Тілдік академиялар мен стандарттау органдары

Bodies that are official authorities on standard varieties of a language

This is a list of bodies that consider themselves to be authorities on standard languages, often called language academies. Language academies are motivated by, or closely associated with, linguistic purism and prestige, and typically publish prescriptive dictionaries, which purport to officiate and prescribe the meaning of words and pronunciations. A language regulator may also have a more descriptive approach, however, while maintaining and promoting (but not imposing) a standard spelling. Many language academies are private institutions, although some are governmental bodies in different states, or enjoy some form of government sanctioned status in one or more countries. There may also be multiple language academies attempting to regulate and codify the same language, sometimes based in different countries and sometimes influenced by political factors. Many world languages have one or more language academies or official language bodies. However, the degree of control that the academies exert over these languages does not render the latter controlled natural languages in the sense that the various kinds of "simple English" (e. g. Basic English, Simplified Technical English) or George Orwell's fictional Newspeak are. They instead remain natural languages to a considerable extent and are thus not formal languages such as Attempto Controlled English. They have a degree of standardization that allows them to function as standard languages (e. g. standard French). The English language has never had a formal regulator anywhere, outside of private productions such as the Oxford Dictionary.

Language Territory Regulator(s) Founded Amis Council of Indigenous Peoples1996 Afrikaans Die Taalkommissie (The Language Commission) 1909 Akan Akan Orthography Committee (AOC) Albanian Academy of Sciences of Albania1972 Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo1975Arabic Academy of the Arabic Language (مجمع اللغة العربية) Supreme Council of the Arabic language in Algeria (المجلس الأعلى للغة العربية بالجزائر‎)1996 Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo (مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة)1932 Iraqi Academy of Sciences (المجمع العلمي العراقي)1948 Jordan Academy of Arabic (مجمع اللغة العربية الأردني)1924 Academy of the Arabic Language in Jamahiriya Academy of the Arabic Language in Morocco 1960 King Salman Global Academy for Arabic Language (مجمع الملك سلمان العالمي للغة العربية) Academy of the Arabic Language in Mogadishu Academy of the Arabic Language in Khartum Academy of the Arabic Language in Damascus (مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق)1918 Beit Al Hikma Foundation (مؤسسة بيت الحكمة)1992 Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel (مجمع اللغة العربية)2007 Aragonese Instituto de l´aragonés (Previously: Academy of the Aragonese) 2013 Armenian Armenian National Academy of Sciences (Հայաստան)1943 Assamese India Asam Sahitya Sabha (অসম সাহিত্য সভা)1917 Asturian Academy of the Asturian Language (Academia de la Llingua Asturiana) 1980 Azerbaijani Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər Akademiyası)1945 Aymara Language and Culture Institute of the Aymara Narion (Instituto de Lengua y Cultura de la Nación Aymara ILCNA)2013 Balochi Balochi Academy Sarbaz (بلۏچی زبانءِ ربیدجاہ)2017 Basque Basque Country Navarre French Basque Country Euskaltzaindia, often translated as Royal Academy of the Basque language 1918 Belarusian The Jakub Kolas and Janka Kupala Institute of Language and Literature at the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 1929 Bengali (Bangla) Bangla Academy (বাংলা একাডেমি)1955 Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi (পশ্চিমবঙ্গ বাংলা আকাদেমি)1986 Berber Royal Institute of Amazight Culture2001 Haut Conseil à l'amazighité (High Commission for Amazighity)1995Algerian Academy of Amazigh Language2017BhojpuriBhojpuri Academy, BiharMaithili Bhojpuri Academy, DelhiBhojpuri Sahitya Academy, Madhya Pradesh Central Bikol Academia Bicolana defunct Bosnian Sandžak University of Sarajevo Breton Public Office for the Breton Language (Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg) 2010 Bulgarian Institute