Initially John organized local barons to visit Eleanor in order to prove her well being. In 1206, John briefly detained her at Brough Castle in Westmorland (now in Cumbria), entrusting her to Robert de Vieuxpont who was its custodian, before moving her to Bowes Castle in the North Riding of Yorkshire (now in County Durham) and, finally, Corfe Castle in the Isle of Purbeck on the Dorset coast, along with 25 French knights loyal to her, guarded by Stephen de Turnham. After an attempt to escape, 22 of them were recaptured and starved to death. Eleanor lived in Corfe's Gloriet Tower, took her meals in the Long Hall and was allowed to walk abroad along the walls. She also received from John a saddle with gilded reins and scarlet ornaments, a gift which implies that she was not closely confined. John also sent her figs and almonds. A week's shopping list for Eleanor in captivity that has survived suggests the aristocratic diet at that time: Saturday: bread, ale, sole, almonds, butter, eggs. Sunday: mutton, pork, chicken and eggs. Monday: beef, pork, honey, vinegar. Tuesday. pork, eggs, egret. Wednesday: herring, conger, sole, eels, almonds and eggs. Thursday: pork, eggs, pepper, honey. Friday: conger, sole, eels, herring and almonds. As the eldest daughter of Constance, Eleanor should have been recognized as Duchess of Brittany after the death of her brother Arthur. Instead, the Breton barons, fearing John's claims to rule Brittany in representation of Eleanor's rights or to marry her to a vassal loyal to England, made her younger half sister Alix duchess instead. Eleanor was styled Duchess of Brittany and Countess of Richmond, as successor to her brother but this was only a titular title as Alix became Duchess of Brittany in 1203 and was also styled Countess of Richmond, even making charters about this estate. The Breton barons, ignorant of her whereabouts, were always ready to install her as duchess in case she were released. In 1213, John used Eleanor to blackmail Peter I, Duke of Brittany, husband and co ruler with Alix, into an alliance with England, tempting him with the offer of Eleanor's Earldom of Richmond, but Peter kept loyal to France, even after John's capture at Nantes of Peter's elder brother Robert. In the same year John declared England a Papal fief, and Pope Innocent III thus claimed to be guardian of Eleanor. In February 1214, John campaigned in Aquitaine and Poitou with Eleanor, as well as his queen and Prince Richard, against Alix, hoping to get Breton support and establish Eleanor as his puppet duchess; his ambition was dashed in his defeat at the Battle of Roche au Moine. In July, John withdrew to England, with Eleanor still in hand. In the same year John again talked with Breton nobles about the rights and freedom of Eleanor but, after this expedition, John became convinced that he could get nothing from her claim to the Duchy; he recognized Alix as duchess of Brittany and never again supported Eleanor even in name: neither did Henry III upon his succession to the throne. In 1214, John gave Eleanor an even more luxurious scarlet robe. On 15 July 1215 John instructed Eleanor's keeper Peter de Maulay to customize clothing and bed sheets for Eleanor, stating that although shirts and bed sheets should be made of high quality linen, they were not made of his own best fabric; However, if this was the only fabric that was suitable enough, Peter would be allowed to purchase it as much as possible with John's money. This meant that John hoped that Eleanor will always maintain a subject after him. The tensions between John and the Anglo Norman barons finally began to spill over into the First Barons' War in 1215, and Louis of France led an invasion to England in support of his claim to the English throne, as husband of Blanche, a maternal granddaughter of Henry II, whilst Innocent III argued that Eleanor had a better claim than John. When Magna Carta was issued that year, it was demanded that all John's hostages including Scottish and Welsh princesses be released; Eleanor, however, was excluded.

