Таңха: Буддизмдегі құштарлық, тілек және ашкөздік тұжырымы

Concept in Buddhism, referring to thirst, craving, desire, longing, greed

Taṇhā (Pāli; Sanskrit: tṛ́ṣṇā तृष्णा IPA: [tr̩ʂɳaː] ) is an important concept in Buddhism, referring to "thirst, desire, longing, greed", either physical or mental. It is typically translated as craving, and is of three types: kāma taṇhā (craving for sensual pleasures), bhava taṇhā (craving for existence), and vibhava taṇhā (craving for non existence). The word appears numerous times in the Samhita layer of the Rigveda, dated to the 2nd millennium BCE, such as in hymns 1.7.11, 1.16.5, 3.9.3, 6.15.5, 7.3.4 and 10.91.7.

In the second of the Four Noble Truths, the Buddha identified taṇhā as arising together with dukkha (unease, "standing unstable"). Taṇhā, states Walpola Rahula, or "thirst, desire, greed, craving" is what manifests as suffering and rebirths. However, adds Rahula, it is not the first cause nor the only cause of dukkha or saṃsāra, because the origination of everything is relative and dependent on something else. The Pali texts, states David Webster, repeatedly recommend that one must destroy taṇhā completely, and this destruction is necessary for nirvāṇa. Taṇhā is also identified as the eighth link in the twelve links of dependent origination. In the context of the twelve links, the emphasis is on the types of craving "that nourish the karmic potency that will produce the next lifetime."

Buddhism categorizes desires as either taṇhā or chanda. Chanda literally means "impulse, excitement, will, desire for". Bahm states that chanda is "desiring what, and no more than, will be attained", while taṇhā is "desiring more than will be attained". However, in early Buddhist texts, adds Bahm, the term chanda includes anxieties and is ambiguous, wherein five kinds of chanda are described, namely "to seek, to gain, to hoard, to spend and to enjoy". In these early texts, the sense of the word chanda is the same as taṇhā. Some writers such as Ajahn Sucitto explain chanda as positive and non pathological, asserting it to be distinct from negative and pathological taṇhā. In contrast, Rhys Davids and Stede state that chanda, in Buddhist texts, has both positive and negative connotations; as a vice, for example, the Pali texts associate chanda with "lust, delight in the body" stating it to be a source of misery. Chanda, states Peter Harvey, can be either wholesome or unwholesome.