for Bulgarian Language at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences1942 Burmese Myanmar Language Commission ( မြန်မာစာအဖွဲ့)1963 Catalan Institute for Catalan Studies (Institut d'Estudis Catalans) 1907 Valencian Language Academy (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua) 2001 Cebuano Visayan Academy of Arts and Letters (Akademyang Bisaya) Cherokee Council of the Cherokee Nation (ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ) Standard Chinese State Language Work Committee (国家语言文字工作委员会)1986 Ministry of Education (教育部) Promote Mandarin Council (讲华语运动理事会)1979 Chinese Language Standardisation Council of Malaysia (马来西亚华语规范理事会) Cornish Cornish Language Partnership (Keskowethyans an Taves Kernewek) 2005 Croatian Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics (Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje) 1948 Czech Institute of the Czech Language (of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic) (Ústav pro jazyk český (Akademie věd České republiky)) 1946 Danish Dansk Sprognævn (Danish Language Council) 1955 Dalecarlian Dalarna County Ulum Dalska1984 Divehi Dhivehi Academy (ދިވެހި އެކެޑަމީ)2011 Dutch Dutch Language Union (Nederlandse Taalunie) 1980 Dzongkha Dzongkha Development Commission (རྫོང་ཁ་གོང་འཕེལ་ལྷན་ཚོགས)1968 English None None official, but the Oxford English Dictionary is the principal historical dictionary of the English language. Estonian Emakeele Seltsi keeletoimkond (Language Board at the Mother Tongue Society) sets rules and standards, authoritative advice is given by the Institute of the Estonian Language (Eesti Keele Instituut) 1993 Faroese Faroese Language Board (Málráðið)1985 Filipino Commission on the Filipino Language (Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino)1937 Finnish Institute for the Languages of Finland1976 French French Academy (Académie Française) 1635General Delegation for the French language and the languages of France (Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France)1989 Royal Academy of French Language and Literature of Belgium (Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique)1920 Office québécois de la langue française (Québec Office of the French Language) 1961Friulian Agjenzie Regjonâl pe Lenghe Furlane2001 Galician Royal Galician Academy (Real Academia Galega) 1906 Georgian Cabinet of Georgia (საქართველოს მთავრობა) German Council for German Orthography (Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung) 2004 Greenlandic The Greenland Language Secretariat (Oqaasileriffik)1998 Guarani Guarani Language Academy (Guarani Ñe’ ẽ Rerekuapavẽ)2013 Gujarati Gujarat Sahitya Akademi (ગુજરાત સાહિત્ય અકાદમી)1981 Hakka Hakka Affairs Council (客家委員會)2001 Haitian Creole Haitian Creole Academy (Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen)2014 Hebrew Academy of the Hebrew Language (האקדמיה ללשון העברית) 1890 Hindi Central Hindi Directorate (केन्द्रीय हिन्दी निदेशालय)1960 Hmar Hmar Literature Society Hungarian Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics (Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont) 1949 Icelandic Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies (Stofnun Árna Magnússonar í íslenskum fræðum) 1962 Igbo Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture1949 Indonesian Language Development and Fostering Agency (Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa)1947 Inuktitut Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐱᕇᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ)1971 Irish Foras na Gaeilge (Irish Institute) 1999 Italian Accademia della Crusca (Academy of the bran) 1583 Japanese National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (国立国語研究所) 1948 Kabiye Kabiye Academy (Académie kabiyè)1975 Kannada Karnataka Various academies and Government of Karnataka Kashubian The Kashubian Language Council (Radzëzna Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka)2006 Kazakh Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Қазақстан Республикасының Ғылым және жоғары білім министрлігі)2022 Khmer Royal Academy of Cambodia (រាជបណ្ឌិត្យសភាកម្ពុជា)1965 Korean National Institute of the Korean Language (국립국어원/國立國語院) 1991 The Language Research Institute, Academy of Social Science (사회과학원 어학연구소) China Korean Language