John died towards the end of the civil conflict in 1216; although according to the laws of primogeniture the claim of Eleanor was better, English barons allowed King John's young son, Henry III of England, to succeed, with the 32 year old princess, apparently still beautiful and defiant, no matter how much ransom the Bretons would pay (if any attempts). Her survival was ensured according to the treaty between England and France. Gloucester Castle temporarily moved all its prisoners elsewhere to accommodate the princess. A chamber in the tower of Gloucester Castle was thought to have been occupied by her. When Eleanor was relocated to Marlborough Castle, the council instructed that additional cavalry and crossbowmen should be added to the existing guards there. In 1227, the Bishop of Bath signed an order to increase the staff of Bristol Castle to help keep Eleanor confined. Though Henry III established a law that could prevent Eleanor from legal succession to the crown and considered Eleanor would never legally inherit, from 1223 he and his government took serious actions to keep Eleanor captive. They appointed and monitored her keepers, and frequently changed them. Among her later guardians were: Engelard de Cigogné, Walter de St. Audoen, Richard de Landa, Gilbert de Greinville, Ralph Musard, Robert Lovel, and Matthew de Walop. Between 1225 and 1226, Bristol's diet accounts showed the use of locks, keys, and other safety equipment. For example, the entry in 1225 recorded the cost of repairing the door lock on 27 June, purchasing a door key by 1 penny on 25 August, and spending 4 pence on the key to the tower on 25 December. In 1227, the Close Roll accounts mentioned the keeping of the keys to Eleanor's room; a clerk named Robert was ordered to keep keys to Eleanor's room until the chaplain or his successor arrived. Such records might mean that for a period of time Eleanor was locked in her tower or room. However, Eleanor lived and was treated as a royal princess, and it was recorded that she had her own apartments at the castles where she was imprisoned and received generous gifts from the royal family such as game, fruit, nuts, and wine. She also had proper but unshowy clothes. From 1225, she got an allowance. In 1224, the mayor, bailiffs, four reliable citizens, and specific noblewomen visited her once or twice a week to confirm her safety, listened to various expenses, and recounted to Henry III. Henry III himself once sent her 50 yards of linen cloth, three wimples, 50 pounds of almonds and raisins respectively, and a basket of figs; he offered her another saddle, a proof that she could still go horse riding; he once asked the mayor and bailiff to increase her household there. In 1230 she was provided 2 ladies in waiting. Sometimes local mayor, bailiffs, responsible civilians and certain noblewomen visited her to prove her safety. She was once guarded by Peter de Rivaux, but as Rivaux lost power in 1234, both she and the castle were entrusted to William Talbot instead. In the spring of 1234, there were protests against Peter de Roches, claiming that Eleanor, the royal princesses and many noblewomen were controlled by foreigners or were being despised for marrying foreigners. But such protests were not directed at the deprivation of Eleanor's rights and freedoms, but at her being controlled by foreigners. In 1234–1235, money was allowed her for books for the chapel. The sheriff, John Fitz Geoffrey, paid for her expenses. As Rivaux reconciled with Henry III, William Talbot ceased to have Gloucester Castle. On Easter or November 1238, Eleanor was transferred back to Bristol. Earlier in 1235, Peter renounced Richmond. Perhaps as a result of Peter's rebellion, Eleanor's status improved slightly, and Henry III granted her the manor of Swaffham in Norfolk of the Earldom of Richmond, giving her game and robes more frequently than before, allowing nun Margaret Bisset and the Countess of Hereford (the Earl's wife or mother) visit her, and attempting to resolve her dispute with Lady Talbot. However, in 1235, Pope Gregory IX stated that the descendants of Alice and Pierre were undoubtedly the heirs of Brittany; In 1236, William of Savoy was granted Honour of Richmond. Eleanor was eventually not restored of any titles nor more confiscated lands of Peter, and with her confinement continued her manor was to be managed by a representative. In 1241, Henry III regained Swaffham, and Eleanor only received a cash income from it by the gift of the king. During her imprisonment for as long as 39 years, Eleanor was innocent of any crime, never tried or sentenced. She was viewed as a "state prisoner", forbidden to marry and guarded closely even after her child bearing years. She also donated her body there. Considering the association between Amesbury and the Plantagenets, Eleanor's final choice of burial place was probably a sign of submission and loyalty to her dynasty, but it may also have been her last protest about the fate of herself and her brother Arthur, as the abbey was dedicated to Virgin Mary and St Melor, a young Breton prince murdered by his wicked uncle who usurped his throne. The Chronicle of Lanercost claims that the remorseful Henry III had given a gold crown to Eleanor to legitimize himself and his descendants shortly before her death, and only three days later the crown was donated to young Prince Edward (the future Edward I of England) as a gift. Another version says that she only wore the crown for one day before returning it. although some years after her death Henry III was still unwilling to admit that he was initially not the hereditary king of England. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death "IV Id Aug" in 1241 of "Alienora de Britannia consanguinea domini regis Henrici Angliæ" (in English: "Eleanor of Brittany a blood relative of the lord King Henry of England"). Matthew Paris simply noted "about this time died Eleanor, daughter of Geoffrey, count of Brittany, who had long been kept in close confinement", with no further detail of her life or situation. Florentii Wigorniensis Monachi Chronicon Ex Chronids recorded, "Alienor, filia Galfridi comitis Britannia soror Arturi, obiit. (Alinor, daughter of Galfrid, Earl of Britannia, and sister of Arthur, dies.)" The bailiffs there were commanded to provide tapers and alms for her obsequies. Henry III ordered her funeral to be as dignified as possible. Tapers, alms and candles for her obsequies totalled £20 7s. In 1246 and 1250, Henry III arranged for a priest to say daily masses in a chapel at Marlborough Castle and Bristol Castle respectively in memory of Eleanor; In 1268, Henry III gave the manor of Melksham, Wiltshire, a place that Eleanor had been fond of, to Amesbury for the souls of Eleanor and Arthur, ordering the convent to commemorate them along with all kings and queens. Thus Eleanor became a benefactress to the abbey.