Жамусы қаласы: географиясы, экономикасы және тарихы

Jiamusi (Manchu: ,i m s1; formerly Kiamusze) is a prefecture level city in eastern Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China. Located along the middle and lower reaches of the Songhua River, it faces Russia's Khabarovsk Krai across the Ussuri River and the Heilongjiang. In 2018, Jiamusi had a GDP of RMB 101.2 billion with a 4.3% growth rate. Its population was 2,156,505 at the 2020 census whom 862,555 lived in the built up area comprising 4 urban districts.

In 1720, Jiamusi was first named Giyamusi (ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠮᡠᠰᡳ, 甲母克寺噶珊，嘉木寺) during the Kangxi period by the Nanai people. The word Giyamusi originally means "inn" in the Manchu language. Because of the harsh climate and short growing season, the region of modern day Jiamusi was largely uncultivated. Since the Qing government opened Manchuria for farming in order to prevent the conquest of the area by Russia, Jiamusi developed as a small trading post under the name Dongxing (東興鎮) since 1888. After the construction of and Tumen Jiamusi and Suihua Jiamusi Railway continuously completed in 1937 and 1940, Jiamusi has become an agricultural products distribution center in Heilongjiang.

After 1949, as Jiamusi was still the transport and communications center of this region, the rapid development of Jiamusi continued. Industries including manufacturing agricultural equipment, mining machinery, fertilizers, plastics, and chemicals were developed. Since one of the biggest paper mills in China was built in 1957, Jiamusi has been a major producer of wood pulp and newsprint. Because of being conveniently connected by air and water to Khabarovsk in the Russian Far East, Jiamusi is also an important harbour for international trade in northeastern China.

Jiamusi has a monsoon influenced humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa), with long, bitter, but dry winters, and humid and very warm summers. The monthly 24 hour average temperature ranges from in January to in July, while the annual mean is , and more than 60% of the year's precipitation occurs from June to August. The frost free period is about 130 days per year, while mean annual precipitation is about Typically, the ground freezes to a depth of , beginning to freeze in late November and beginning to thaw in late March. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −41.1 °C to 38.1 °C.

On July 26, 2006, Yonghong District (永红区) was merged into Jiao District (郊区). Map # Name Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin Population (2010 est.) Area (km2) Density (/km2)1Qianjin District前进区Qiánjìn Qū171,5301412,2522Xiangyang District向阳区Xiàngyáng Qū233,855249,7443Dongfeng District东风区Dōngfēng Qū161,740533,0524Jiao District郊区Jiāoqū314,5867923975Tongjiang City同江市Tóngjiāng Shì179,7916,252296Fujin City富锦市Fùjǐn Shì437,1658,2275310Fuyuan City抚远市Fǔyuǎn Shì126,6946,260207Huanan County桦南县Huànán Xiàn468,6984,4161068Huachuan County桦川县Huàchuān Xiàn202,8272,260909Tangyuan County汤原县Tāngyuán Xiàn255,2113,23079

Five of the players in the national bandy team at their first World Championships came from Jiamusi. It's one of the cities in which China Bandy Federation explores the potential for further development. The 13,000 capacity Jiamusi Stadium is located in the city. It opened in 2012 and it is used mainly for football.

Jiamusi has long been a major transit port and distribution center of goods, and serves as the economic hub of eastern Heilongjiang province. In 2011, Jiamusi's GDP paced up to RMB 62.53 billion representing a steady growth of 14.2% from a year earlier. In 2015, Jiamusi has a GDP of RMB 81.01 billion. Jiamusi is an agricultural production hub in Heilongjiang Province. Value added output from the agricultural sector increased 14.2% to RMB 18.92 billion in 2011. Crop production of the city rose 26.8% to 7.3 million tons. In 2011, gross industrial output from enterprises with designated size or above of the city surpassed RMB 39.34 billion, increased 35.5% year on year. Gross output from heavy industry amounted to RMB 22.77 billion, increasing by 38.7% compared with a year ago, while that from light industry reached RMB 16.57 billion, surging 31.4% from the previous year. Heavy industry and light industry made up 64% and 36% of the city's total gross industrial output. Electricity production and supply, construction materials, chemicals and agricultural products processing are the pillar industries in the city. Major industrial products in the city include cement, edible oils, fertilizer and feed. The industrial sector in Jiamusi is relatively weak compared with other cities in Heilongjiang such as Harbin and Daqing. In 2011, the service sector became the largest contributor of the city, which gained value added output of RMB 26.99 billion. This contributes 43.2% to Jiamusi's economy. With the consumer market being very active, sales of consumer goods in Jiamusi amounted to RMB 24.55 billion in 2011, rising 18.2% year on year. Foreign trade value increased 19.6% to RMB 3.65 billion in 2011. Export value was US$3.01 billion, representing a rise of 6.1% over the previous year. while import value stood at US$640 million, increased 197.5% year on year. Russia is Jiamusi's largest foreign trade partner. In 2011, foreign trade with Russia amounted to US$900 million, increased 24.5% over the previous year, accounting for 24.66% of the city's foreign trade. The utilized FDI in Jiamusi hit US$150 million in 2011, increased 33.5% over the previous year.

Jiamusi is served by the G1011 Harbin Tongjiang Expressway, the G11 Hegang Dalian Expressway, as well as six other highways, forming a comprehensive highway network.

Jiamusi Dongjiao Airport is east of the city center, which offers flights to a number of domestic destinations and international destinations such as Khabarovsk and Seoul.