Regulatory Commission (중국조선어규범위원회/中国朝鲜语规范委员会) Kven Kainun institutti – kvensk institutt2007 Kurdish Kurdish Academy (ئەکادیمیای کوردی) 1971 Kyrgyz National Committee for State Language under the President of the Kyrgyz Republic (Кыргыз Республикасынын Президентине караштуу Мамлекеттик тил боюнча улуттук комиссия)2009 Lao Educational Science Research Institute, Ministry of Education and Sports (ສະຖາບັນຄົ້ນຄວ້າວິທະຍາສາດການສືກສາ ກະຊວງສຶກສາທິການ ແລະ ກີລາ) Institute of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, National University of Laos (ສະຖາບັນວິທະຍາສາດສັງຄົມ ຄະນະອັກສອນສາດ ມະຫາວິທະຍາໄລແຫ່ງຊາດລາວ) Latin Pontifical Academy for Latin (Pontificia Academia Latinitatis) 2012 International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy: botanical Latin)1867 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: zoological Latin)1905 Latvian Latvian State Language Center (Valsts Valodas Centrs) 1992 Lithuanian Commission of the Lithuanian Language (Valstybinė lietuvių kalbos komisija) 1990 Lusoga Lusoga Language Authority Luxembourgish Council for the Luxembourgish Language (Conseil fir d'Letzebuerger Sprooch)1998 Macedonian Linguistics and Literary Science Department at the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts1967 Malagasy Malagasy Academy (Académie Malgache) 1902 Malay Institute of Language and Literature (Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka)1956 Language and Literature Bureau (Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka)1960 Majlis Bahasa Melayu Singapura (Malay Language Council, Singapore)MalayalamKerala Sahitya Akademi (കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി)1956 Maltese National Council for the Maltese Language (Il Kunsill Nazzjonali tal Ilsien Malti)2005 Manx Manx Language Advisory Council (Coonceil ny Gaelgey) 1985 Māori Māori Language Commission (Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori)1987MarathiMaharashtra Sahitya Parishad (महाराष्ट्र साहित्य परिषद)1906 Meitei (officially called Manipuri) Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation (ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯦꯛꯇꯣꯔꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯂꯦꯡꯒ꯭ꯋꯦꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯅꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯟ꯭ꯗ ꯏꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯁꯟ)2013 Manipuri Sahitya Parishad (ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯍꯤꯇ꯭ꯌ ꯄꯔꯤꯁꯗ)1935 Mirandese Anstituto de la Lhéngua Mirandesa (Institute of the Mirandese Language) 2000 Mixtec Academy of the Mixtec Language (Ve'e Tu'un Sávi)1997 Khalkha Mongolian Council of the official state language (Төрийн хэлний зөвлөл). Decisions have to be confirmed by the Mongolian government. Chakhar Mongolian Council for Language and Literature Work Nepali Nepal Academy (नेपाल प्रज्ञा–प्रतिष्ठान)1957 Northern Frisian North Frisia Northern Frisian Institute (Nordfriisk Instituut)1964 Norwegian (Riksmål/Bokmål) Norwegian Academy 1953 Norwegian BokmålNorwegian Nynorsk Norwegian Language Council2005 Occitan Occitan Language Council (Conselh de la Lenga Occitana),Permanent Congress of the Occitan Language (Congrès Permanent de la Lenga Occitana),Institute of Aranese Studies (Institut d'Estudis Aranesi) (Aranese) 1996 Odia Odisha Sahitya Akademi (ଓଡ଼ିଶା ସାହିତ୍ୟ ଏକାଡେମୀ)1957 Pashto Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan (د علومو اکاډمي نښه)1978 Pashto Academy (پښتو اکېډمي)1955Persian Academy of Persian Language and Literature (فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی) 1935 Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan (آکادمی علوم افغانستان)1978 Paiwan Council of Indigenous Peoples1996 Polish Polish Language Council (Rada Języka Polskiego) 1996 Portuguese Lisbon Academy of Sciences (Academia das Ciências de Lisboa)1779 Brazilian Academy of Letters (Academia Brasileira de Letras)1897 Galician Academy of the Portuguese Language (Academia Galega da Língua Portuguesa)2008Quechua Academy of the Kichwa Language (Kichwa Amawta Kamachik/ Academia de la Lengua Kichwa, abbreviated 'KAMAK')2003 Department of Cajamarca Cajamarca Regional Academy of the Quechua Language (Academia Regional del Idioma Quechua de Cajamarca ARIQ)1986 Department of Cochabamba Cochabamba Regional Academy of the Quechua Language (Academia Regional de la Lengua Quechua de Cochabamba) Rohingya Arakan (Rakhine State) Rohingya Language Academy (𐴌𐴟𐴇𐴥𐴝𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝 𐴎𐴟𐴁𐴝𐴕 𐴀𐴠𐴑𐴝𐴋𐴠𐴔𐴞) Romanian Academia Română (Romanian Academy)1866 Academy of Sciences of Moldova (Academia de Științe a Moldovei)1961 Romansh Lia Rumantscha1919Russian Russian Language Institute (Институт русского языка) 1944 Scots Scots Language Centre (Center for the Scots Leid)1993Scottish GaelicThe Gaelic Board (Bòrd na Gàidhlig) 2006 Secwepemctsín Secwepemc Cultural Education Society1983 Serbian and Montenegrin Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language (Одбор за стандардизацију српског језика)1997 Sicilian Cademia Siciliana2016 Sindhi Sindhi Language Authority (سنڌي ٻولي جو با اختيار ادارو)1992 Sinhala Hela Havula (හෙළ හවුල)1941 Slovak Slovak Academy of Sciences (Slovenská akadémia vied)1942 Slovene Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti)1938 Somali Regional Somali Language Academy (Akademiye Goboleedka Af Soomaaliga)2013 Sorbian Sorbian Institute (Serbski institut)1951 Spanish Association of Spanish Language Academies 1951 Swahili National Swahili Council (Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa)1967 National Kiswahili Association (Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa)1998 Swedish Language Council of Sweden (Språkrådet) 1941Swedish Academy (Svenska Akademien)1786 Institute for the Languages of FinlandTajik Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature (Институти забон ва адабиёт ба номи А. Рӯдакии)1932 Tamil Tamil University (தமிழ்ப் பல்கலைக்கழகம்)1981Tamil Nadu State Official Language Commission (மாநில அலுவல் மொழி ஆணையம்)1965 Department of Official Languages (அதிகாரப்பூர்வ மொழிகள் துறை) Tamil Language Council (வளர்தமிழ் இயக்கம்)2000 Malaysian Tamil Language Standardisation Council (மலேசியத் தமிழ் மொழியின் காப்பகம்)2019 Tatar Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (Татарстан Республикасы Фәннәр академиясе)1804 Telugu Telugu Academy and Official Language Commission of Government of Andhra Pradesh Tetum National Institute of Linguistics at the National University of East Timor Thai Royal Society of Thailand (ราชบัณฑิตยสภา) 1926 Tibetan Tibet Autonomous Region Committee for Tibetan Language Affairs Committee for the Standardisation of the Tibetan LanguageTuluKarnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy Turkish Türk Dil Kurumu (Turkish Language Association) 1932 Ukrainian NASU Institute of Ukrainian Language 1991 Urdu National Language Promotion Department (اِدارۀ فروغِ قومی زُبان) National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language (قومی کونسل برائے فروغ اردو زبان) Urhobo Urhobo Studies Association Vietnamese Institute of Linguistics of Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences Võro Võro Institute Waray Sanghiran san Binisaya ha Samar ug Leyte (Academy of the Visayan Language of Samar and Leyte) defunct Welsh Welsh Language Commissioner (Aled Roberts) 2012 West Frisian Fryske Akademy (Frisian Academy)1938 Wolof Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar (Center of Applied Linguistics of Dakar at the Cheikh Anta Diop University) Yiddish YIVO 1925 Yoruba Yoruba AcademyOctober 2007

Apart from the Akademio de Esperanto, most constructed languages (also called conlangs) have no true linguistic regulators or language academies.

Esperanto and Ido have been constructed (or planned) by a person or small group, before being adopted and further developed by communities of users through natural language evolution. Bodies such as the Akademio de Esperanto look at questions of usage in the light of the original goals and principles of the language.

Interlingua has no regulating body, as its vocabulary, grammar, and orthography are viewed as a product of ongoing social forces. In theory, Interlingua therefore evolves independent from any human regulator. Interlingua's vocabulary is verified and recorded by dynamically applying certain general principles to an existing set of natural languages and their etymologies. The International Auxiliary Language Association ceased to exist in 1954, and according to the secretary of Union Mundial de Interlingua "Interlingua doesn't need its Academy".